ABSTRACT Velocities of potentially hazardous objects (asteroids and comets) approaching the Earth... more ABSTRACT Velocities of potentially hazardous objects (asteroids and comets) approaching the Earth are studied. It is shown that for an overwhelming majority of objects the velocity of approach does not exceed 40 km/s. The acceptability of this estimate for design and manufacturing of instruments for detecting hazardous celestial bodies is discussed.
During the last three decades, astronomers have had practically continuous access to the 100-300 ... more During the last three decades, astronomers have had practically continuous access to the 100-300 nm spectral range that is unreachable with ground-based instruments but where astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented capability since the resonance lines of the most abundant atoms and ions at temperatures between 3 000 and 300 000 K are in the UV. The successful International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observatory, Russian ASTRON mission and successor instruments such as the COS and STIS spectrographs on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) demonstrate the major impact that observations in the UV wavelength range have had on modern astronomy. The access to space-based observatories is very limited. For the next decade, for the post-HST era, the World Space Observatory Ul-traViolet (WSO-UV) will be the only large telescope class mission for UV observations, both spectroscopic and imaging. By its potential, the WSO-UV mission is similar to the HST, though it exceeds the HST/STIS in sensitivity by a factor 5-10, but all the observing time will be available for UV astronomy. In this paper, we briefly outline the WSO-UV mission model, instrumentation description, science management plan as well as some of the key science issues that WSO-UV will address during its lifetime.
Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation, 2003
The World Space Observatory is an unconventional space project proceeding via distributed studies... more The World Space Observatory is an unconventional space project proceeding via distributed studies. The present design, verified for feasibilty, consists of a 1.7-meter telescope operating at the second Largangian point of the Earth-Sun system. The focal plane instruments consist of three UV spectrometers covering the spectral band from Lyman alpha to the atmospheric cutoff with R~55,000 and offering long-slit capability over the same band with R~1,000. In addition, a number of UV and optical imagers view adjacent fields to that sampled by the spectrometers. Their performance compares well with that of HST/ACS and the spectral capabilities of WSO rival those of HST/COS. The WSO, as presently conceived, will be constructed and operated with the same distributed philosophy. This will allow as many groups and countries to participate, each contributing as much as feasible but allowing multi-national participation. Although designed originally with a conservative approach, the WSO embodies some innovative ideas and will allow a world-class mission to be realized with a moderate budget.
The World Space Observatory (WSO/UV) is a space project for an ultraviolet telescope which has to... more The World Space Observatory (WSO/UV) is a space project for an ultraviolet telescope which has to fulfill the needs and scientific requirements of a worldwide community. For this very reason, the project development is distributed among many countries, scientific institutes and companies. The technical requirements relevant for the AVO efficient performance have to be included and improved for the WSO/UV
The World Space Observatory UltraViolet (WSO-UV) project is an international space observatory de... more The World Space Observatory UltraViolet (WSO-UV) project is an international space observatory designed for observations in the ultraviolet domain where some of the most important astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented sensitivity. WSO-UV is a multipurpose observatory, made by a 170cm aperture telescope, capable of high-resolution spectroscopy, long-slit low-resolution spectroscopy, and deep UV and optical imaging. With a
The World Space Observatory -Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) is an international space observatory for obser... more The World Space Observatory -Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) is an international space observatory for observation in UV spectral range 100-350 nm, that is beyond the reach of ground-based instruments but where most of astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented capability. The WSO-UV project is funded by national space agencies of Russia and Spain with participation of Germany, Ukraine and China. The WSO-UV consists of a 1.7 m aperture telescope (under responsibility of Russia) with instrumentation designed to carry out high resolution spectroscopy, long-slit low resolution spectroscopy and direct sky imaging. The WSO-UV Ground Segment is under development by Spain and Russia. They will coordinate the Mission and Science Operations and provide the satellite tracking stations for the project. The WSO-UV will work as a targeted scientific observatory. Three scientific programs will be carried out at the observatory. Core Program of scientific observations, which deserves large amounts of observing time, will be defined by the WSO-UV Science Committee to allow the conduction of high impact or legacy scientific projects. Funding Bodies Program is the guaranteed time granted to each one of the national bodies funding the WSO-UV project. Guest observer program for everyone, or Open Program, consists of astronomical observations obtained with the WSO-UV by astronomers who may or may not belong to the WSO-UV international consortium. It is open to excellent scientific projects from the world-wide community and occupies up to 40% of total observational time. A brief summary of the algorithmic strategies analyzed for scheduling optimization is also presented in the paper.
