ABSTRACT. Introduction: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) (syn. Annona diversifol... more ABSTRACT. Introduction: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) (syn. Annona diversifolia Saff.) is a valued fruit tree species known as papausa. In Mexico and Central America, this fruit has become an important crop because of its tasty flavor and high pulp content. Its fruits are frequently damaged by the incidence of wasps of the genus Bephratelloides Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), which develop inside the seeds. Objective: to report the interaction of Bephratelloides cubensis Ashmead during its life cycle in fruits of A. macroprophyllata. Methods: We periodically collected fruits in different states of growth recording a) oviposition, b) the moment of evident infection, c) the development of the wasps inside the seeds, and d) their emergence as adults. We also determined the proportion of damaged fruits and seeds. Results: The data indicate that wasps preferred to oviposit on fruits with a diameter of less than 8 cm, oviposition was more frequent between 11:00 am ...
El género Bursera es un componente característico de los bosques tropicales secos (BTS) de México... more El género Bursera es un componente característico de los bosques tropicales secos (BTS) de México y relevante para la conservación de estos hábitats, sin embargo, sus aspectos fenológicos son poco conocidos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la fenología de Bursera simaruba Jacq. ex L y Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch y evaluar su relación con las variables ambientales. El seguimiento fenológico se realizó en una zona protegida del BTS de la región florística conocida como Depresión Central en Chiapas, México durante un ciclo anual (mayo 2017- abril 2018). Se seleccionaron 50 individuos adultos de cada especie y se registró la intensidad de sus fenofases reproductivas (botón floral, flor abierta, desarrollo de frutos y permanencia de frutos) y fenofases vegetativas (brote foliar, hojas maduras, senescencia) utilizando los métodos de Fournier. La estacionalidad y sincronía de cada fase se estimó mediante estadística circular calculando el vector medio (r) y la pr...
Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades d... more Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops.Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle.Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the mo...
In plants, the presence and distribution of specialized metabolites during the early stages of de... more In plants, the presence and distribution of specialized metabolites during the early stages of development are not documented enough, even though their biosynthesis is one of the most important strategies for survival. In this study, five alkaloids and four acetogenins were detected in Annona muricata L. during early development seedling, including three phases of root emergence and three of seedling formation. Hexane and alkaloid extracts were obtained from each organ, which were analyzed in a gas-mass chromatograph and in a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a photodiode array UV detector (HPLC-DAD). This research shows the presence of the acetogenins cis-uvarimicin IV, mosinone, muricina B, and cis-annonacin-10-one, as well as of the alkaloids reticuline, coreximine, anonaine, asimilobine, and nornuciferine, both groups with a variable organ-specific distribution, related with the formation of organs and tissues.
Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are molecules with carbon numbers C35-C37, usually with tetrahydro... more Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are molecules with carbon numbers C35-C37, usually with tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran rings and one terminal γ-lactone (usually α,β-unsaturated), in a large aliphatic chain that is varyingly hydroxylated, acetoxylated or ketonized. ACGs have ecological functions as insecticides and are pharmacologically promising due to their cytotoxic and antitumoral properties. They are found in the seeds, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits of annonaceous plants and can be detected during isolation via thin-layer chromatography using Kedde's reagent, which reacts with the unsaturated lactone. This chapter describes the location in situ of ACGs in fresh sections of annonaceous seeds using Kedde's reagent.The acetogenins are located in the idioblasts, in the endosperm and in the embryonic axis during differentiation. This method can aid in the detection of ACGs with a terminal unsaturated γ-lactone in organs and tissues.
Background. Phenological descriptions of plant species are used to understand cycles of foliation... more Background. Phenological descriptions of plant species are used to understand cycles of foliation, flowering and fruiting. These studies provide useful means for understanding the relationships between plants and their environment. Question. What are the the foliar and reproductive strategies of four species of Annona living in the Deciduous Forest of Chiapas, Mexico? Species studied. Annona lutescens , A. macroprophyllata , A. reticulata and A. purpurea . Study sites. Three areas of deciduous forest were studied (16°31'36'' N, 92°58'25'' W, 16°28'82'' N, 92°57'48'' W, and 16°21'47'' N, 92°58'32'' W), located between the towns of Parral and Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Method. Stages of foliation, flowering, fruiting and senescence of 20 individuals per species were documented by written and photographic records during the course of a year. Variable time periods were adapted to the extended BBCH scale. The ...
