Embankment dams are constructed for retention of water for irrigation and for protecting people, ... more Embankment dams are constructed for retention of water for irrigation and for protecting people, land, and property from flooding. Failure of any embankment poses risk to people and property nearby. Breaching of embankments has drawn considerable attention as it provides useful information for development of early warning systems in the evacuation plans of people at risk. Many theoretical, laboratory and field studies have been carried out to study and understand the failure phenomenon. The breaches are often modeled in the shape of a trapezoid that is defined by its final height, base width or average width, and side slopes, along with time needed for the opening to form completely. Laboratory experiments were planned and conducted to obtain detailed experimental data on the breaching of homogeneous noncohesive and cohesive embankments due to overtopping. Five embankments, one constructed with pure sand, four with different sand-silt-clay mixtures were tested. The height of the emb...
Numerical Optimization in Engineering and Sciences, 2020
Hydro-geochemical characteristics of sub-surface water in the concerned region comprising Yamunan... more Hydro-geochemical characteristics of sub-surface water in the concerned region comprising Yamunanagar and Ambala districts of Haryana, India, were estimated. The hydro-geochemical feature of sub-surface water in the concerned region was investigated by collecting 30 sub-surface water samples. Groundwater samples from specific deposits were analysed for physico-chemical elements, i.e. pH, TDS and prime ion contents, i.e. potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate. These ions were as abundance of sodium > calcium > magnesium > potassium, and bicarbonate > chloride > sulphate, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hydro-geochemical diagrams have been found to be in good agreement in optimizing the significant elements. Analysis of chemical dataset represented that the predominant hydro-chemical facies in the area of study were Na+–HCO3–Cl− and ‘Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3–Cl−’ types. Sub-surface water in the area of study is normally very hard, moderately hard and slightly saline in most of the region. Chloro-alkaline indices (CAI) revealed that the most of the water samples showed positive magnitude showing reverse ion exchange process in sub-surface water. Scholler assortment of water pointed out that there was longer residence period of aqua with more prominent base exchange. The outcomes of the appraisals were explained with hydro-geology, and the chemical contents in the sub-surface water vary temporally and spatially. As per the observations of year 2017, 13.33, 66.67% of water samples in TDS, TH, respectively, of the study area are suffering from non-suitability of aqua for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Abstract:- Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a ri... more Abstract:- Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are generally burried under the bed. Interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed assumes importance in engineering because of the high cost of laying such pipelines. The pipes may become partially exposed to the action of water currents where a flood causes a general scour in the bed of the river. Also as a direct consequence of rapid urbanisation, bridges in close proximity are likely to interfere with such pipelines enhancing their vulnerability to scour. It is agreed that difference in pressures on the upstream and downstream of the pipe initiates piping below the pipeline. Piping together with stagnation eddy combine to undermine the pipeline and mark the onset of scour. Maximum local scour below the pipe is observed when there is a small gap between the pipeline and the undisturbed sediment bed allowing jet like high velocity flow through the gap. As the gap increases, sc...
When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridg... more When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerged bridge deck over an unprotected erodible bed. Velocity of approaching flow, depth of flow, degree of submergence and width of bridge are some of the parameters that are likely to affect the scour under a submerged bridge. The effect of fluctuations in the flow depth on the depth of scour increases with decrease in constriction. The experimental data available in the literature has been merged with the present study and a conceptual relation is developed between scour depth and degree of submergence in the form of scour fraction and constriction ratio. For incipient flow conditions on the up...
