Knowing the geometrical object pose of products in manufacturing line before robot manipulation i... more Knowing the geometrical object pose of products in manufacturing line before robot manipulation is required and less time consuming for overall shape measurement. In order to perform it, the information of shape representation and matching of objects is become required. Objects are compared with its descriptor that conceptually subtracted from each other to form scalar metric. When the metric value is smaller, the object is considered closed to each other. Rotating the object from static pose in some direction introduce the change of value in scalar metric value of boundary information after feature extraction of related object. In this paper, a proposal method for indexing technique for retrieval of 3D geometrical models based on similarity between boundaries shapes in order to measure 3D CAD object pose using object shape feature matching for Computer Aided Testing (CAT) system in production line is proposed. In experimental results shows the effectiveness of proposed method.
Heavy metals are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and may cause harmful effects ... more Heavy metals are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and may cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. To reduce or eliminate heavy metal contamination, it is necessary to accurately determine the amount of heavy metal in the environment. Traditional detection techniques are expensive, bulky, and not suitable for in-site applications. The electrochemical technique using a potentiostat instrument is a reliable alternative as its potential to fabricate on a small circuit for in-site application. “Black boxes” nature of most commercial potentiostat leads to various development of lab-build potentiostat. Most lab-build potentiostat was designed for general purpose used. This paper focused on development and evaluation of potentiostat specific for heavy metal detection. The development consists of a readout circuit of electronic components together with NI myRIO-1900 as a controller system. Linearity and accuracy of the readout circuit were evaluated. Singl...
Even though heavy metals are naturally occurring compounds, in recent years, anthropogenic activi... more Even though heavy metals are naturally occurring compounds, in recent years, anthropogenic activities have introduced them in excessive quantities to different environmental matrices, imposing severe threats to the ecosystem. This chapter is focused on the occurrence of heavy metals in Malaysia, reviewing their potential sources, their existence in water, sediment, and aquatic life. However, despite the contents of heavy metals found in water, sediment, and aquatic life, they remain within the permissible limit. Heavy metals are known to be nondegradable and hence can lead to bioaccumulation in humans or animals. Avoiding heavy metals from entering the environment is, therefore, critical. From the literature survey undertaken in this chapter, it appears that the leading cause of heavy metal pollution in rivers is from industrial establishments and perhaps from the inadequate treatment of heavy metal–polluted wastewater discharging into rivers. Therefore treating wastewater is essent...
Robot manipulator is currently essential as human assistant. While performing their tasks, the ro... more Robot manipulator is currently essential as human assistant. While performing their tasks, the robot leaved its well structured environment and confronted with unexpected disturbances. The conventional linear control system is insufficient to guarantee the prescribe performance of the robot manipulator when unknown external disturbance is considered. Thus, implementing a nonlinear control system is essential to guarantee the performance of the desired tasks. Firstly, the proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller will be tested and the restriction of the linear control system is studied. Then, two type of nonlinear controller the PID computed torque control (PIDCTC) and Sliding mode computed torque control (SMCTC) are implemented. From the result, the optimal variable value is determined and performances of three controllers are compared.
Satellite images have nowadays become an important tool for studying geographical features rangin... more Satellite images have nowadays become an important tool for studying geographical features ranging from small areas to large areas, easily accessible locations to complex field, small streams to lengthy rivers. Kerian River which is situated in northern Malaysia and runs through the state of Perak, Kedah and Penang is investigated in this study using satellite images. The river originates in Bintang range in Perak flows in western direction and discharges in the Straits of Melaka. The geomorphological features such as length of river, river basin size, width of the mouth of river, flood prone areas, agricultural land in proximity of the river, etc. are studied using satellite images such as LANDSAT-8 OLI images, Google Earth Pro images and Google Map images. The ease of using satellite images in analysing lengthy rivers such as Kerian River which cannot be analysed by field work in short span of time is elaborated in the study.