Annona macroprophyllata (papausa or ilama) is an economically important species of fruit that is ... more Annona macroprophyllata (papausa or ilama) is an economically important species of fruit that is consumed in large quantities in Central America and is considered to have the finest flavour of all of the custard apples (Annonaceae). This species presents propagation problems including the six-month dormancy of the seeds, which has not been fully explained. Among the factors affecting the germination of Annona seeds are the position inside of the fruit and the presence of a micropylar woody plug. The present work addresses the importance of these factors in the germination and dormancy of this species, using a randomised design with seeds from 169 fruits of the white variety of Annona macroprophyllata . The fruits were divided into three sections (basal, middle, and apical) in which seeds were evaluated for nine months with the following parameters: the size and weight of the seeds and the viability and germination percentage considering the presence or absence of the micropylar plug...
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) are specialized metabolites with an ancient phylogenetic d... more The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) are specialized metabolites with an ancient phylogenetic distribution, but still preserved in modern clades. Some of them, such as morphine, sanguinerine or berberine, are important for modern medicine. This review discusses the highlights of the current state of the biosynthesis of BIA. There have been studies that show the biosynthesis of 22 of these nitrogenous metabolites. In their formation there are 43 enzymes grouped into oxidoreductases, transferases and lyases, which in some cases represent atypical examples of the manner in which the secondary metabolism diversification wasoriginated. Two of these examples are the cytochrome proteins P450 (P450), with catalytic activities for ABI route, or the norcoclaurine synthase enzyme (NCS), which share substantial identity with defense allergenic proteins. Likewise, there are genetic advances that have produced the characterization of 30 enzymes, allowing knowledge of regulatory processes. Anoth...
El presente libro, resultado de estudios etnobotónicos realizados por investigadores de la Univer... more El presente libro, resultado de estudios etnobotónicos realizados por investigadores de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Cliiapas y de lo Universidad Nocional Autónoma de México, recupera la tradición oral que sobre los plantas medicinales tienen los zoques de las comunidades de Copainalá, Rayón, Tapalapa y Tapilula. Documenta también los nombres en zoque de los especies y contribuye a la elaboración de la memoria escrita sobre el uso y manejo que los pobladores hacen de los recursos naturales de su entorno. Mediante revisiones bibliogróficas, aporta datos sobre los usos y nombres no locales y los propiedades medicinales de los plantas; es uno versión corregida y aumentada de la publicación Plantas usadas por los zoques en enfermedades gastrointestinales y respiratorias que se distribuyó en Rayón y Tapalapa, y que fue editado por la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapos y el Sistema de Investigación Benito Juórez en 1998. ISBN: 17a-t07-6S10-ll-l
Se analiza la informacion acerca de la presencia y diversidad de alcaloides bencilisoquinolinicos... more Se analiza la informacion acerca de la presencia y diversidad de alcaloides bencilisoquinolinicos y aporfinicos en especies del Complejo Ranaleano y se relaciona con una de sus familias: Annonaceae. Para ello, se realizo una busqueda bibliografica retrospectiva, se sistematizo la informacion y se llevaron a cabo comparaciones de la presencia de grupos de alcaloides aporfinicos en los ordenes y familias que Cronquist ubico en el Complejo Ranaleano. La busqueda de alcaloides, senalo once grupos correspondientes a 818 menciones, siendo los mas comunes en todo el Complejo las aporfinas senssu extricto y las oxoaporfinas. La familia Annonaceae es la mas representativa en cuanto a diversidad y numero de alcaloides.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Background: For many years Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, has had the highest rate of child... more Background: For many years Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, has had the highest rate of child mortality due to intestinal infections of unknown etiology in the country. To begin identifying the infectious agents, our work determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites as well as malnutrition in children from Chiapas's three most impoverished municipalities: Pantepec, Chanal, and Larrainzar. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, conducted between January and November 2009, we assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasites by means of coproparasitological analysis in children <5 years of age (N=250) from three of the marginalized municipalities: Pantepec, Chanal and Larrainzar. The prevalence of malnutrition was then assessed using the Mexican official norm NOM-031-SSA2-1999 and WHO criteria. We evaluated the association between age (breast-fed and pre-school children) with parasites and nutritional status. Results: Our analysis revealed the highest prevalence of ...
