Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza, Jun 27, 2023
Aim: The purpose of the article is to present selected problems related to the directions of chan... more Aim: The purpose of the article is to present selected problems related to the directions of changes in the clothing that is the equipment of the rescuer firefighter and that is part of standard personal protective equipment. Introduction: Development in technology and the economy is resulting in products with increasingly complex structures in our environment. In the event of a fire, substances can be emitted that threaten the health and life of the firefighter. Therefore, personal protective equipment used by firefighters (including clothing) must be constantly adapted to the changing environment. Both the fibres and the structure or layering of the garment are modified. Increasingly, users of these products expect adequate resistance to biological and chemical agents. This is a result of the increasing number of factors that pose a risk when firefighters are working. Despite the clothing modifications used to date, it is still not possible to exclude the risk of toxic substanc- es, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, which are products of combustion in a fire environment, and acid gases penetrating the firefighter’s skin. The simultaneous exposure to radiant heat in the fire environment and the physical work performed by the firefighter significantly intensify the heat and mass exchange in the personal protection. Therefore, the interaction of protective structures with the rescuer’s body is playing an increasingly important role. Modifications based on nanotechnology are being used to make garments more resistant while maintaining or even reducing their weight. However, it should be pointed out that sometimes the changes concern one aspect, such as humidity, to the exclusion of other hazards arising from the physical and chemical characteristics of the substances emitted during the event. Methodology: The article is based on a review of selected literature on the topic covered. Conclusions: Modifications made to the fibres or to the structure and composition of the garment make it possible to obtain a product with improved performance in terms of protecting the firefighter. It is important to note, however, that they should consider all possible exposure pathways and not focus on one selected parameter. Therefore, further work is needed to adapt clothing to the emerging risks. Keywords: innovations, firefighter’s personal protective equipment, firefighter’s special clothing
Pollution by heavy metals destroys plant and animal life in river ecosystems. Moreover, the influ... more Pollution by heavy metals destroys plant and animal life in river ecosystems. Moreover, the influence of pollutants may become wider and extend water environment through the food chain. Heavy metals are the most widely known and tested pollutants transferred in the aquatic system. They are introduced into the environment as a result of natural processes and industrial and agricultural activity [1-3]. Most heavy metals disposed to rivers are bounded and transported with suspension with sediments in river to form bottom deposits. Concentration of pollutants in deposits varies from 26% to 47% of total load of pollutants transported by river [4], and according to other estimations it may amount even to 90% [5]. Heavy metals deposited with sediment are an important component of river channel building material and they may remain in this environment for a long period of time, especially in flatlands of low pace of environmental migration. Erosion and water flow velocity related to river channel slope are the main factors affecting formation and properties of deposits. Distribution of bottom deposits in river channel depends on many factors. Relationships between these factors are presented in Fig. 1. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cd or Pb, are being deposited in bottom deposits during migration, where they are temporarily immobilized and may threaten biological life in a given water body. Heavy metals may be released from deposits to water and involved in food chain under favourable conditions, thus they participate in further stages of environmental cycle.
Aim: The paper is aimed at presenting selected problems of the impact of the incident environment... more Aim: The paper is aimed at presenting selected problems of the impact of the incident environment on the body of a firefighter-rescuer who is protected with standard personal protective equipment (PPE). The article is an overview and presents the hazards associated with working in harsh environmental conditions, followed by the characteristics of firefighters’ PPE (in particular, special clothing) that play a key role in such conditions. Introduction: The safety of those involved in a fire incident is a very important issue – both in terms of proper management of human resources and the organization of activities in the situation of the incident and after it. The article presents content related to the impact of selected environments on firefighter-rescuers and the importance of firefighters’ “special clothing” during operations. The information on the influence of hot and cold microclimate environments and chemical activity as a consequence of processes occurring during a fire is p...
Extinguishing agents are a very important tool in the field of security, both in terms of private... more Extinguishing agents are a very important tool in the field of security, both in terms of private and social aspects. Depending on the type of burning substance and place of fire, appropriately prepared and developed solutions should be used. We can distinguish, among others, materials, powders or foaming agents. Modifications introduced into them, including ones based on the achievements in the field of nanotechnology, can improve their safety of use and extend their service life. Such amendments also reduce the costs of production and neutralization of the area after a fire, and increase the fire extinguishing effectiveness. The introduction of nanoparticles allows, e.g., shortening of the fire extinguishing time, reduction of the risk of smoke emission and the toxic substances contained in it, and an increase in the specific surface of particles and thus increasing the sorption of pollutants. The elaborations use metal nanoparticles, e.g., NP-Ag, metal oxides such as NP-SiO2, as ...
Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the SouthWest... more Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the SouthWest. It has its source in Mas³owskie Range at a height of 360 m a.s.l. and it flows into Bobrza River. It is ranked among mountain rivers at a 6.4 ‰ gradient. Its riverbed has belonged to Kielecki Protected Landscape Area since 2006. Next to Szyd³owek estate the artificial water body was build-Kielecki Bay. Beneath Kielecki Bay, Silnica River flows in regulated riverbed. Because of no separated storm water drainage, the rainwater washes away pollutants among others from industrial plants, houses, pavements, and streets into Silnica River. The aim of this study is to present results of the research on influence of the road traffic on physiochemical properties of the water of Silnica River. Points of the heaviest traffic volume in Kielce located at the river were analysed. The research program included analysis of pH and heavy metals: Pb, Cd and Ni. Atmospheric conditions were observed at the same time. The obtained results showed that depending on analysed point the pollution of the Silnica River water reached different levels. This is a result not only of external factors such as praximity of roads and the road traffic volume but also the processes occurring in water environment.
according to terms set out in negotiations and written in the accession treaty and interim period... more according to terms set out in negotiations and written in the accession treaty and interim periods. Therefore a National Program of the Urban Waste Water Treatment was created (KPOŚK) according to modernizations and reconstructions of old buildings or construction of new sewage treatment plants are being led. It put emphasis for removing biodesintegrated associations in amount 95% of cargo of pollutants supplied to the sewage treatment plant what extorting applying biological processes as the fundamental element of the technological arrangement. With one of solutions constitutes active sludge which building different microorganisms , adapted for the environment and the kind of removed substances. In mechanically-biological sewage treatment plant reactors of active sludge adapted to increased degree of removing from sewage compound of carbons, nitrogen and phosphorus are applied in Suchedniów, what the reduction in such parameters of the quality of sewages is taking place as BOD5, nitrates and phosphates thanks to.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S-chemia I Inzynieria Ekologiczna S, 2008
Growing interest in speciation issues requires solving many problems connected with environmental... more Growing interest in speciation issues requires solving many problems connected with environmental sample preparation for analysis and it is extremely complicated. This process requires huge knowledge related with sampling, transportation, preservation and storage of samples. Incorrect proceeding with samples results in chemical, physical and biological processes which run very fast and bring about changes of properties and concentration of analytes. It results in wrong assessment of environmental state. Appropriate proceeding with environmental sample in order to prepare it for analysis is necessary to prevent above-mentioned processes. On the basis of literature concerning selected metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Al), issues connected with speciation analytics were presented and basic stages of analytical procedure of speciation determination of heavy metals in bottom deposit samples were characterized. Stages such as sampling and storage of bottom deposit samples, extraction, enrichment and d...
Kielce Lake area is a water basin located in Kielce city zone. It determines usage of areas aroun... more Kielce Lake area is a water basin located in Kielce city zone. It determines usage of areas around the basin for recreational, housing, and industrial purposes. Additionally, a state road toward Łodź city located nearby is a source of transportation pollution and heavy metals. The basin is supplied by a watercourse that receives municipal wastewater from Maslow town near Kielce. The amount and diversity of organic and inorganic compounds getting into the basin influences heavy pollution of bay waters. To reduce the degree of reservoir pollution, a pulverizing aerator was installed in the middle of Kielce Lake in May 2008. The main goal of this work is to present the results of analyzing the bottom deposits of Kielce Lake for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr) during the recultivation process. Sediment samples collected at a depth of 0-20 cm twice in July 2008 and 2009 from three points located in the littoral zone of the recultivation area and two points outside it. A high concentrat...