This study assessed the quality of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Baddi tehsil of Solan... more This study assessed the quality of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Baddi tehsil of Solan district in terms of spatial variations in the physico-chemical characteristics. The monitoring was done for the post-monsoon session 2011 and considering eleven water quality parameters. The mean pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, magnesium and calcium in the forty sampling locations were found in the range of 7.45-8.35, 0.484-0.99 mS/cm, 134.2-289.5 mg/l, 127-320 mg/l, 15.4-100 mg/l, 28.6-59.1 mg/l, 3.48-11.83 mg/l, 6.37-32.78 mg/l, 81.9-176.6 mg/l, 18.25-38.46 mg/l, 33.6-127.4 mg/l respectively. The obtained results are compared with BIS standard limits. The results revealed higher values of total hardness and bicarbonate at most of the groundwater sampling locations. The study of physico-chemical characteristics of these groundwater samples suggest that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well ...
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2018
Failure of bridges due to local scour has motivated many investigators to explore the causes of s... more Failure of bridges due to local scour has motivated many investigators to explore the causes of scouring and to predict the maximum scour depth at abutments. In this paper, a detailed review of the up-to-date work on scour at abutments is presented including all possible aspects, such as parametric behavior around abutment. Apart from dimensions of an abutment and flow character, interference effects between unprotected abutments and protected abutment have been carried out through this study. The whole research work is accomplished with the help of flume. The result of minimum scouring depth equal to 1.72cm and is minimizes by the use of protection device inclined at an angle 750 & projected at a height of 14 cm
This paper presents the ancient historical and glorious past of the River Sarasvati that existed ... more This paper presents the ancient historical and glorious past of the River Sarasvati that existed in north-western part of India. The paper also makes an endeavour to identify and trace its course that has been extinct now and reflects on the modes and methods of its revival. Various evidence that validate the fact that mythological river Sarasvati actually existed in past are also presented in this paper. The most plausible reason for ultimate desiccation of the mighty river is due to modification of courses of major tributaries of the Sarasvati, the Yamuna and the Satlej, possibly on account of tectonic movement of plates in Siwalik ranges. A scheme has been proposed to introduce flow into the course proposed after identifying the paleochannels believed to be those of River Sarasvati. An initiative of Government of Haryana in the direction of revival and to maintain heritage of River Sarasvati, a special division named Sarasvati Heritage Circle has been formed. The circle monitors ...
When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridg... more When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerged bridge deck over an unprotected erodible bed. Velocity of approaching flow, depth of flow, degree of submergence and width of bridge are some of the parameters that are likely to affect the scour under a submerged bridge. The effect of fluctuations in the flow depth on the depth of scour increases with decrease in constriction. The experimental data of Edward et al. has been merged with the present study and a conceptual relation is developed between scour depth and degree of submergence in the form of scour fraction and constriction ratio. For incipient flow conditions on the upstream of a...
Local scour around a bridge pier is a time dependent, soil-water-structure interaction phenomenon... more Local scour around a bridge pier is a time dependent, soil-water-structure interaction phenomenon. It is the result of the action of a vortex originating due to an adverse pressure gradient developed at the upstream front of the obstruction. Analytical approach to such a complex vortex system appears to be difficult due to its constricted location as well as turbulent nature. Therefore, experimental methods have always been considered to be a powerful tool in understanding and analysing the behaviour of complicated flow situations which otherwise cannot be subjected to
Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are gen... more Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are generally burried under the bed. Interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed assumes importance in engineering because of the high cost of laying such pipelines. The pipes may become partially exposed to the action of water currents where a flood causes a general scour in the bed of the river. Also as a direct consequence of rapid urbanisation, bridges in close proximity are likely to interfere with such pipelines enhancing their vulnerability to scour. It is agreed that difference in pressures on the upstream and downstream of the pipe initiates piping below the pipeline. Piping together with stagnation eddy combine to undermine the pipeline and mark the onset of scour. Maximum local scour below the pipe is observed when there is a small gap between the pipeline and the undisturbed sediment bed allowing jet like high velocity flow through the gap. As the gap increases, scour depth g...
