Dietary fibre (DF) and fermentable crude protein (fCP) are dietary factors which affect nutrient ... more Dietary fibre (DF) and fermentable crude protein (fCP) are dietary factors which affect nutrient utilization and intestinal health in pigs. A nitrogen (N)-balance study was conducted to determine the impact of DF and fCP on threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition (PD) and indicators of intestinal health. A total of 160 growing pigs (25 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 20 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with dietary fibre (low (LF) or high fibre (HF)], fCP [low (LfCP) or high fCP (HfCP)) and Thr (0.52, 0.60, 0.68, 0.76, or 0.82% standardized ileal digestible) as factors. Then, 4-day total urine and fecal collection was conducted, and pigs were euthanized for intestinal tissue and digesta sampling. Feeding high DF, regardless of fCP content, increased Thr requirement for PD (p < 0.05). High fCP, regardless of DF content, reduced Thr requirement for PD. Serum antioxidant capacity increased as dietary Thr leve...
The considerable animal-to-animal variation in microbial profiles is a challenge in elucidating t... more The considerable animal-to-animal variation in microbial profiles is a challenge in elucidating the role of gut microbiota in host metabolism. The main purpose of this study was, therefore, to develop a pig model with reduced animal-to-animal variation in gut microbial profile. Twelve piglets from four sows were reared conventionally and 12 piglets from four sows were reared artificially in high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered isolators. All isolator-reared piglets were given an artificial colostrum formula containing the combined fecal material from all eight sows. All piglets were killed at 21 d of age and intestinal contents subjected to 16s rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling. Resulting T-RFLP profiles clustered into two distinct groups representing the two treatment groups. Furthermore, Bray–Curtis dissimilarity distance values and Dice similarity indices showed reduced beta diversity in isolator-reared pigs indicating...
In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopol... more In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopolysaccharide independently, but not additively, increased the threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition. The current study investigated whether supplementing Thr to meet high DF and systemic immune challenge requirements would maintain performance of pigs exposed to an enteric immune challenge when fed high DF. A total of 128 pigs (22.6 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment; 4 pigs/pen) for 28 d. Treatments were low fiber (LF; 13% total DF) or high fiber (HF; 20% total DF) diets with standard (STD; 0.65% SID) or supplemental (SUP; 0.78% SID) Thr. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium (2.3 × 109 CFU/ml). Blood samples and rectal swabs were obtained and rectal temperature recorded to determine clinical responses and Salmonella shedding. On d 7 post-inoculation, 1 pig/pen was euthanized and...
Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, c... more Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, calcium (PCa), and phytase (Phy) on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation and release of myo-inositol in the digestive tract. In 2 subsequent runs, the chickens were subjected to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with and without PCa and Phy supplementation. Sanitized eggs were hatched in 8 germfree isolators, and a minimum of 9 male Ross 308 chickens were placed in each pen (total 16 pens). Treatments implemented on day 10 included gamma-irradiated diets without (PCa−; 4.1 g P and 6.2 g Ca/kg DM) or with (PCa+; 6.9 g P and 10.4 g Ca/kg DM) monosodium phosphate and limestone supplementation and without (Phy−) or with (Phy+) 1,500 FTU Phy/kg feed in a factorial arrangement. On day 15, digesta was collected from different sections of the intestinal tract and analyzed for InsP isomers and myo-inositol. The isolators did not remain germfree, but analysis of conta...
The objective of this study was to determine effect of ruminal acidosis (RA) and low feed intake ... more The objective of this study was to determine effect of ruminal acidosis (RA) and low feed intake [LFI] on the regional barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract. Twenty-one Holstein steers were fed for ad libitum intake for 5 d (control [CON]), fed at 25% of ad libitum intake for 5 d (LFI), or provided 2 d of ad libitum intake followed by 1-d of feed restriction (25% of ad libitum intake), 1 d where 30% of ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) was provided as pelleted barley followed by the full allocation (RA) and fed for ad libitum intake the following day. Tissues and digesta from the rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal, and distal colon were collected. Permeability was assessed using the mucosal-to-serosal flux of inulin (JMS-inulin) and mannitol (JMS-mannitol). Digesta pH was 0.81, 0.63, and 0.42 pH units less for RA than CON in the rumen, cecum, and proximal colon; while, LFI had pH that was 0.47 and 0.36 pH units greater in the rumen and proximal colon ...