The environment is a dynamic system, subject to change resulting from a variety of physicochemica... more The environment is a dynamic system, subject to change resulting from a variety of physicochemical factors, such as temperature, pressure, pH, redox potential and human activity. The quantity and variety of these determinants cause the inflow of substances into individual environmental elements to vary in both time and space, as well as in terms of substance types and quantities. The energy and matter flow in the environment determines its integrity, which means that the processes occurring in one element of the environment affect the others. A certain measure of the energy and matter flow is the migration of chemical substances in various forms from one place to another. In a particular geographical space, under natural conditions, a specific level of balance between individual processes appears; in areas subject to anthropopressure, the correlations are different. In small areas, varying deposition volumes and chemism of precipitation waters which reach the substratum directly can both be observed. The study area is similar in terms of geological origins as well as morphological, structural and physico-chemical properties, and is typical of European low mountain regions. A qualitative and quantitative study of wet atmospheric precipitation was conducted between February 2009 and May 2011 in the Bobrza river catchment in the Holy Cross (Świętokrzyskie) Mountains (Poland), at three sampling sites of varying land development and distance from sources of various acidic-alkaline emissions. Field and laboratory work was conducted over 29 months, from February 2009 to May 2011. Atmospheric precipitation measurements were carried out in a continuous manner by means of a Hellman rain gauge (200cm 2). The collecting surface was placed at ground level (0m AGL). The application of a collecting funnel and an adequately prepared polyethylene collecting can in the rain gauge enabled the measurement of precipitation volume and water sampling for chemical analyses. In order to prevent mineral soil particles and organic matter from entering the rain gauge, the device was placed in a pit, which was-for safety reasons-covered with a grid of appropriate single net-mesh diameter. The study covered metals of Fe, Cd, Cr, Al and Mn, ions of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Cl-, F-, NO 3-, SO 4 2and PO 4 3as well as the pH and conductivity. Basing on the conducted analyses, a characteristics of ion deposition on soil surface were developed. In order to interpret the obtained results, the neutralising potential (NP), the acidifying potential (AP) and the acid neutralising capacity (ANC aq) indices were used, together with molar or mass proportions of the ions. The study results show a clear boundary between the northern and southern parts of the study area. Both regularities and disorders in inter-ion relationships, originating from the introduction into the air of pollution due to human activity (acidification or alkalisation), were observed.
Abstract: Organisms showing the properties of bioindicators respond to changes in the biotope in ... more Abstract: Organisms showing the properties of bioindicators respond to changes in the biotope in a specific way. Those organisms are susceptible to toxic substances or on the contrary they are tolerant to toxins brought into the biotope. Such tolerance means that ...
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza, Jun 27, 2023
Aim: The purpose of the article is to present selected problems related to the directions of chan... more Aim: The purpose of the article is to present selected problems related to the directions of changes in the clothing that is the equipment of the rescuer firefighter and that is part of standard personal protective equipment. Introduction: Development in technology and the economy is resulting in products with increasingly complex structures in our environment. In the event of a fire, substances can be emitted that threaten the health and life of the firefighter. Therefore, personal protective equipment used by firefighters (including clothing) must be constantly adapted to the changing environment. Both the fibres and the structure or layering of the garment are modified. Increasingly, users of these products expect adequate resistance to biological and chemical agents. This is a result of the increasing number of factors that pose a risk when firefighters are working. Despite the clothing modifications used to date, it is still not possible to exclude the risk of toxic substanc- es, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, which are products of combustion in a fire environment, and acid gases penetrating the firefighter’s skin. The simultaneous exposure to radiant heat in the fire environment and the physical work performed by the firefighter significantly intensify the heat and mass exchange in the personal protection. Therefore, the interaction of protective structures with the rescuer’s body is playing an increasingly important role. Modifications based on nanotechnology are being used to make garments more resistant while maintaining or even reducing their weight. However, it should be pointed out that sometimes the changes concern one aspect, such as humidity, to the exclusion of other hazards arising from the physical and chemical characteristics of the substances emitted during the event. Methodology: The article is based on a review of selected literature on the topic covered. Conclusions: Modifications made to the fibres or to the structure and composition of the garment make it possible to obtain a product with improved performance in terms of protecting the firefighter. It is important to note, however, that they should consider all possible exposure pathways and not focus on one selected parameter. Therefore, further work is needed to adapt clothing to the emerging risks. Keywords: innovations, firefighter’s personal protective equipment, firefighter’s special clothing
Pollution by heavy metals destroys plant and animal life in river ecosystems. Moreover, the influ... more Pollution by heavy metals destroys plant and animal life in river ecosystems. Moreover, the influence of pollutants may become wider and extend water environment through the food chain. Heavy metals are the most widely known and tested pollutants transferred in the aquatic system. They are introduced into the environment as a result of natural processes and industrial and agricultural activity [1-3]. Most heavy metals disposed to rivers are bounded and transported with suspension with sediments in river to form bottom deposits. Concentration of pollutants in deposits varies from 26% to 47% of total load of pollutants transported by river [4], and according to other estimations it may amount even to 90% [5]. Heavy metals deposited with sediment are an important component of river channel building material and they may remain in this environment for a long period of time, especially in flatlands of low pace of environmental migration. Erosion and water flow velocity related to river channel slope are the main factors affecting formation and properties of deposits. Distribution of bottom deposits in river channel depends on many factors. Relationships between these factors are presented in Fig. 1. Heavy metals such as Zn, Cd or Pb, are being deposited in bottom deposits during migration, where they are temporarily immobilized and may threaten biological life in a given water body. Heavy metals may be released from deposits to water and involved in food chain under favourable conditions, thus they participate in further stages of environmental cycle.
