Summary form only given. The images used in this test are 87 slices of a head from a GE 9800 X-ra... more Summary form only given. The images used in this test are 87 slices of a head from a GE 9800 X-ray CT scanner. A slice is taken every 3 mm. Each slice is 512×512 pixels with 12 bits per pixel data. Objective measures show that the DEI coding scheme yields better compression performance than the 2-D DCT, since it takes advantage of correlation between adjacent slices along the body
Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, 1995
ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanc... more ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to teleradiology and telemedicine using the JPL developed ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) uplink. This experiment involves the transmission of medical imagery (CT, MR, CR, US and digitized radiographs including mammograms), between the ACTS/AMT and the University of Washington. This is accomplished by locating the AMT experiment van in various locations throughout Washington state, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Hawaii. The medical images are transmitted from the ACTS to the downlink at the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) in Cleveland, Ohio, consisting of AMT equipment and the high burst rate-link evaluation terminal (HBR-LET). These images are then routed from LeRC to the University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSoM) through the Internet and public switched Integrated Serviced Digital Network (ISDN). Once images arrive in the UW Radiology Department, they are reviewed using both video monitor softcopy and laser-printed hardcopy. Compressed video teleconferencing and transmission of real-time ultrasound video between the AMT van and the UWSoM are also tested. Image quality comparisons are made using both subjective diagnostic criteria and quantitative engineering analysis. Evaluation is performed during various weather conditions (including rain to assess rain fade compensation algorithms). Compression techniques also are tested to evaluate their effects on image quality, allowing further evaluation of portable teleradiology/telemedicine at lower data rates and providing useful information for additional applications (e.g., smaller remote units, shipboard, emergency disaster, etc.). The medical images received at the UWSoM over the ACTS are directly evaluated against the original digital images. The project demonstrates that a portable satellite-land connection can provide subspecialty consultation and education for rural and remote areas. The experiment is divided into three phases. Using the ACTS fixed-hopping beam, phase one involves testing connection of the AMT to medical imaging equipment and image transmission in various climates in western and eastern Washington state. The second phase involves satellite relay transmissions between the Inmarsat satellite and the ACTS/AMT through a ground station in Hawaii for medical imagery originating from either Okinawa, Japan or Kwajalein, in the Pacific. The third phase involves extended use of the ACTS steerable beam in Washington state, Idaho, Montanan and Oregon.
Evaluation of an ultrasonic free-space mouse to control an image workstation. [Proceedings of SPI... more Evaluation of an ultrasonic free-space mouse to control an image workstation. [Proceedings of SPIE 1897, 320 (1993)]. Alan H. Rowberg, Paul Li, Judith A. Ramey. Abstract. We evaluated a prototype free-space pointing device with a medical image display workstation. ...
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, 1991
Radiology reports are likely to be more useful if they contain appropriate graphic material. Diag... more Radiology reports are likely to be more useful if they contain appropriate graphic material. Diagnostic conclusions and recommendations become more convincing and useful when the clinician personally can review the image on which these are based. Modern desk-top publishing techniques make it possible to incorporate radiographic images, appropriately selected and annotated, as part of the radiology report. It is believed that such illustrated reports would be preferred by referring physicians, notwithstanding a significant loss of image detail. A survey of these referring physicians was carried out to determine whether this hypothesis was correct.
In recent years there have been many significant developments in the ability to process radiograp... more In recent years there have been many significant developments in the ability to process radiographic pictures and transfer the images from one location to another, and we can now examine the application of computers in the radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis. Image management and communication systems can assist in providing better health care while lowering costs. Although this work is still in its infancy, the rapid growth in both hardware capability and software techniques will soon make these techniques available to physicians everywhere. The expanding capability in the commercial world is being embraced by the radiology department, and will soon allow rheumatologists to access images at greater distances, and do more with the images which become available.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, 1994
The emerging widespread adoption of the Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standa... more The emerging widespread adoption of the Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard will increase the demand for radiologic image transfer between radiologic image acquisition, archive, display and printing devices. Unfortunately, there are and will continue to be many devices that do not and will not support this standard, especially older radiologic equipment and devices from nonradiologic vendors. Determining the image file format characteristics of images from such equipment is often difficult, and done on an ad hoc basis. We have developed a software tool that assists users in determining the image file format parameters of unknown radiologic images.
A computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of intracranial targ... more A computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of intracranial targets identified by stereotactic computed tomography (CT). This program was added to the software of a GE 8800 CT scanner to perform the following operations: millimetre precise calculation and display of the rectilinear coordinates of a target identified on axial CT images; preplotting of phantom target trajectories on the CT images or electronic radiographs; calculation of probe angles required to achieve various trajectories; display of a coordinate scale on each CT image to allow direct target determination without mathematical calculations; calculation of the intercommissural plane for functional neurosurgery. In a series of 100 patients undergoing stereotactic surgery, the Seapit program proved to be a superior and accurate method of target coordinate calculation. Preview display on the CT images of 'phantom' probes significantly enhanced the safety of stereotactic intervention.
Medical Imaging VI: Image Capture, Formatting, and Display, 1992
ABSTRACT Typical user interaction in image processing is with command line entries, pull-down men... more ABSTRACT Typical user interaction in image processing is with command line entries, pull-down menus, or text menu selections from a list, and as such is not generally graphical in nature. Although applying these interactive methods to construct more sophisticated algorithms from a series of simple image processing steps may be clear to engineers and programmers, it may not be clear to clinicians. A solution to this problem is to implement a visual programming language using visual representations to express image processing algorithms. Visual representations promote a more natural and rapid understanding of image processing algorithms by providing more visual insight into what the algorithms do than the interactive methods mentioned above can provide. Individuals accustomed to dealing with images will be more likely to understand an algorithm that is represented visually. This is especially true of referring physicians, such as surgeons in an intensive care unit. With the increasing acceptance of picture archiving and communications system (PACS) workstations and the trend toward increasing clinical use of image processing, referring physicians will need to learn more sophisticated concepts than simply image access and display. If the procedures that they perform commonly, such as window width and window level adjustment and image enhancement using unsharp masking, are depicted visually in an interactive environment, it will be easier for them to learn and apply these concepts. The software described in this paper is a visual programming language for imaging processing which has been implemented on the NeXT computer using NeXTstep user interface development tools and other tools in an object-oriented environment. The concept is based upon the description of a visual language titled `Visualization of Vision Algorithms' (VIVA). Iconic representations of simple image processing steps are placed into a workbench screen and connected together into a dataflow path by the user. As the user creates and edits a dataflow path, more complex algorithms can be built on the screen. Once the algorithm is built, it can be executed, its results can be reviewed, and operator parameters can be interactively adjusted until an optimized output is produced. The optimized algorithm can then be saved and added to the system as a new operator. This system has been evaluated as a graphical teaching tool for window width and window level adjustment, image enhancement using unsharp masking, and other techniques.
Medical Imaging 1996: PACS Design and Evaluation: Engineering and Clinical Issues, 1996
ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanc... more ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to teleradiology and telemedicine using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) uplink. We have recently completed three series of experiments with the ACTS/AMT. Although these experiments were multifaceted, the primary objective was the determination and evaluation of transmitting real- time compressed ultrasound video imagery over the ACTS/AMT satellite link, a primary focus of the author's current ARPA Advanced Biomedical Technology contract. These experiments have demonstrated that real-time compressed ultrasound video imagery can be transmitted over multiple ISDN line bandwidth links with sufficient temporal, contrast and spatial resolution for clinical diagnosis of multiple disease and pathology states to provide subspecialty consultation and education at a distance.