Embankment dams are constructed for retention of water for irrigation and for protecting people, ... more Embankment dams are constructed for retention of water for irrigation and for protecting people, land, and property from flooding. Failure of any embankment poses risk to people and property nearby. Breaching of embankments has drawn considerable attention as it provides useful information for development of early warning systems in the evacuation plans of people at risk. Many theoretical, laboratory and field studies have been carried out to study and understand the failure phenomenon. The breaches are often modeled in the shape of a trapezoid that is defined by its final height, base width or average width, and side slopes, along with time needed for the opening to form completely. Laboratory experiments were planned and conducted to obtain detailed experimental data on the breaching of homogeneous noncohesive and cohesive embankments due to overtopping. Five embankments, one constructed with pure sand, four with different sand-silt-clay mixtures were tested. The height of the emb...
Numerical Optimization in Engineering and Sciences, 2020
Hydro-geochemical characteristics of sub-surface water in the concerned region comprising Yamunan... more Hydro-geochemical characteristics of sub-surface water in the concerned region comprising Yamunanagar and Ambala districts of Haryana, India, were estimated. The hydro-geochemical feature of sub-surface water in the concerned region was investigated by collecting 30 sub-surface water samples. Groundwater samples from specific deposits were analysed for physico-chemical elements, i.e. pH, TDS and prime ion contents, i.e. potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulphate. These ions were as abundance of sodium > calcium > magnesium > potassium, and bicarbonate > chloride > sulphate, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) and hydro-geochemical diagrams have been found to be in good agreement in optimizing the significant elements. Analysis of chemical dataset represented that the predominant hydro-chemical facies in the area of study were Na+–HCO3–Cl− and ‘Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3–Cl−’ types. Sub-surface water in the area of study is normally very hard, moderately hard and slightly saline in most of the region. Chloro-alkaline indices (CAI) revealed that the most of the water samples showed positive magnitude showing reverse ion exchange process in sub-surface water. Scholler assortment of water pointed out that there was longer residence period of aqua with more prominent base exchange. The outcomes of the appraisals were explained with hydro-geology, and the chemical contents in the sub-surface water vary temporally and spatially. As per the observations of year 2017, 13.33, 66.67% of water samples in TDS, TH, respectively, of the study area are suffering from non-suitability of aqua for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Abstract:- Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a ri... more Abstract:- Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are generally burried under the bed. Interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed assumes importance in engineering because of the high cost of laying such pipelines. The pipes may become partially exposed to the action of water currents where a flood causes a general scour in the bed of the river. Also as a direct consequence of rapid urbanisation, bridges in close proximity are likely to interfere with such pipelines enhancing their vulnerability to scour. It is agreed that difference in pressures on the upstream and downstream of the pipe initiates piping below the pipeline. Piping together with stagnation eddy combine to undermine the pipeline and mark the onset of scour. Maximum local scour below the pipe is observed when there is a small gap between the pipeline and the undisturbed sediment bed allowing jet like high velocity flow through the gap. As the gap increases, sc...
When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridg... more When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerged bridge deck over an unprotected erodible bed. Velocity of approaching flow, depth of flow, degree of submergence and width of bridge are some of the parameters that are likely to affect the scour under a submerged bridge. The effect of fluctuations in the flow depth on the depth of scour increases with decrease in constriction. The experimental data available in the literature has been merged with the present study and a conceptual relation is developed between scour depth and degree of submergence in the form of scour fraction and constriction ratio. For incipient flow conditions on the up...
This study assessed the quality of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Baddi tehsil of Solan... more This study assessed the quality of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Baddi tehsil of Solan district in terms of spatial variations in the physico-chemical characteristics. The monitoring was done for the post-monsoon session 2011 and considering eleven water quality parameters. The mean pH, electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, potassium, sodium, bicarbonate, magnesium and calcium in the forty sampling locations were found in the range of 7.45-8.35, 0.484-0.99 mS/cm, 134.2-289.5 mg/l, 127-320 mg/l, 15.4-100 mg/l, 28.6-59.1 mg/l, 3.48-11.83 mg/l, 6.37-32.78 mg/l, 81.9-176.6 mg/l, 18.25-38.46 mg/l, 33.6-127.4 mg/l respectively. The obtained results are compared with BIS standard limits. The results revealed higher values of total hardness and bicarbonate at most of the groundwater sampling locations. The study of physico-chemical characteristics of these groundwater samples suggest that the evaluation of water quality parameters as well ...