Aim: The paper is aimed at presenting selected problems of the impact of the incident environment... more Aim: The paper is aimed at presenting selected problems of the impact of the incident environment on the body of a firefighter-rescuer who is protected with standard personal protective equipment (PPE). The article is an overview and presents the hazards associated with working in harsh environmental conditions, followed by the characteristics of firefighters’ PPE (in particular, special clothing) that play a key role in such conditions. Introduction: The safety of those involved in a fire incident is a very important issue – both in terms of proper management of human resources and the organization of activities in the situation of the incident and after it. The article presents content related to the impact of selected environments on firefighter-rescuers and the importance of firefighters’ “special clothing” during operations. The information on the influence of hot and cold microclimate environments and chemical activity as a consequence of processes occurring during a fire is p...
Extinguishing agents are a very important tool in the field of security, both in terms of private... more Extinguishing agents are a very important tool in the field of security, both in terms of private and social aspects. Depending on the type of burning substance and place of fire, appropriately prepared and developed solutions should be used. We can distinguish, among others, materials, powders or foaming agents. Modifications introduced into them, including ones based on the achievements in the field of nanotechnology, can improve their safety of use and extend their service life. Such amendments also reduce the costs of production and neutralization of the area after a fire, and increase the fire extinguishing effectiveness. The introduction of nanoparticles allows, e.g., shortening of the fire extinguishing time, reduction of the risk of smoke emission and the toxic substances contained in it, and an increase in the specific surface of particles and thus increasing the sorption of pollutants. The elaborations use metal nanoparticles, e.g., NP-Ag, metal oxides such as NP-SiO2, as ...
Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the SouthWest... more Silnica River is a small river cutting through the city of Kielce from the North to the SouthWest. It has its source in Mas³owskie Range at a height of 360 m a.s.l. and it flows into Bobrza River. It is ranked among mountain rivers at a 6.4 ‰ gradient. Its riverbed has belonged to Kielecki Protected Landscape Area since 2006. Next to Szyd³owek estate the artificial water body was build-Kielecki Bay. Beneath Kielecki Bay, Silnica River flows in regulated riverbed. Because of no separated storm water drainage, the rainwater washes away pollutants among others from industrial plants, houses, pavements, and streets into Silnica River. The aim of this study is to present results of the research on influence of the road traffic on physiochemical properties of the water of Silnica River. Points of the heaviest traffic volume in Kielce located at the river were analysed. The research program included analysis of pH and heavy metals: Pb, Cd and Ni. Atmospheric conditions were observed at the same time. The obtained results showed that depending on analysed point the pollution of the Silnica River water reached different levels. This is a result not only of external factors such as praximity of roads and the road traffic volume but also the processes occurring in water environment.
according to terms set out in negotiations and written in the accession treaty and interim period... more according to terms set out in negotiations and written in the accession treaty and interim periods. Therefore a National Program of the Urban Waste Water Treatment was created (KPOŚK) according to modernizations and reconstructions of old buildings or construction of new sewage treatment plants are being led. It put emphasis for removing biodesintegrated associations in amount 95% of cargo of pollutants supplied to the sewage treatment plant what extorting applying biological processes as the fundamental element of the technological arrangement. With one of solutions constitutes active sludge which building different microorganisms , adapted for the environment and the kind of removed substances. In mechanically-biological sewage treatment plant reactors of active sludge adapted to increased degree of removing from sewage compound of carbons, nitrogen and phosphorus are applied in Suchedniów, what the reduction in such parameters of the quality of sewages is taking place as BOD5, nitrates and phosphates thanks to.
Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S-chemia I Inzynieria Ekologiczna S, 2008
Growing interest in speciation issues requires solving many problems connected with environmental... more Growing interest in speciation issues requires solving many problems connected with environmental sample preparation for analysis and it is extremely complicated. This process requires huge knowledge related with sampling, transportation, preservation and storage of samples. Incorrect proceeding with samples results in chemical, physical and biological processes which run very fast and bring about changes of properties and concentration of analytes. It results in wrong assessment of environmental state. Appropriate proceeding with environmental sample in order to prepare it for analysis is necessary to prevent above-mentioned processes. On the basis of literature concerning selected metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Al), issues connected with speciation analytics were presented and basic stages of analytical procedure of speciation determination of heavy metals in bottom deposit samples were characterized. Stages such as sampling and storage of bottom deposit samples, extraction, enrichment and d...
Kielce Lake area is a water basin located in Kielce city zone. It determines usage of areas aroun... more Kielce Lake area is a water basin located in Kielce city zone. It determines usage of areas around the basin for recreational, housing, and industrial purposes. Additionally, a state road toward Łodź city located nearby is a source of transportation pollution and heavy metals. The basin is supplied by a watercourse that receives municipal wastewater from Maslow town near Kielce. The amount and diversity of organic and inorganic compounds getting into the basin influences heavy pollution of bay waters. To reduce the degree of reservoir pollution, a pulverizing aerator was installed in the middle of Kielce Lake in May 2008. The main goal of this work is to present the results of analyzing the bottom deposits of Kielce Lake for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr) during the recultivation process. Sediment samples collected at a depth of 0-20 cm twice in July 2008 and 2009 from three points located in the littoral zone of the recultivation area and two points outside it. A high concentrat...
The environment is a dynamic system, subject to change resulting from a variety of physicochemica... more The environment is a dynamic system, subject to change resulting from a variety of physicochemical factors, such as temperature, pressure, pH, redox potential and human activity. The quantity and variety of these determinants cause the inflow of substances into individual environmental elements to vary in both time and space, as well as in terms of substance types and quantities. The energy and matter flow in the environment determines its integrity, which means that the processes occurring in one element of the environment affect the others. A certain measure of the energy and matter flow is the migration of chemical substances in various forms from one place to another. In a particular geographical space, under natural conditions, a specific level of balance between individual processes appears; in areas subject to anthropopressure, the correlations are different. In small areas, varying deposition volumes and chemism of precipitation waters which reach the substratum directly can both be observed. The study area is similar in terms of geological origins as well as morphological, structural and physico-chemical properties, and is typical of European low mountain regions. A qualitative and quantitative study of wet atmospheric precipitation was conducted between February 2009 and May 2011 in the Bobrza river catchment in the Holy Cross (Świętokrzyskie) Mountains (Poland), at three sampling sites of varying land development and distance from sources of various acidic-alkaline emissions. Field and laboratory work was conducted over 29 months, from February 2009 to May 2011. Atmospheric precipitation measurements were carried out in a continuous manner by means of a Hellman rain gauge (200cm 2). The collecting surface was placed at ground level (0m AGL). The application of a collecting funnel and an adequately prepared polyethylene collecting can in the rain gauge enabled the measurement of precipitation volume and water sampling for chemical analyses. In order to prevent mineral soil particles and organic matter from entering the rain gauge, the device was placed in a pit, which was-for safety reasons-covered with a grid of appropriate single net-mesh diameter. The study covered metals of Fe, Cd, Cr, Al and Mn, ions of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Cl-, F-, NO 3-, SO 4 2and PO 4 3as well as the pH and conductivity. Basing on the conducted analyses, a characteristics of ion deposition on soil surface were developed. In order to interpret the obtained results, the neutralising potential (NP), the acidifying potential (AP) and the acid neutralising capacity (ANC aq) indices were used, together with molar or mass proportions of the ions. The study results show a clear boundary between the northern and southern parts of the study area. Both regularities and disorders in inter-ion relationships, originating from the introduction into the air of pollution due to human activity (acidification or alkalisation), were observed.
Abstract: Organisms showing the properties of bioindicators respond to changes in the biotope in ... more Abstract: Organisms showing the properties of bioindicators respond to changes in the biotope in a specific way. Those organisms are susceptible to toxic substances or on the contrary they are tolerant to toxins brought into the biotope. Such tolerance means that ...
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Papers by Anna Rabajczyk