Quality inspection is a crucial activity in manufacturing by practicing a standard procedure for ... more Quality inspection is a crucial activity in manufacturing by practicing a standard procedure for inspection before product delivery. The improvement of inspection time becomes a focal point of the visual inspection activities due to the handling time of product after inspection which received less attention by the practitioners. In practical, high handling time normally occur by virtue of operators who taking a long time in handling the products, especially unsymmetrical products after inspection; thus lead to delay of subsequent process. In this paper, a proper methodology of solving high handling time problem is proposed by adopting seven new quality tools such as affinity diagram and Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC). The analysis of the tools is to determine the factors that affect the handling time and subsequently develop a solution to minimize the handling time by making improvements on this quality work. A supporting jig is selected as the solution to countermeasure the ...
With the advent of the industrial revolution 4.0, the goal of the manufacturing industry is to pr... more With the advent of the industrial revolution 4.0, the goal of the manufacturing industry is to produce a large number of products in relatively less time. This study applies the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array methodological paradigm along with response surface design. This work optimizes the process parameters in the turning of Aluminum Alloy 7075 using a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine. The optimal parameters influenced the rate of metal removal, the roughness of the machined surface, and the force of cutting. This experimental investigation deals with the optimization of speed (800 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 1600 rpm) and feed (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 mm/rev) in addition to cutting depth (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) on the turning of Aluminum 7075 alloy in a CNC machine. The outcome in terms of results such as the removal rate of material (maximum), roughness on the machined surface (minimum), along with cutting force (least amount) were improved by the L27 array Taguchi method. There were ...
In the present investigation, the non-recrystallization temperature (TNR) of niobium-microalloyed... more In the present investigation, the non-recrystallization temperature (TNR) of niobium-microalloyed steel is determined to plan rolling schedules for obtaining the desired properties of steel. The value of TNR is based on both alloying elements and deformation parameters. In the literature, TNR equations have been developed and utilized. However, each equation has certain limitations which constrain its applicability. This study was completed using laboratory-grade low-carbon Nb-microalloyed steels designed to meet the API X-70 specification. Nb- microalloyed steel is processed by the melting and casting process, and the composition is found by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Multiple-hit deformation tests were carried out on a Gleeble® 3500 system in the standard pocket-jaw configuration to determine TNR. Cuboidal specimens (10 (L) × 20 (W) × 20 (T) mm3) were taken for compression test (multiple-hit deformation tests) in gleeble. Microstructure evolutions were carried out by usi...
With the implementation of the Internet of Things, the agricultural domain has become data-driven... more With the implementation of the Internet of Things, the agricultural domain has become data-driven, allowing for well-timed and cost-effective farm management while remaining environmentally sustainable. Thus, the incorporation of Internet of Things in the agricultural domain is the need of the hour for developing countries whose gross domestic product primarily depends on the farming sector. It is worth highlighting that developing nations lack the infrastructure for precision agriculture; therefore, it has become necessary to come up with a methodological paradigm which can accommodate a complete model to connect ground sensors to the compute nodes in a cost-effective way by keeping the data processing limitations and constraints in consideration. In this regard, this review puts forward an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies deployed in precision agriculture for soil assessment and pollutant monitoring with respect to heavy metal in agricultural soil using various sensor...
The concept of “make-to-order” (MTO) type companies is to produce the products just-in-time and i... more The concept of “make-to-order” (MTO) type companies is to produce the products just-in-time and improve the customer satisfaction. These types of company produce a high variety with low volume requiring a frequent setup operation. The shorter setup time will reduce the manufacturing lead time and hence increase the productivity. Unfortunately, most of the MTO type companies suffer with high setup time. Thus, single minute exchange die (SMED) concept is developed which consist of four stages: internal and external setup are not distinguished, separating internal and external setup, converting internal into external setup and streamlining all aspects of the setup operations. The main objective of using SMED concept is to accomplish setup time in less than 10 min. In this case study, the SMED concept being applied to convert internal setup to external setup which involves the activities of ink preparation and test printing. In the stage three of SMED concept, feasible solutions has bee...
Product quality is an important issue in all manufacturing industry nowadays to meet the customer... more Product quality is an important issue in all manufacturing industry nowadays to meet the customers’ requirement. In this regard, most of the factory has a special department namely Quality Control (QC) Department which control the product quality. The studied factory is a flexible printed circuit board manufacturer which is located in Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. QC Department of the studied factory has high amount of work-in-progress (WIP). Therefore, the products have to be sent out to subcontractors for quality inspection. However, this method is not economically effective. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop an improved inspection method which will reduce the overall inspection time of the current inspection method (CIM). By reducing the inspection time, productivity of the department will increase and subsequently reduce the amount of WIP. This study is focused on the improvement of one product only. Before the improved inspection method (IIM) of the selec...
Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) are prepared at lower temperatures, making it mo... more Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) are prepared at lower temperatures, making it more susceptible to moisture damage, which eventually leads to stripping due to the adhesion failure. Moreover, the assessment of the adhesion failure depends on the expertise of the investigator’s subjective visual assessment skills. Nowadays, image processing has gained popularity to address the inaccuracy of visual assessment. To attain high accuracy from image processing algorithms, the loss of pixels plays an essential role. In high-quality image samples, processing takes more execution time due to the greater resolution of the image. Therefore, the execution time of the image processing algorithm is also an essential aspect of quality. This manuscript proposes a parallel k means for image processing (PKIP) algorithm using multiprocessing and distributed computing to assess the adhesion failure in WMA and HMA samples subjected to three different moisture sensitivity tests (dry, one, a...
The consumption of reactive dyes in the batik industry has led to a severe concern in monitoring ... more The consumption of reactive dyes in the batik industry has led to a severe concern in monitoring the heavy metal level in wastewater. Due to the necessity of implementing a wastewater monitoring system in the batik factory, a Heavy Metal potentiostat (HMstat) was designed. The main goal of this study is to understand the optimal design concept of the potentiostat function in order to investigate the losses of accuracy in measurement using off-the-shelf devices. Through lab-scale design, the HMstat comprises of an analog potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC) and a digital control signal component (CSC). The PRCC is based on easy to use components integrated with a NI-myRIO controller in a CSC. Here, the myRIO was equipped with built-in analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) components. In this paper, the accuracy test and detection of cadmium(II) (Cd2+) and lead(II) (Pb2+) were conducted using the HMstat. The results were compared with the Ro...
Knowing the geometrical object pose of products in manufacturing line before robot manipulation i... more Knowing the geometrical object pose of products in manufacturing line before robot manipulation is required and less time consuming for overall shape measurement. In order to perform it, the information of shape representation and matching of objects is become required. Objects are compared with its descriptor that conceptually subtracted from each other to form scalar metric. When the metric value is smaller, the object is considered closed to each other. Rotating the object from static pose in some direction introduce the change of value in scalar metric value of boundary information after feature extraction of related object. In this paper, a proposal method for indexing technique for retrieval of 3D geometrical models based on similarity between boundaries shapes in order to measure 3D CAD object pose using object shape feature matching for Computer Aided Testing (CAT) system in production line is proposed. In experimental results shows the effectiveness of proposed method.
Heavy metals are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and may cause harmful effects ... more Heavy metals are highly toxic, carcinogenic, and non-biodegradable and may cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. To reduce or eliminate heavy metal contamination, it is necessary to accurately determine the amount of heavy metal in the environment. Traditional detection techniques are expensive, bulky, and not suitable for in-site applications. The electrochemical technique using a potentiostat instrument is a reliable alternative as its potential to fabricate on a small circuit for in-site application. “Black boxes” nature of most commercial potentiostat leads to various development of lab-build potentiostat. Most lab-build potentiostat was designed for general purpose used. This paper focused on development and evaluation of potentiostat specific for heavy metal detection. The development consists of a readout circuit of electronic components together with NI myRIO-1900 as a controller system. Linearity and accuracy of the readout circuit were evaluated. Singl...
Even though heavy metals are naturally occurring compounds, in recent years, anthropogenic activi... more Even though heavy metals are naturally occurring compounds, in recent years, anthropogenic activities have introduced them in excessive quantities to different environmental matrices, imposing severe threats to the ecosystem. This chapter is focused on the occurrence of heavy metals in Malaysia, reviewing their potential sources, their existence in water, sediment, and aquatic life. However, despite the contents of heavy metals found in water, sediment, and aquatic life, they remain within the permissible limit. Heavy metals are known to be nondegradable and hence can lead to bioaccumulation in humans or animals. Avoiding heavy metals from entering the environment is, therefore, critical. From the literature survey undertaken in this chapter, it appears that the leading cause of heavy metal pollution in rivers is from industrial establishments and perhaps from the inadequate treatment of heavy metal–polluted wastewater discharging into rivers. Therefore treating wastewater is essent...