ABSTRACT 2013 marks the 30th anniversary since the launch of Soviet Spacecraft Astron that had be... more ABSTRACT 2013 marks the 30th anniversary since the launch of Soviet Spacecraft Astron that had been operated for 6 years as the largest ultraviolet telescope during its lifetime. The Astron orbital station was designed for the astrophysical observations. It was launched into orbit by Proton launch system on March 23, 1983. Astron had a 80 cm ultraviolet telescope with mass of 400 kg and a complex of X-ray spectrographs with mass of 300 kg on board as a payload. It's high apogee orbit (with apogee 200000 km and perigee 2000 km) permitted the influences of the Earth's umbra and radiation belts to be excluded from the measurements. The main astrophysical results are summarized in this paper.
The Field Camera Unit (FCU) is one of the focal plane instruments aboard the WSO-UV telescope, a ... more The Field Camera Unit (FCU) is one of the focal plane instruments aboard the WSO-UV telescope, a 1.7 m UV optimized instrument that will investigate numerous astrophysical phenomena from planetary science to cosmology. The FCU will perform deep UV and diffraction limited optical imaging in both wide and narrow band filters using three channels (FUV, NUV and UVO) optimized in
We summarize the capabilities of the World Space Observatory (UV) Project (WSO/UV). An example of... more We summarize the capabilities of the World Space Observatory (UV) Project (WSO/UV). An example of the importance of this project (with a planned launch date of 2007/8) for the study of Novae is given.
The World Space Observatory Project is a new space mission concept, grown out the needs of the As... more The World Space Observatory Project is a new space mission concept, grown out the needs of the Astronomical community to have access to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where all known physics can be studied on all possible time scales: the Ultraviolet range. The physical diagnostics in this domain supply a richness of new experimental data unmatched by any
We investigate general aspects of molecular line formation under conditions which are typical of ... more We investigate general aspects of molecular line formation under conditions which are typical of prestellar cores. Focusing on simple linear molecules, we study formation of their rotational lines by radiative transfer simulations. We present a thermalization diagram to show the effects of collisions and radiation on the level excitation. We construct a detailed scheme (contribution chart) to illustrate the formation of emission line profiles. This chart can be used as an efficient tool to identify which parts of the cloud contribute to a specific line profile. We show how molecular line characteristics for uniform model clouds depend on hydrogen density, molecular column density, and kinetic temperature. The results are presented in a 2D plane to illustrate cooperative effects of the physical factors. We also use a core model with a non-uniform density distribution and chemical stratification to study the effects of cloud contraction and rotation on spectral line maps. We discuss the main issues that should be taken into account when dealing with interpretation and simulation of observed molecular lines.
ABSTRACT Velocities of potentially hazardous objects (asteroids and comets) approaching the Earth... more ABSTRACT Velocities of potentially hazardous objects (asteroids and comets) approaching the Earth are studied. It is shown that for an overwhelming majority of objects the velocity of approach does not exceed 40 km/s. The acceptability of this estimate for design and manufacturing of instruments for detecting hazardous celestial bodies is discussed.
During the last three decades, astronomers have had practically continuous access to the 100-300 ... more During the last three decades, astronomers have had practically continuous access to the 100-300 nm spectral range that is unreachable with ground-based instruments but where astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented capability since the resonance lines of the most abundant atoms and ions at temperatures between 3 000 and 300 000 K are in the UV. The successful International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE) observatory, Russian ASTRON mission and successor instruments such as the COS and STIS spectrographs on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) demonstrate the major impact that observations in the UV wavelength range have had on modern astronomy. The access to space-based observatories is very limited. For the next decade, for the post-HST era, the World Space Observatory Ul-traViolet (WSO-UV) will be the only large telescope class mission for UV observations, both spectroscopic and imaging. By its potential, the WSO-UV mission is similar to the HST, though it exceeds the HST/STIS in sensitivity by a factor 5-10, but all the observing time will be available for UV astronomy. In this paper, we briefly outline the WSO-UV mission model, instrumentation description, science management plan as well as some of the key science issues that WSO-UV will address during its lifetime.
Future EUV/UV and Visible Space Astrophysics Missions and Instrumentation, 2003
The World Space Observatory is an unconventional space project proceeding via distributed studies... more The World Space Observatory is an unconventional space project proceeding via distributed studies. The present design, verified for feasibilty, consists of a 1.7-meter telescope operating at the second Largangian point of the Earth-Sun system. The focal plane instruments consist of three UV spectrometers covering the spectral band from Lyman alpha to the atmospheric cutoff with R~55,000 and offering long-slit capability over the same band with R~1,000. In addition, a number of UV and optical imagers view adjacent fields to that sampled by the spectrometers. Their performance compares well with that of HST/ACS and the spectral capabilities of WSO rival those of HST/COS. The WSO, as presently conceived, will be constructed and operated with the same distributed philosophy. This will allow as many groups and countries to participate, each contributing as much as feasible but allowing multi-national participation. Although designed originally with a conservative approach, the WSO embodies some innovative ideas and will allow a world-class mission to be realized with a moderate budget.