The MAM domain-containing 4 (MAMDC4) protein is associated with the unique endocytotic mechanism ... more The MAM domain-containing 4 (MAMDC4) protein is associated with the unique endocytotic mechanism observed in the intestine of mammals during the immediate postnatal period. Transcriptional expression of MAMDC4 was substantially upregulated at birth in both the piglet jejunum and ileum and its expression decreases after birth. The protein was found localized specifically to the apical region of the luminal epithelium, however, MAMDC4 protein expression was lost at day 10 and 15 in the jejunum and ileum, respectively, and was not associated with "fetal" enterocyte replacement. Although spatial variation in the subcellular localization of Claudin 1 (CLDN1) was noted at day 3, the loss of MAMDC4 at later stages of development did not appear to have any effect on the tight junction structure. Germ-free (GF) piglets and piglets whose gastrointestinal flora consists exclusively of Escherichia coli (EC) or Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) maintained MAMDC4 protein expression to 14 day...
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species... more Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species and in the oil fraction of several plants, including coconuts, palm kernels and certain Cuphea species. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and fatty acids are efficiently absorbed and metabolized and are therefore used for piglet nutrition. They may provide instant energy and also have physiological benefits beyond their energetic value contributing to several findings of improved performance in piglet-feeding trials. MCTs are effectively hydrolyzed by gastric and pancreatic lipases in the newborn and suckling young, allowing rapid provision of energy for both enterocytes and intermediary hepatic metabolism. MCFAs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota and have inhibitory effects on bacterial concentrations in the digesta, mainly on Salmonella and coliforms. However, most studies have been performed in vitro up to now and in vivo data in pigs are still scarce. Effects on the...
Figure 1. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of (A) Chao 1 richness and (B) Simpson&#... more Figure 1. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of (A) Chao 1 richness and (B) Simpson's diversity index of intestinal microbiota of fish fed with different diets. N indicates number of fish included in the analysis. Figure 2. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratios for individual fish fed experimental and control diets. In each case, ratios are higher in the experimental (plant ingredient) diet than in the corresponding fish meal control.
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dieta... more Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dietary glycine concentration and intestinal Clostridium perfringens growth in broiler chickens. Expt. 1 showed that glycine concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in jejunum and ileum of birds fed fat-encapsulated glycine compared with crystalline glycine. In Expt. 2, 2 cages of 6 birds were assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets formulated to contain 7.6 and 10.6, 17.8 and 40.6, 27.8 and 30.6, 37.8 and 20.6, 47.7 and 10.6, and 7.8 and 50.6 g/kg total glycine and proline, respectively, provided primarily by supplementation with encapsulated glycine or proline as required. In Expt. 3, 12 groups of 6 birds were fed 4 different diets supplemented with encapsulated glycine to achieve 7.6, 21.0, 34.3, or 47.7 g/kg total glycine. The birds were orally challenged with C. perfringens type A on d 1 and d 14-21 and killed on d 28. In Expt. 2, C. perfringens populations were higher (P < 0.05) in il...
Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysacch... more Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) sources, respectively. A control diet containing 14% cornstarch was formulated. A 7% guar gum, a 7% cellulose, and a 7% guar gum + 7% cellulose diet were formulated by adding the NSP to the control diet at the expense of cornstarch (wt/wt), forming a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The objectives were to determine whether guar gum and cellulose altered 1) the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine and total tract; 2) the digestibility of energy and CP, characteristics of the digesta, and microbial populations in the ileum; 3) plasma glucose and ghrelin concentrations; and 4) short-term voluntary feed intake and growth performance of grower pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (27.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fitted with an ileal T-cannula and were used in a 2-period change-over design, providing 6 observations per diet. Each period included 18 d: a 12-d acclimation period followed ...
ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Fu... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Function Nutritional Implications and Strategies Summary References
Allelic variation (C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene has been ass... more Allelic variation (C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene has been associated with increased fat deposition in beef cattle. We report that this same genetic variant is also present in dairy breeds. Body fat reserves play an important role in sustaining high milk production in early lactation, when energy intake is limited. To test for an association between the leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk productivity, we genotyped 416 Holstein cows and compared lactation performance data using a mixed model. Animals homozygous for the T allele produced more milk (1.5 kg/d vs. CC animals) and had higher somatic cell count linear scores, without significantly affecting milk fat or protein percent over the entire lactation. The increase in milk yield is most prominent in the first 100 d of lactation (2.44 kg/d), declining to 1.74 kg/d between 101 and 200 d in lactation. The milk yield advantage, observed in cows homozygous for the T allele, could represent...