ABSTRACT. Introduction: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) (syn. Annona diversifol... more ABSTRACT. Introduction: Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Smith. (Annonaceae) (syn. Annona diversifolia Saff.) is a valued fruit tree species known as papausa. In Mexico and Central America, this fruit has become an important crop because of its tasty flavor and high pulp content. Its fruits are frequently damaged by the incidence of wasps of the genus Bephratelloides Girault (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae), which develop inside the seeds. Objective: to report the interaction of Bephratelloides cubensis Ashmead during its life cycle in fruits of A. macroprophyllata. Methods: We periodically collected fruits in different states of growth recording a) oviposition, b) the moment of evident infection, c) the development of the wasps inside the seeds, and d) their emergence as adults. We also determined the proportion of damaged fruits and seeds. Results: The data indicate that wasps preferred to oviposit on fruits with a diameter of less than 8 cm, oviposition was more frequent between 11:00 am ...
El género Bursera es un componente característico de los bosques tropicales secos (BTS) de México... more El género Bursera es un componente característico de los bosques tropicales secos (BTS) de México y relevante para la conservación de estos hábitats, sin embargo, sus aspectos fenológicos son poco conocidos. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar la fenología de Bursera simaruba Jacq. ex L y Bursera tomentosa (Jacq.) Triana & Planch y evaluar su relación con las variables ambientales. El seguimiento fenológico se realizó en una zona protegida del BTS de la región florística conocida como Depresión Central en Chiapas, México durante un ciclo anual (mayo 2017- abril 2018). Se seleccionaron 50 individuos adultos de cada especie y se registró la intensidad de sus fenofases reproductivas (botón floral, flor abierta, desarrollo de frutos y permanencia de frutos) y fenofases vegetativas (brote foliar, hojas maduras, senescencia) utilizando los métodos de Fournier. La estacionalidad y sincronía de cada fase se estimó mediante estadística circular calculando el vector medio (r) y la pr...
Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades d... more Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops.Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle.Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the mo...
In plants, the presence and distribution of specialized metabolites during the early stages of de... more In plants, the presence and distribution of specialized metabolites during the early stages of development are not documented enough, even though their biosynthesis is one of the most important strategies for survival. In this study, five alkaloids and four acetogenins were detected in Annona muricata L. during early development seedling, including three phases of root emergence and three of seedling formation. Hexane and alkaloid extracts were obtained from each organ, which were analyzed in a gas-mass chromatograph and in a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a photodiode array UV detector (HPLC-DAD). This research shows the presence of the acetogenins cis-uvarimicin IV, mosinone, muricina B, and cis-annonacin-10-one, as well as of the alkaloids reticuline, coreximine, anonaine, asimilobine, and nornuciferine, both groups with a variable organ-specific distribution, related with the formation of organs and tissues.
Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are molecules with carbon numbers C35-C37, usually with tetrahydro... more Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) are molecules with carbon numbers C35-C37, usually with tetrahydrofuran and tetrahydropyran rings and one terminal γ-lactone (usually α,β-unsaturated), in a large aliphatic chain that is varyingly hydroxylated, acetoxylated or ketonized. ACGs have ecological functions as insecticides and are pharmacologically promising due to their cytotoxic and antitumoral properties. They are found in the seeds, leaves, roots, flowers and fruits of annonaceous plants and can be detected during isolation via thin-layer chromatography using Kedde's reagent, which reacts with the unsaturated lactone. This chapter describes the location in situ of ACGs in fresh sections of annonaceous seeds using Kedde's reagent.The acetogenins are located in the idioblasts, in the endosperm and in the embryonic axis during differentiation. This method can aid in the detection of ACGs with a terminal unsaturated γ-lactone in organs and tissues.
Background. Phenological descriptions of plant species are used to understand cycles of foliation... more Background. Phenological descriptions of plant species are used to understand cycles of foliation, flowering and fruiting. These studies provide useful means for understanding the relationships between plants and their environment. Question. What are the the foliar and reproductive strategies of four species of Annona living in the Deciduous Forest of Chiapas, Mexico? Species studied. Annona lutescens , A. macroprophyllata , A. reticulata and A. purpurea . Study sites. Three areas of deciduous forest were studied (16°31'36'' N, 92°58'25'' W, 16°28'82'' N, 92°57'48'' W, and 16°21'47'' N, 92°58'32'' W), located between the towns of Parral and Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico. Method. Stages of foliation, flowering, fruiting and senescence of 20 individuals per species were documented by written and photographic records during the course of a year. Variable time periods were adapted to the extended BBCH scale. The ...
