In this study, a series of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was successfully synthesized usin... more In this study, a series of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was successfully synthesized using different ionic liquids (ILs) as a template. Five ILs and a surfactant with different alkyl side chains and types of anion namely 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([C12mim][I]), 3-diethylamino propanol vanillate (DV), 2-butylamino ethanol salicylate (BS), 3-diethylamino propanol salicylate (DS), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([bmim][NTf2]) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used. All MSNs produced have broad peaks, indicating mesoporous silica in amorphous form as observed by XRD while the morphology of MSN showed the agglomeration of particles and due to parallel arrangement pores size in both for FESEM and HRTEM. The MSNs are amorphous and displayed Type IV BET isotherm with H2 hysteresis loops which is a typical isotherm for mesoporous materials and the highest surface area obtained was 638 m2/g. The study on uptake and release of...
This paper aims to study decomposition behavior in pyrolytic environment of four lignocellulosic ... more This paper aims to study decomposition behavior in pyrolytic environment of four lignocellulosic biomass (oil palm shell, oil palm frond, rice husk and paddy straw), and two commercial components of biomass (pure cellulose and lignin), performed in a thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The unit which consists of a microbalance and a furnace flowed with 100 cc (STP) min-1 Nitrogen, N2 as inert. Heating rate was set at 20⁰C min-1 and temperature started from 50 to 900⁰C. Hydrogen gas production during the pyrolysis was observed using Agilent Gas Chromatography Analyzer 7890A. Oil palm shell, oil palm frond, paddy straw and rice husk were found to be reactive enough in a pyrolytic environment of up to 900°C since pyrolysis of these biomass starts at temperature as low as 200°C and maximum value of weight loss is achieved at about 500°C. Since there was not much different in the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin fractions between oil palm shell, oil palm frond, paddy straw and rice husk...
Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes for the Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels, 2019
The outlook and incentive toward the development of cleaner and sustainable energy resources are ... more The outlook and incentive toward the development of cleaner and sustainable energy resources are growing worldwide due to the rise of fossil fuel price, depletion of petroleum resources, and environmental protection issues. Therefore, the development of biofuel technologies, that is, bio-based fuels are projected to play an essential role in the foreseeable transportation and automotive industries. Synthetic biofuels from agricultural-based origins such as biohydrogen, biogas, biogasoline, biodiesel, and green diesel will emerge as prospective fuels of tomorrow due to their excellent fuel properties and environmental friendly attributes. Thus, this book chapter focuses on the challenges and drawbacks of the existing liquid and gaseous biofuel production technologies. To overcome these challenges, advanced biofuel technologies such as steam gasification, ultrasonic and microwave intensification for biodiesel production, catalytic cracking and hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils for ...
Abstract 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a commercially valuable chemical for the production of poly... more Abstract 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a commercially valuable chemical for the production of polytrimethylene terephthalate polymers and polyurethane. In this study, the production of 1,3-PDO was investigated via aqueous phase reforming (APR) and selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol over Ni-Ca/CeO2 catalysts synthesized by sonochemical (Us) and wet impregnation (WI) methods. The experiments were performed in a batch reactor at 20 bar, 230 ℃, and 450 rpm for 1 h. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, FESEM, BET, H2-TPR, XPS, CO-chemisorption, and NH3-TPD to better understand the physio-chemical and surface characteristics. The results revealed that sonochemical catalysts showed a larger surface area, smaller crystallite size, low reduction temperature and more homogenous particle distribution than wet impregnation catalysts. For both preparation methods, monometallic Ni/CeO2 catalysts showed the highest activity, whereas Ca modification of Ni/CeO2 catalysts significantly decreased the activity of the catalysts. The highest yield and selectivity of 1,3-PDO were 19.54% and 52.73%, respectively, using Ni/CeO2_Us catalyst. The best catalyst was further utilized for parameters optimization study to observe the effect of varying glycerol concentration (10 to 25 vol.%), temperature (210 to 250 ℃) and pressure (10 to 30 bar) on the yield and selectivity of 1,3-PDO and glycerol conversion. The results demonstrated that the highest yield (19.54%) and selectivity (52.73%) of 1,3-PDO were obtained over 10 vol.%, 230 ℃ and 20 bar with glycerol conversion of 54.26%. This present study provides a promising and economical process of converting glycerol to 1,3-PDO, which has wide applications in the industry.