Robot manipulator is currently essential as human assistant. While performing their tasks, the ro... more Robot manipulator is currently essential as human assistant. While performing their tasks, the robot leaved its well structured environment and confronted with unexpected disturbances. The conventional linear control system is insufficient to guarantee the prescribe performance of the robot manipulator when unknown external disturbance is considered. Thus, implementing a nonlinear control system is essential to guarantee the performance of the desired tasks. Firstly, the proportional, integral and derivative (PID) controller will be tested and the restriction of the linear control system is studied. Then, two type of nonlinear controller the PID computed torque control (PIDCTC) and Sliding mode computed torque control (SMCTC) are implemented. From the result, the optimal variable value is determined and performances of three controllers are compared.
Satellite images have nowadays become an important tool for studying geographical features rangin... more Satellite images have nowadays become an important tool for studying geographical features ranging from small areas to large areas, easily accessible locations to complex field, small streams to lengthy rivers. Kerian River which is situated in northern Malaysia and runs through the state of Perak, Kedah and Penang is investigated in this study using satellite images. The river originates in Bintang range in Perak flows in western direction and discharges in the Straits of Melaka. The geomorphological features such as length of river, river basin size, width of the mouth of river, flood prone areas, agricultural land in proximity of the river, etc. are studied using satellite images such as LANDSAT-8 OLI images, Google Earth Pro images and Google Map images. The ease of using satellite images in analysing lengthy rivers such as Kerian River which cannot be analysed by field work in short span of time is elaborated in the study.
Quality inspection is a crucial activity in manufacturing by practicing a standard procedure for ... more Quality inspection is a crucial activity in manufacturing by practicing a standard procedure for inspection before product delivery. The improvement of inspection time becomes a focal point of the visual inspection activities due to the handling time of product after inspection which received less attention by the practitioners. In practical, high handling time normally occur by virtue of operators who taking a long time in handling the products, especially unsymmetrical products after inspection; thus lead to delay of subsequent process. In this paper, a proper methodology of solving high handling time problem is proposed by adopting seven new quality tools such as affinity diagram and Process Decision Program Chart (PDPC). The analysis of the tools is to determine the factors that affect the handling time and subsequently develop a solution to minimize the handling time by making improvements on this quality work. A supporting jig is selected as the solution to countermeasure the ...
With the advent of the industrial revolution 4.0, the goal of the manufacturing industry is to pr... more With the advent of the industrial revolution 4.0, the goal of the manufacturing industry is to produce a large number of products in relatively less time. This study applies the Taguchi L27 orthogonal array methodological paradigm along with response surface design. This work optimizes the process parameters in the turning of Aluminum Alloy 7075 using a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine. The optimal parameters influenced the rate of metal removal, the roughness of the machined surface, and the force of cutting. This experimental investigation deals with the optimization of speed (800 rpm, 1200 rpm, and 1600 rpm) and feed (0.15, 0.20, and 0.25 mm/rev) in addition to cutting depth (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm) on the turning of Aluminum 7075 alloy in a CNC machine. The outcome in terms of results such as the removal rate of material (maximum), roughness on the machined surface (minimum), along with cutting force (least amount) were improved by the L27 array Taguchi method. There were ...
In the present investigation, the non-recrystallization temperature (TNR) of niobium-microalloyed... more In the present investigation, the non-recrystallization temperature (TNR) of niobium-microalloyed steel is determined to plan rolling schedules for obtaining the desired properties of steel. The value of TNR is based on both alloying elements and deformation parameters. In the literature, TNR equations have been developed and utilized. However, each equation has certain limitations which constrain its applicability. This study was completed using laboratory-grade low-carbon Nb-microalloyed steels designed to meet the API X-70 specification. Nb- microalloyed steel is processed by the melting and casting process, and the composition is found by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). Multiple-hit deformation tests were carried out on a Gleeble® 3500 system in the standard pocket-jaw configuration to determine TNR. Cuboidal specimens (10 (L) × 20 (W) × 20 (T) mm3) were taken for compression test (multiple-hit deformation tests) in gleeble. Microstructure evolutions were carried out by usi...