Dietary fibre (DF) and fermentable crude protein (fCP) are dietary factors which affect nutrient ... more Dietary fibre (DF) and fermentable crude protein (fCP) are dietary factors which affect nutrient utilization and intestinal health in pigs. A nitrogen (N)-balance study was conducted to determine the impact of DF and fCP on threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition (PD) and indicators of intestinal health. A total of 160 growing pigs (25 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 20 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with dietary fibre (low (LF) or high fibre (HF)], fCP [low (LfCP) or high fCP (HfCP)) and Thr (0.52, 0.60, 0.68, 0.76, or 0.82% standardized ileal digestible) as factors. Then, 4-day total urine and fecal collection was conducted, and pigs were euthanized for intestinal tissue and digesta sampling. Feeding high DF, regardless of fCP content, increased Thr requirement for PD (p < 0.05). High fCP, regardless of DF content, reduced Thr requirement for PD. Serum antioxidant capacity increased as dietary Thr leve...
The considerable animal-to-animal variation in microbial profiles is a challenge in elucidating t... more The considerable animal-to-animal variation in microbial profiles is a challenge in elucidating the role of gut microbiota in host metabolism. The main purpose of this study was, therefore, to develop a pig model with reduced animal-to-animal variation in gut microbial profile. Twelve piglets from four sows were reared conventionally and 12 piglets from four sows were reared artificially in high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtered isolators. All isolator-reared piglets were given an artificial colostrum formula containing the combined fecal material from all eight sows. All piglets were killed at 21 d of age and intestinal contents subjected to 16s rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling. Resulting T-RFLP profiles clustered into two distinct groups representing the two treatment groups. Furthermore, Bray–Curtis dissimilarity distance values and Dice similarity indices showed reduced beta diversity in isolator-reared pigs indicating...
In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopol... more In a previous study, high dietary fiber (DF) and immune stimulation with systemic E. coli lipopolysaccharide independently, but not additively, increased the threonine (Thr) requirement for protein deposition. The current study investigated whether supplementing Thr to meet high DF and systemic immune challenge requirements would maintain performance of pigs exposed to an enteric immune challenge when fed high DF. A total of 128 pigs (22.6 ± 1.6 kg initial BW) were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment; 4 pigs/pen) for 28 d. Treatments were low fiber (LF; 13% total DF) or high fiber (HF; 20% total DF) diets with standard (STD; 0.65% SID) or supplemental (SUP; 0.78% SID) Thr. After a 7-d adaptation, all pigs were orally inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium (2.3 × 109 CFU/ml). Blood samples and rectal swabs were obtained and rectal temperature recorded to determine clinical responses and Salmonella shedding. On d 7 post-inoculation, 1 pig/pen was euthanized and...
Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, c... more Gnotobiotic broiler chickens were used to study interactive effects of supplemented phosphorus, calcium (PCa), and phytase (Phy) on myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate) (InsP6) degradation and release of myo-inositol in the digestive tract. In 2 subsequent runs, the chickens were subjected to 1 of 4 dietary treatments with and without PCa and Phy supplementation. Sanitized eggs were hatched in 8 germfree isolators, and a minimum of 9 male Ross 308 chickens were placed in each pen (total 16 pens). Treatments implemented on day 10 included gamma-irradiated diets without (PCa−; 4.1 g P and 6.2 g Ca/kg DM) or with (PCa+; 6.9 g P and 10.4 g Ca/kg DM) monosodium phosphate and limestone supplementation and without (Phy−) or with (Phy+) 1,500 FTU Phy/kg feed in a factorial arrangement. On day 15, digesta was collected from different sections of the intestinal tract and analyzed for InsP isomers and myo-inositol. The isolators did not remain germfree, but analysis of conta...
The objective of this study was to determine effect of ruminal acidosis (RA) and low feed intake ... more The objective of this study was to determine effect of ruminal acidosis (RA) and low feed intake [LFI] on the regional barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract. Twenty-one Holstein steers were fed for ad libitum intake for 5 d (control [CON]), fed at 25% of ad libitum intake for 5 d (LFI), or provided 2 d of ad libitum intake followed by 1-d of feed restriction (25% of ad libitum intake), 1 d where 30% of ad libitum dry matter intake (DMI) was provided as pelleted barley followed by the full allocation (RA) and fed for ad libitum intake the following day. Tissues and digesta from the rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal, and distal colon were collected. Permeability was assessed using the mucosal-to-serosal flux of inulin (JMS-inulin) and mannitol (JMS-mannitol). Digesta pH was 0.81, 0.63, and 0.42 pH units less for RA than CON in the rumen, cecum, and proximal colon; while, LFI had pH that was 0.47 and 0.36 pH units greater in the rumen and proximal colon ...