In this study, a series of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was successfully synthesized usin... more In this study, a series of mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was successfully synthesized using different ionic liquids (ILs) as a template. Five ILs and a surfactant with different alkyl side chains and types of anion namely 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([C12mim][I]), 3-diethylamino propanol vanillate (DV), 2-butylamino ethanol salicylate (BS), 3-diethylamino propanol salicylate (DS), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide ([bmim][NTf2]) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were used. All MSNs produced have broad peaks, indicating mesoporous silica in amorphous form as observed by XRD while the morphology of MSN showed the agglomeration of particles and due to parallel arrangement pores size in both for FESEM and HRTEM. The MSNs are amorphous and displayed Type IV BET isotherm with H2 hysteresis loops which is a typical isotherm for mesoporous materials and the highest surface area obtained was 638 m2/g. The study on uptake and release of...
This paper aims to study decomposition behavior in pyrolytic environment of four lignocellulosic ... more This paper aims to study decomposition behavior in pyrolytic environment of four lignocellulosic biomass (oil palm shell, oil palm frond, rice husk and paddy straw), and two commercial components of biomass (pure cellulose and lignin), performed in a thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The unit which consists of a microbalance and a furnace flowed with 100 cc (STP) min-1 Nitrogen, N2 as inert. Heating rate was set at 20⁰C min-1 and temperature started from 50 to 900⁰C. Hydrogen gas production during the pyrolysis was observed using Agilent Gas Chromatography Analyzer 7890A. Oil palm shell, oil palm frond, paddy straw and rice husk were found to be reactive enough in a pyrolytic environment of up to 900°C since pyrolysis of these biomass starts at temperature as low as 200°C and maximum value of weight loss is achieved at about 500°C. Since there was not much different in the cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin fractions between oil palm shell, oil palm frond, paddy straw and rice husk...
Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes for the Production of Liquid and Gaseous Biofuels, 2019
The outlook and incentive toward the development of cleaner and sustainable energy resources are ... more The outlook and incentive toward the development of cleaner and sustainable energy resources are growing worldwide due to the rise of fossil fuel price, depletion of petroleum resources, and environmental protection issues. Therefore, the development of biofuel technologies, that is, bio-based fuels are projected to play an essential role in the foreseeable transportation and automotive industries. Synthetic biofuels from agricultural-based origins such as biohydrogen, biogas, biogasoline, biodiesel, and green diesel will emerge as prospective fuels of tomorrow due to their excellent fuel properties and environmental friendly attributes. Thus, this book chapter focuses on the challenges and drawbacks of the existing liquid and gaseous biofuel production technologies. To overcome these challenges, advanced biofuel technologies such as steam gasification, ultrasonic and microwave intensification for biodiesel production, catalytic cracking and hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils for ...
Abstract 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a commercially valuable chemical for the production of poly... more Abstract 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a commercially valuable chemical for the production of polytrimethylene terephthalate polymers and polyurethane. In this study, the production of 1,3-PDO was investigated via aqueous phase reforming (APR) and selective hydrogenolysis of glycerol over Ni-Ca/CeO2 catalysts synthesized by sonochemical (Us) and wet impregnation (WI) methods. The experiments were performed in a batch reactor at 20 bar, 230 ℃, and 450 rpm for 1 h. The synthesized catalysts were characterized using XRD, TEM, FESEM, BET, H2-TPR, XPS, CO-chemisorption, and NH3-TPD to better understand the physio-chemical and surface characteristics. The results revealed that sonochemical catalysts showed a larger surface area, smaller crystallite size, low reduction temperature and more homogenous particle distribution than wet impregnation catalysts. For both preparation methods, monometallic Ni/CeO2 catalysts showed the highest activity, whereas Ca modification of Ni/CeO2 catalysts significantly decreased the activity of the catalysts. The highest yield and selectivity of 1,3-PDO were 19.54% and 52.73%, respectively, using Ni/CeO2_Us catalyst. The best catalyst was further utilized for parameters optimization study to observe the effect of varying glycerol concentration (10 to 25 vol.%), temperature (210 to 250 ℃) and pressure (10 to 30 bar) on the yield and selectivity of 1,3-PDO and glycerol conversion. The results demonstrated that the highest yield (19.54%) and selectivity (52.73%) of 1,3-PDO were obtained over 10 vol.%, 230 ℃ and 20 bar with glycerol conversion of 54.26%. This present study provides a promising and economical process of converting glycerol to 1,3-PDO, which has wide applications in the industry.
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