Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played a major role in the introduction and m... more Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played a major role in the introduction and marketing of new products and services in Africa?s consumer markets. Frugal innovations are the result of the recent ambitions of mostly MNEs to design and sell products for and to consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). This chapter presents a case study which suggests that better collaboration with African partners in order to supply goods to the BoP in a profitable way is of great importance. The OMO sachets were a success from a sales perspective and turnover increased greatly over figures from the early 1990s due to the introduction of the more affordable economy-sized sachets. Finally, the chapter considers whether, by addressing frugal innovation for Africa, product innovations brought into Africa by foreign parties can increasingly become influenced and transformed a priori by Africans, before the products have entered the African market. Keywords: Africa; Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP); frugal innovation; OMO sachets; Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs)
This chapter concentrates on the (social) security function of land in African agrarian economies... more This chapter concentrates on the (social) security function of land in African agrarian economies, which used to be vested in customary land-tenure arrangements whereby membership of a rural community ensured access to land, be it in the form of rights of use over privately apportioned land plots or the village commons. The cultivation of land can form a base for survival and a major safeguard in case of adverse events such as unemployment or falling prices on output markets. In addition, poorer members of rural communities could derive a substantial part of their income from the village commons, which also have a clear social-security function by providing protection against the risk of chronic poverty. The chapter presents an empirical study undertaken in Mbarara District in southwest Uganda. It aims to contribute to further insight into how developments regarding land affect the social-security function of land for poor and vulnerable households. Keywords: chronic poverty; Mbarara district; rural community; social-security function; southwest Uganda
Digging Deeper: Inside Africa’s Agricultural, Food and Nutrition Dynamics, 2014
ABSTRACT Increasing pockets of agricultural effectiveness are emerging in Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzan... more ABSTRACT Increasing pockets of agricultural effectiveness are emerging in Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, the four countries that made up the African part of the Tracking Development project. Research at the African Studies Centre in Leiden in its DRA-AFCA project has found rising agricultural production, improved food security and greater yields for many agricultural products since 2000. The study suggests that it is important to go beyond researching policy matters alone and to include metropole-hinterland dynamics and agro-food cluster institutions as drivers of change. This chapter offers an inventory of the evidence presented in the four research papers produced to date. The results have been compared to formulate a research agenda for the years to come.
This chapter tracks the agricultural development paths of the country pair Cambodia and Uganda an... more This chapter tracks the agricultural development paths of the country pair Cambodia and Uganda and assesses whether the differences between Southeast Asian and African countries also apply to these two late-developing countries, which at the end of the 1980s, after two decades of civil strife and terror, were still "poor agrarian economies". Basically, both countries adopted a market-led development model for the agricultural sector and the economy in general, a model which is in sharp contrast with the more directive agricultural policies implemented in both countries in the 1960s and 1970s and in the successful second-tier industrializing countries. It focuses on the agricultural policies and the political framework in which these agricultural policies were executed. The chapter compares agricultural production and productivity between Uganda and Cambodia, and identifies major similarities and divergences. Keywords: agricultural policies; Cambodia; political framework; poor agrarian economies; Uganda
The uneven, unstable and irregular development patterns on the African continent have puzzled dev... more The uneven, unstable and irregular development patterns on the African continent have puzzled development planners and scholars for decades and the introduction of terms like 'arrested development' (Fieldhouse 1986) and 'stalled development' (Leonard & Straus 2003) are examples of their attempts to classify these development trajectories. The search for the 'African dummy' that could explain growth and development patterns of African countries has received attention in academic research on Africa. Africa has a long history of policies aimed at reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of its population. This chapter discusses the Cowen/- Shenton dichotomy and widen Hart's definition of 'little d' development to include non-capitalist developments as well, or more precisely, the intrinsic drive of the ordinary citizen to improve their lives in an ever-changing context. The different visions and African development policies have been based on the economic theories of growth and development in industrialized countries. Keywords: African countries; economic theories; poverty
This Research Report focuses on Nigeria, one of the four African case-study countries in the Trac... more This Research Report focuses on Nigeria, one of the four African case-study countries in the Tracking Development project: Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Four types of analysis are presented: (1) agricultural production trends in the 1960-2011 period, (2) food balance trends during this period, combining these agricultural food production data with data on trade and con-sumption, (3) high-growth agricultural products in the 2000-2010 period (‘agricultural islands of effectiveness’), and (4) data on food security, based on child under-nutrition surveys, and (if available) trends. The Research Report also include some relevant maps made available by the Centre for World Food Studies in Amsterdam. The Report ends with suggestions for a follow-up research agenda and with a first inventory of useful sources, made by the ASC library and documentation unit.
Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played a major role in the introduction and m... more Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs) have played a major role in the introduction and marketing of new products and services in Africa?s consumer markets. Frugal innovations are the result of the recent ambitions of mostly MNEs to design and sell products for and to consumers at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). This chapter presents a case study which suggests that better collaboration with African partners in order to supply goods to the BoP in a profitable way is of great importance. The OMO sachets were a success from a sales perspective and turnover increased greatly over figures from the early 1990s due to the introduction of the more affordable economy-sized sachets. Finally, the chapter considers whether, by addressing frugal innovation for Africa, product innovations brought into Africa by foreign parties can increasingly become influenced and transformed a priori by Africans, before the products have entered the African market. Keywords: Africa; Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP); frugal innovation; OMO sachets; Western-based multinational enterprises (MNEs)
This chapter concentrates on the (social) security function of land in African agrarian economies... more This chapter concentrates on the (social) security function of land in African agrarian economies, which used to be vested in customary land-tenure arrangements whereby membership of a rural community ensured access to land, be it in the form of rights of use over privately apportioned land plots or the village commons. The cultivation of land can form a base for survival and a major safeguard in case of adverse events such as unemployment or falling prices on output markets. In addition, poorer members of rural communities could derive a substantial part of their income from the village commons, which also have a clear social-security function by providing protection against the risk of chronic poverty. The chapter presents an empirical study undertaken in Mbarara District in southwest Uganda. It aims to contribute to further insight into how developments regarding land affect the social-security function of land for poor and vulnerable households. Keywords: chronic poverty; Mbarara district; rural community; social-security function; southwest Uganda
Digging Deeper: Inside Africa’s Agricultural, Food and Nutrition Dynamics, 2014
ABSTRACT Increasing pockets of agricultural effectiveness are emerging in Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzan... more ABSTRACT Increasing pockets of agricultural effectiveness are emerging in Nigeria, Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya, the four countries that made up the African part of the Tracking Development project. Research at the African Studies Centre in Leiden in its DRA-AFCA project has found rising agricultural production, improved food security and greater yields for many agricultural products since 2000. The study suggests that it is important to go beyond researching policy matters alone and to include metropole-hinterland dynamics and agro-food cluster institutions as drivers of change. This chapter offers an inventory of the evidence presented in the four research papers produced to date. The results have been compared to formulate a research agenda for the years to come.
This chapter tracks the agricultural development paths of the country pair Cambodia and Uganda an... more This chapter tracks the agricultural development paths of the country pair Cambodia and Uganda and assesses whether the differences between Southeast Asian and African countries also apply to these two late-developing countries, which at the end of the 1980s, after two decades of civil strife and terror, were still "poor agrarian economies". Basically, both countries adopted a market-led development model for the agricultural sector and the economy in general, a model which is in sharp contrast with the more directive agricultural policies implemented in both countries in the 1960s and 1970s and in the successful second-tier industrializing countries. It focuses on the agricultural policies and the political framework in which these agricultural policies were executed. The chapter compares agricultural production and productivity between Uganda and Cambodia, and identifies major similarities and divergences. Keywords: agricultural policies; Cambodia; political framework; poor agrarian economies; Uganda
The uneven, unstable and irregular development patterns on the African continent have puzzled dev... more The uneven, unstable and irregular development patterns on the African continent have puzzled development planners and scholars for decades and the introduction of terms like 'arrested development' (Fieldhouse 1986) and 'stalled development' (Leonard & Straus 2003) are examples of their attempts to classify these development trajectories. The search for the 'African dummy' that could explain growth and development patterns of African countries has received attention in academic research on Africa. Africa has a long history of policies aimed at reducing poverty and improving the living conditions of its population. This chapter discusses the Cowen/- Shenton dichotomy and widen Hart's definition of 'little d' development to include non-capitalist developments as well, or more precisely, the intrinsic drive of the ordinary citizen to improve their lives in an ever-changing context. The different visions and African development policies have been based on the economic theories of growth and development in industrialized countries. Keywords: African countries; economic theories; poverty
This Research Report focuses on Nigeria, one of the four African case-study countries in the Trac... more This Research Report focuses on Nigeria, one of the four African case-study countries in the Tracking Development project: Nigeria, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. Four types of analysis are presented: (1) agricultural production trends in the 1960-2011 period, (2) food balance trends during this period, combining these agricultural food production data with data on trade and con-sumption, (3) high-growth agricultural products in the 2000-2010 period (‘agricultural islands of effectiveness’), and (4) data on food security, based on child under-nutrition surveys, and (if available) trends. The Research Report also include some relevant maps made available by the Centre for World Food Studies in Amsterdam. The Report ends with suggestions for a follow-up research agenda and with a first inventory of useful sources, made by the ASC library and documentation unit.
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Papers by Andre Leliveld