Annona macroprophyllata (papausa or ilama) is an economically important species of fruit that is ... more Annona macroprophyllata (papausa or ilama) is an economically important species of fruit that is consumed in large quantities in Central America and is considered to have the finest flavour of all of the custard apples (Annonaceae). This species presents propagation problems including the six-month dormancy of the seeds, which has not been fully explained. Among the factors affecting the germination of Annona seeds are the position inside of the fruit and the presence of a micropylar woody plug. The present work addresses the importance of these factors in the germination and dormancy of this species, using a randomised design with seeds from 169 fruits of the white variety of Annona macroprophyllata . The fruits were divided into three sections (basal, middle, and apical) in which seeds were evaluated for nine months with the following parameters: the size and weight of the seeds and the viability and germination percentage considering the presence or absence of the micropylar plug...
The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) are specialized metabolites with an ancient phylogenetic d... more The benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIA) are specialized metabolites with an ancient phylogenetic distribution, but still preserved in modern clades. Some of them, such as morphine, sanguinerine or berberine, are important for modern medicine. This review discusses the highlights of the current state of the biosynthesis of BIA. There have been studies that show the biosynthesis of 22 of these nitrogenous metabolites. In their formation there are 43 enzymes grouped into oxidoreductases, transferases and lyases, which in some cases represent atypical examples of the manner in which the secondary metabolism diversification wasoriginated. Two of these examples are the cytochrome proteins P450 (P450), with catalytic activities for ABI route, or the norcoclaurine synthase enzyme (NCS), which share substantial identity with defense allergenic proteins. Likewise, there are genetic advances that have produced the characterization of 30 enzymes, allowing knowledge of regulatory processes. Anoth...
El presente libro, resultado de estudios etnobotónicos realizados por investigadores de la Univer... more El presente libro, resultado de estudios etnobotónicos realizados por investigadores de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Cliiapas y de lo Universidad Nocional Autónoma de México, recupera la tradición oral que sobre los plantas medicinales tienen los zoques de las comunidades de Copainalá, Rayón, Tapalapa y Tapilula. Documenta también los nombres en zoque de los especies y contribuye a la elaboración de la memoria escrita sobre el uso y manejo que los pobladores hacen de los recursos naturales de su entorno. Mediante revisiones bibliogróficas, aporta datos sobre los usos y nombres no locales y los propiedades medicinales de los plantas; es uno versión corregida y aumentada de la publicación Plantas usadas por los zoques en enfermedades gastrointestinales y respiratorias que se distribuyó en Rayón y Tapalapa, y que fue editado por la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapos y el Sistema de Investigación Benito Juórez en 1998. ISBN: 17a-t07-6S10-ll-l
Se analiza la informacion acerca de la presencia y diversidad de alcaloides bencilisoquinolinicos... more Se analiza la informacion acerca de la presencia y diversidad de alcaloides bencilisoquinolinicos y aporfinicos en especies del Complejo Ranaleano y se relaciona con una de sus familias: Annonaceae. Para ello, se realizo una busqueda bibliografica retrospectiva, se sistematizo la informacion y se llevaron a cabo comparaciones de la presencia de grupos de alcaloides aporfinicos en los ordenes y familias que Cronquist ubico en el Complejo Ranaleano. La busqueda de alcaloides, senalo once grupos correspondientes a 818 menciones, siendo los mas comunes en todo el Complejo las aporfinas senssu extricto y las oxoaporfinas. La familia Annonaceae es la mas representativa en cuanto a diversidad y numero de alcaloides.
The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 2013
Background: For many years Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, has had the highest rate of child... more Background: For many years Chiapas, Mexico's poorest state, has had the highest rate of child mortality due to intestinal infections of unknown etiology in the country. To begin identifying the infectious agents, our work determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites as well as malnutrition in children from Chiapas's three most impoverished municipalities: Pantepec, Chanal, and Larrainzar. Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, conducted between January and November 2009, we assessed the prevalence of intestinal parasites by means of coproparasitological analysis in children <5 years of age (N=250) from three of the marginalized municipalities: Pantepec, Chanal and Larrainzar. The prevalence of malnutrition was then assessed using the Mexican official norm NOM-031-SSA2-1999 and WHO criteria. We evaluated the association between age (breast-fed and pre-school children) with parasites and nutritional status. Results: Our analysis revealed the highest prevalence of ...
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