The MAM domain-containing 4 (MAMDC4) protein is associated with the unique endocytotic mechanism ... more The MAM domain-containing 4 (MAMDC4) protein is associated with the unique endocytotic mechanism observed in the intestine of mammals during the immediate postnatal period. Transcriptional expression of MAMDC4 was substantially upregulated at birth in both the piglet jejunum and ileum and its expression decreases after birth. The protein was found localized specifically to the apical region of the luminal epithelium, however, MAMDC4 protein expression was lost at day 10 and 15 in the jejunum and ileum, respectively, and was not associated with "fetal" enterocyte replacement. Although spatial variation in the subcellular localization of Claudin 1 (CLDN1) was noted at day 3, the loss of MAMDC4 at later stages of development did not appear to have any effect on the tight junction structure. Germ-free (GF) piglets and piglets whose gastrointestinal flora consists exclusively of Escherichia coli (EC) or Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) maintained MAMDC4 protein expression to 14 day...
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species... more Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are found at higher levels in milk lipids of many animal species and in the oil fraction of several plants, including coconuts, palm kernels and certain Cuphea species. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) and fatty acids are efficiently absorbed and metabolized and are therefore used for piglet nutrition. They may provide instant energy and also have physiological benefits beyond their energetic value contributing to several findings of improved performance in piglet-feeding trials. MCTs are effectively hydrolyzed by gastric and pancreatic lipases in the newborn and suckling young, allowing rapid provision of energy for both enterocytes and intermediary hepatic metabolism. MCFAs affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota and have inhibitory effects on bacterial concentrations in the digesta, mainly on Salmonella and coliforms. However, most studies have been performed in vitro up to now and in vivo data in pigs are still scarce. Effects on the...
Figure 1. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of (A) Chao 1 richness and (B) Simpson&#... more Figure 1. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of (A) Chao 1 richness and (B) Simpson's diversity index of intestinal microbiota of fish fed with different diets. N indicates number of fish included in the analysis. Figure 2. Box plots (median, quartiles and range values) of Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratios for individual fish fed experimental and control diets. In each case, ratios are higher in the experimental (plant ingredient) diet than in the corresponding fish meal control.
Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dieta... more Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dietary glycine concentration and intestinal Clostridium perfringens growth in broiler chickens. Expt. 1 showed that glycine concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in jejunum and ileum of birds fed fat-encapsulated glycine compared with crystalline glycine. In Expt. 2, 2 cages of 6 birds were assigned to 1 of 6 experimental diets formulated to contain 7.6 and 10.6, 17.8 and 40.6, 27.8 and 30.6, 37.8 and 20.6, 47.7 and 10.6, and 7.8 and 50.6 g/kg total glycine and proline, respectively, provided primarily by supplementation with encapsulated glycine or proline as required. In Expt. 3, 12 groups of 6 birds were fed 4 different diets supplemented with encapsulated glycine to achieve 7.6, 21.0, 34.3, or 47.7 g/kg total glycine. The birds were orally challenged with C. perfringens type A on d 1 and d 14-21 and killed on d 28. In Expt. 2, C. perfringens populations were higher (P < 0.05) in il...
Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysacch... more Dietary guar gum and cellulose were studied as purified soluble and insoluble nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) sources, respectively. A control diet containing 14% cornstarch was formulated. A 7% guar gum, a 7% cellulose, and a 7% guar gum + 7% cellulose diet were formulated by adding the NSP to the control diet at the expense of cornstarch (wt/wt), forming a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The objectives were to determine whether guar gum and cellulose altered 1) the passage rate of digesta through the small intestine and total tract; 2) the digestibility of energy and CP, characteristics of the digesta, and microbial populations in the ileum; 3) plasma glucose and ghrelin concentrations; and 4) short-term voluntary feed intake and growth performance of grower pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 pigs (27.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fitted with an ileal T-cannula and were used in a 2-period change-over design, providing 6 observations per diet. Each period included 18 d: a 12-d acclimation period followed ...
ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Fu... more ABSTRACT This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Function Nutritional Implications and Strategies Summary References
Allelic variation (C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene has been ass... more Allelic variation (C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene has been associated with increased fat deposition in beef cattle. We report that this same genetic variant is also present in dairy breeds. Body fat reserves play an important role in sustaining high milk production in early lactation, when energy intake is limited. To test for an association between the leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk productivity, we genotyped 416 Holstein cows and compared lactation performance data using a mixed model. Animals homozygous for the T allele produced more milk (1.5 kg/d vs. CC animals) and had higher somatic cell count linear scores, without significantly affecting milk fat or protein percent over the entire lactation. The increase in milk yield is most prominent in the first 100 d of lactation (2.44 kg/d), declining to 1.74 kg/d between 101 and 200 d in lactation. The milk yield advantage, observed in cows homozygous for the T allele, could represent...
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