Summary form only given. The images used in this test are 87 slices of a head from a GE 9800 X-ra... more Summary form only given. The images used in this test are 87 slices of a head from a GE 9800 X-ray CT scanner. A slice is taken every 3 mm. Each slice is 512×512 pixels with 12 bits per pixel data. Objective measures show that the DEI coding scheme yields better compression performance than the 2-D DCT, since it takes advantage of correlation between adjacent slices along the body
Proceedings of Spie the International Society For Optical Engineering, 1995
ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanc... more ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to teleradiology and telemedicine using the JPL developed ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) uplink. This experiment involves the transmission of medical imagery (CT, MR, CR, US and digitized radiographs including mammograms), between the ACTS/AMT and the University of Washington. This is accomplished by locating the AMT experiment van in various locations throughout Washington state, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Hawaii. The medical images are transmitted from the ACTS to the downlink at the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) in Cleveland, Ohio, consisting of AMT equipment and the high burst rate-link evaluation terminal (HBR-LET). These images are then routed from LeRC to the University of Washington School of Medicine (UWSoM) through the Internet and public switched Integrated Serviced Digital Network (ISDN). Once images arrive in the UW Radiology Department, they are reviewed using both video monitor softcopy and laser-printed hardcopy. Compressed video teleconferencing and transmission of real-time ultrasound video between the AMT van and the UWSoM are also tested. Image quality comparisons are made using both subjective diagnostic criteria and quantitative engineering analysis. Evaluation is performed during various weather conditions (including rain to assess rain fade compensation algorithms). Compression techniques also are tested to evaluate their effects on image quality, allowing further evaluation of portable teleradiology/telemedicine at lower data rates and providing useful information for additional applications (e.g., smaller remote units, shipboard, emergency disaster, etc.). The medical images received at the UWSoM over the ACTS are directly evaluated against the original digital images. The project demonstrates that a portable satellite-land connection can provide subspecialty consultation and education for rural and remote areas. The experiment is divided into three phases. Using the ACTS fixed-hopping beam, phase one involves testing connection of the AMT to medical imaging equipment and image transmission in various climates in western and eastern Washington state. The second phase involves satellite relay transmissions between the Inmarsat satellite and the ACTS/AMT through a ground station in Hawaii for medical imagery originating from either Okinawa, Japan or Kwajalein, in the Pacific. The third phase involves extended use of the ACTS steerable beam in Washington state, Idaho, Montanan and Oregon.
Evaluation of an ultrasonic free-space mouse to control an image workstation. [Proceedings of SPI... more Evaluation of an ultrasonic free-space mouse to control an image workstation. [Proceedings of SPIE 1897, 320 (1993)]. Alan H. Rowberg, Paul Li, Judith A. Ramey. Abstract. We evaluated a prototype free-space pointing device with a medical image display workstation. ...
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, 1991
Radiology reports are likely to be more useful if they contain appropriate graphic material. Diag... more Radiology reports are likely to be more useful if they contain appropriate graphic material. Diagnostic conclusions and recommendations become more convincing and useful when the clinician personally can review the image on which these are based. Modern desk-top publishing techniques make it possible to incorporate radiographic images, appropriately selected and annotated, as part of the radiology report. It is believed that such illustrated reports would be preferred by referring physicians, notwithstanding a significant loss of image detail. A survey of these referring physicians was carried out to determine whether this hypothesis was correct.
In recent years there have been many significant developments in the ability to process radiograp... more In recent years there have been many significant developments in the ability to process radiographic pictures and transfer the images from one location to another, and we can now examine the application of computers in the radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis. Image management and communication systems can assist in providing better health care while lowering costs. Although this work is still in its infancy, the rapid growth in both hardware capability and software techniques will soon make these techniques available to physicians everywhere. The expanding capability in the commercial world is being embraced by the radiology department, and will soon allow rheumatologists to access images at greater distances, and do more with the images which become available.