With the implementation of the Internet of Things, the agricultural domain has become data-driven... more With the implementation of the Internet of Things, the agricultural domain has become data-driven, allowing for well-timed and cost-effective farm management while remaining environmentally sustainable. Thus, the incorporation of Internet of Things in the agricultural domain is the need of the hour for developing countries whose gross domestic product primarily depends on the farming sector. It is worth highlighting that developing nations lack the infrastructure for precision agriculture; therefore, it has become necessary to come up with a methodological paradigm which can accommodate a complete model to connect ground sensors to the compute nodes in a cost-effective way by keeping the data processing limitations and constraints in consideration. In this regard, this review puts forward an overview of the state-of-the-art technologies deployed in precision agriculture for soil assessment and pollutant monitoring with respect to heavy metal in agricultural soil using various sensor...
The concept of “make-to-order” (MTO) type companies is to produce the products just-in-time and i... more The concept of “make-to-order” (MTO) type companies is to produce the products just-in-time and improve the customer satisfaction. These types of company produce a high variety with low volume requiring a frequent setup operation. The shorter setup time will reduce the manufacturing lead time and hence increase the productivity. Unfortunately, most of the MTO type companies suffer with high setup time. Thus, single minute exchange die (SMED) concept is developed which consist of four stages: internal and external setup are not distinguished, separating internal and external setup, converting internal into external setup and streamlining all aspects of the setup operations. The main objective of using SMED concept is to accomplish setup time in less than 10 min. In this case study, the SMED concept being applied to convert internal setup to external setup which involves the activities of ink preparation and test printing. In the stage three of SMED concept, feasible solutions has bee...
Product quality is an important issue in all manufacturing industry nowadays to meet the customer... more Product quality is an important issue in all manufacturing industry nowadays to meet the customers’ requirement. In this regard, most of the factory has a special department namely Quality Control (QC) Department which control the product quality. The studied factory is a flexible printed circuit board manufacturer which is located in Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. QC Department of the studied factory has high amount of work-in-progress (WIP). Therefore, the products have to be sent out to subcontractors for quality inspection. However, this method is not economically effective. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop an improved inspection method which will reduce the overall inspection time of the current inspection method (CIM). By reducing the inspection time, productivity of the department will increase and subsequently reduce the amount of WIP. This study is focused on the improvement of one product only. Before the improved inspection method (IIM) of the selec...
Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) are prepared at lower temperatures, making it mo... more Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) and Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) are prepared at lower temperatures, making it more susceptible to moisture damage, which eventually leads to stripping due to the adhesion failure. Moreover, the assessment of the adhesion failure depends on the expertise of the investigator’s subjective visual assessment skills. Nowadays, image processing has gained popularity to address the inaccuracy of visual assessment. To attain high accuracy from image processing algorithms, the loss of pixels plays an essential role. In high-quality image samples, processing takes more execution time due to the greater resolution of the image. Therefore, the execution time of the image processing algorithm is also an essential aspect of quality. This manuscript proposes a parallel k means for image processing (PKIP) algorithm using multiprocessing and distributed computing to assess the adhesion failure in WMA and HMA samples subjected to three different moisture sensitivity tests (dry, one, a...
The consumption of reactive dyes in the batik industry has led to a severe concern in monitoring ... more The consumption of reactive dyes in the batik industry has led to a severe concern in monitoring the heavy metal level in wastewater. Due to the necessity of implementing a wastewater monitoring system in the batik factory, a Heavy Metal potentiostat (HMstat) was designed. The main goal of this study is to understand the optimal design concept of the potentiostat function in order to investigate the losses of accuracy in measurement using off-the-shelf devices. Through lab-scale design, the HMstat comprises of an analog potentiostat read-out circuit component (PRCC) and a digital control signal component (CSC). The PRCC is based on easy to use components integrated with a NI-myRIO controller in a CSC. Here, the myRIO was equipped with built-in analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) components. In this paper, the accuracy test and detection of cadmium(II) (Cd2+) and lead(II) (Pb2+) were conducted using the HMstat. The results were compared with the Ro...
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