International journal of engineering research and technology, 2018
Failure of bridges due to local scour has motivated many investigators to explore the causes of s... more Failure of bridges due to local scour has motivated many investigators to explore the causes of scouring and to predict the maximum scour depth at abutments. In this paper, a detailed review of the up-to-date work on scour at abutments is presented including all possible aspects, such as parametric behavior around abutment. Apart from dimensions of an abutment and flow character, interference effects between unprotected abutments and protected abutment have been carried out through this study. The whole research work is accomplished with the help of flume. The result of minimum scouring depth equal to 1.72cm and is minimizes by the use of protection device inclined at an angle 750 & projected at a height of 14 cm
This paper presents the ancient historical and glorious past of the River Sarasvati that existed ... more This paper presents the ancient historical and glorious past of the River Sarasvati that existed in north-western part of India. The paper also makes an endeavour to identify and trace its course that has been extinct now and reflects on the modes and methods of its revival. Various evidence that validate the fact that mythological river Sarasvati actually existed in past are also presented in this paper. The most plausible reason for ultimate desiccation of the mighty river is due to modification of courses of major tributaries of the Sarasvati, the Yamuna and the Satlej, possibly on account of tectonic movement of plates in Siwalik ranges. A scheme has been proposed to introduce flow into the course proposed after identifying the paleochannels believed to be those of River Sarasvati. An initiative of Government of Haryana in the direction of revival and to maintain heritage of River Sarasvati, a special division named Sarasvati Heritage Circle has been formed. The circle monitors ...
When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridg... more When depth of flow past a river bridge exceeds opening under the bridge, the flow under the bridge becomes pressurized. The water is directed downward and under the bridge deck, causing increase in velocity and shear stress on the bed thereby increasing bed scour. This is termed as Pressure Flow Scour. The present study investigates the phenomenon of pressure flow scour resulting from a submerged bridge deck over an unprotected erodible bed. Velocity of approaching flow, depth of flow, degree of submergence and width of bridge are some of the parameters that are likely to affect the scour under a submerged bridge. The effect of fluctuations in the flow depth on the depth of scour increases with decrease in constriction. The experimental data of Edward et al. has been merged with the present study and a conceptual relation is developed between scour depth and degree of submergence in the form of scour fraction and constriction ratio. For incipient flow conditions on the upstream of a...
Local scour around a bridge pier is a time dependent, soil-water-structure interaction phenomenon... more Local scour around a bridge pier is a time dependent, soil-water-structure interaction phenomenon. It is the result of the action of a vortex originating due to an adverse pressure gradient developed at the upstream front of the obstruction. Analytical approach to such a complex vortex system appears to be difficult due to its constricted location as well as turbulent nature. Therefore, experimental methods have always been considered to be a powerful tool in understanding and analysing the behaviour of complicated flow situations which otherwise cannot be subjected to
Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are gen... more Pipelines that are used to convey water, petroleum, gas or any other fluid across a river are generally burried under the bed. Interaction between a pipeline and an erodible bed assumes importance in engineering because of the high cost of laying such pipelines. The pipes may become partially exposed to the action of water currents where a flood causes a general scour in the bed of the river. Also as a direct consequence of rapid urbanisation, bridges in close proximity are likely to interfere with such pipelines enhancing their vulnerability to scour. It is agreed that difference in pressures on the upstream and downstream of the pipe initiates piping below the pipeline. Piping together with stagnation eddy combine to undermine the pipeline and mark the onset of scour. Maximum local scour below the pipe is observed when there is a small gap between the pipeline and the undisturbed sediment bed allowing jet like high velocity flow through the gap. As the gap increases, scour depth g...
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