Proceedings / the ... Annual Symposium on Computer Application [sic] in Medical Care. Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, 1994
The emerging widespread adoption of the Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standa... more The emerging widespread adoption of the Digital Imaging Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard will increase the demand for radiologic image transfer between radiologic image acquisition, archive, display and printing devices. Unfortunately, there are and will continue to be many devices that do not and will not support this standard, especially older radiologic equipment and devices from nonradiologic vendors. Determining the image file format characteristics of images from such equipment is often difficult, and done on an ad hoc basis. We have developed a software tool that assists users in determining the image file format parameters of unknown radiologic images.
A computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of intracranial targ... more A computer software program (Seapit) was developed for precise determination of intracranial targets identified by stereotactic computed tomography (CT). This program was added to the software of a GE 8800 CT scanner to perform the following operations: millimetre precise calculation and display of the rectilinear coordinates of a target identified on axial CT images; preplotting of phantom target trajectories on the CT images or electronic radiographs; calculation of probe angles required to achieve various trajectories; display of a coordinate scale on each CT image to allow direct target determination without mathematical calculations; calculation of the intercommissural plane for functional neurosurgery. In a series of 100 patients undergoing stereotactic surgery, the Seapit program proved to be a superior and accurate method of target coordinate calculation. Preview display on the CT images of 'phantom' probes significantly enhanced the safety of stereotactic intervention.
Medical Imaging VI: Image Capture, Formatting, and Display, 1992
ABSTRACT Typical user interaction in image processing is with command line entries, pull-down men... more ABSTRACT Typical user interaction in image processing is with command line entries, pull-down menus, or text menu selections from a list, and as such is not generally graphical in nature. Although applying these interactive methods to construct more sophisticated algorithms from a series of simple image processing steps may be clear to engineers and programmers, it may not be clear to clinicians. A solution to this problem is to implement a visual programming language using visual representations to express image processing algorithms. Visual representations promote a more natural and rapid understanding of image processing algorithms by providing more visual insight into what the algorithms do than the interactive methods mentioned above can provide. Individuals accustomed to dealing with images will be more likely to understand an algorithm that is represented visually. This is especially true of referring physicians, such as surgeons in an intensive care unit. With the increasing acceptance of picture archiving and communications system (PACS) workstations and the trend toward increasing clinical use of image processing, referring physicians will need to learn more sophisticated concepts than simply image access and display. If the procedures that they perform commonly, such as window width and window level adjustment and image enhancement using unsharp masking, are depicted visually in an interactive environment, it will be easier for them to learn and apply these concepts. The software described in this paper is a visual programming language for imaging processing which has been implemented on the NeXT computer using NeXTstep user interface development tools and other tools in an object-oriented environment. The concept is based upon the description of a visual language titled `Visualization of Vision Algorithms' (VIVA). Iconic representations of simple image processing steps are placed into a workbench screen and connected together into a dataflow path by the user. As the user creates and edits a dataflow path, more complex algorithms can be built on the screen. Once the algorithm is built, it can be executed, its results can be reviewed, and operator parameters can be interactively adjusted until an optimized output is produced. The optimized algorithm can then be saved and added to the system as a new operator. This system has been evaluated as a graphical teaching tool for window width and window level adjustment, image enhancement using unsharp masking, and other techniques.
Medical Imaging 1996: PACS Design and Evaluation: Engineering and Clinical Issues, 1996
ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanc... more ABSTRACT The authors have an in-kind grant from NASA to investigate the application of the Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS) to teleradiology and telemedicine using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed ACTS Mobile Terminal (AMT) uplink. We have recently completed three series of experiments with the ACTS/AMT. Although these experiments were multifaceted, the primary objective was the determination and evaluation of transmitting real- time compressed ultrasound video imagery over the ACTS/AMT satellite link, a primary focus of the author's current ARPA Advanced Biomedical Technology contract. These experiments have demonstrated that real-time compressed ultrasound video imagery can be transmitted over multiple ISDN line bandwidth links with sufficient temporal, contrast and spatial resolution for clinical diagnosis of multiple disease and pathology states to provide subspecialty consultation and education at a distance.
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Papers by Alan Rowberg