The World Space Observatory (WSO/UV) is a space project for an ultraviolet telescope which has to... more The World Space Observatory (WSO/UV) is a space project for an ultraviolet telescope which has to fulfill the needs and scientific requirements of a worldwide community. For this very reason, the project development is distributed among many countries, scientific institutes and companies. The technical requirements relevant for the AVO efficient performance have to be included and improved for the WSO/UV
The World Space Observatory UltraViolet (WSO-UV) project is an international space observatory de... more The World Space Observatory UltraViolet (WSO-UV) project is an international space observatory designed for observations in the ultraviolet domain where some of the most important astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented sensitivity. WSO-UV is a multipurpose observatory, made by a 170cm aperture telescope, capable of high-resolution spectroscopy, long-slit low-resolution spectroscopy, and deep UV and optical imaging. With a
The World Space Observatory -Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) is an international space observatory for obser... more The World Space Observatory -Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) is an international space observatory for observation in UV spectral range 100-350 nm, that is beyond the reach of ground-based instruments but where most of astrophysical processes can be efficiently studied with unprecedented capability. The WSO-UV project is funded by national space agencies of Russia and Spain with participation of Germany, Ukraine and China. The WSO-UV consists of a 1.7 m aperture telescope (under responsibility of Russia) with instrumentation designed to carry out high resolution spectroscopy, long-slit low resolution spectroscopy and direct sky imaging. The WSO-UV Ground Segment is under development by Spain and Russia. They will coordinate the Mission and Science Operations and provide the satellite tracking stations for the project. The WSO-UV will work as a targeted scientific observatory. Three scientific programs will be carried out at the observatory. Core Program of scientific observations, which deserves large amounts of observing time, will be defined by the WSO-UV Science Committee to allow the conduction of high impact or legacy scientific projects. Funding Bodies Program is the guaranteed time granted to each one of the national bodies funding the WSO-UV project. Guest observer program for everyone, or Open Program, consists of astronomical observations obtained with the WSO-UV by astronomers who may or may not belong to the WSO-UV international consortium. It is open to excellent scientific projects from the world-wide community and occupies up to 40% of total observational time. A brief summary of the algorithmic strategies analyzed for scheduling optimization is also presented in the paper.
ABSTRACT 2013 marks the 30th anniversary since the launch of Soviet Spacecraft Astron that had be... more ABSTRACT 2013 marks the 30th anniversary since the launch of Soviet Spacecraft Astron that had been operated for 6 years as the largest ultraviolet telescope during its lifetime. The Astron orbital station was designed for the astrophysical observations. It was launched into orbit by Proton launch system on March 23, 1983. Astron had a 80 cm ultraviolet telescope with mass of 400 kg and a complex of X-ray spectrographs with mass of 300 kg on board as a payload. It's high apogee orbit (with apogee 200000 km and perigee 2000 km) permitted the influences of the Earth's umbra and radiation belts to be excluded from the measurements. The main astrophysical results are summarized in this paper.
The Field Camera Unit (FCU) is one of the focal plane instruments aboard the WSO-UV telescope, a ... more The Field Camera Unit (FCU) is one of the focal plane instruments aboard the WSO-UV telescope, a 1.7 m UV optimized instrument that will investigate numerous astrophysical phenomena from planetary science to cosmology. The FCU will perform deep UV and diffraction limited optical imaging in both wide and narrow band filters using three channels (FUV, NUV and UVO) optimized in
We summarize the capabilities of the World Space Observatory (UV) Project (WSO/UV). An example of... more We summarize the capabilities of the World Space Observatory (UV) Project (WSO/UV). An example of the importance of this project (with a planned launch date of 2007/8) for the study of Novae is given.
The World Space Observatory Project is a new space mission concept, grown out the needs of the As... more The World Space Observatory Project is a new space mission concept, grown out the needs of the Astronomical community to have access to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum where all known physics can be studied on all possible time scales: the Ultraviolet range. The physical diagnostics in this domain supply a richness of new experimental data unmatched by any
We investigate general aspects of molecular line formation under conditions which are typical of ... more We investigate general aspects of molecular line formation under conditions which are typical of prestellar cores. Focusing on simple linear molecules, we study formation of their rotational lines by radiative transfer simulations. We present a thermalization diagram to show the effects of collisions and radiation on the level excitation. We construct a detailed scheme (contribution chart) to illustrate the formation of emission line profiles. This chart can be used as an efficient tool to identify which parts of the cloud contribute to a specific line profile. We show how molecular line characteristics for uniform model clouds depend on hydrogen density, molecular column density, and kinetic temperature. The results are presented in a 2D plane to illustrate cooperative effects of the physical factors. We also use a core model with a non-uniform density distribution and chemical stratification to study the effects of cloud contraction and rotation on spectral line maps. We discuss the main issues that should be taken into account when dealing with interpretation and simulation of observed molecular lines.
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Papers by B. Shustov