Journal of universal history studies, Dec 15, 2020
Symposion, Antik Yunan medeniyetini meydana getiren birçok ritüel pratikten biridir. Genellikle z... more Symposion, Antik Yunan medeniyetini meydana getiren birçok ritüel pratikten biridir. Genellikle ziyafet kültürünün bir parçası olduğu düşünülür. Şarap bu oluşumun merkezinde yer alır. Symposion’da şarap tüketimi, içinde birçok unsuru barındıran bir ritüele dönüşmüştür. Toplumsal güç dengelerinin değişimine paralel olarak birçok symposion türü ortaya çıkar. Her türün kendine özgü özellikleri vardır. Makalenin amacı, symposion'un sahip olduğu özelliklerinin temelinde var olan kahraman kültüne ait izleri ortaya koymaktır. Antik Yunan'da kahraman kültü, kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve temelinde kahraman tapınımı olan bir kült sistemidir. Kahramanın aristokratik, savaşçı, cesur, mücadeleci doğasının ve symposion betimlerindeki şarap tüketimi kültürünün, Arkaik Yunan symposion geleneğinin kökenini oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Kahraman kültünün Yunan symposion'una etkisi, Arkaik Dönem’e ait özellikle lirik şiirler, ikonografik betimlemeler ve arkeolojik sonuçlara dayanan kaynaklarda incelenmiştir. Farklı teoriler birlikte değerlendirilerek, incelenen konu kapsamında olası sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Symposion’un sadece ziyafetin bir parçası olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği anlaşılmaktadır. Symposion boyunca davetliler tarafından uyulması istenen ritüel pratikler, kahraman kültünün gereği olan birçok uygulamaya sahiptir. Bu yönüyle, symposion’un kahraman kültünün varlığını devam ettirmek ve gücünü arttırmak için kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuca symposion'un kökeni, Arkaik Dönem içindeki gelişimi, ritüel nesneler ve pratikler araştırılarak ulaşılmaktadır.
Kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve tarihsel süreç içinde birçok türüyle karşılaşılan kahra... more Kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve tarihsel süreç içinde birçok türüyle karşılaşılan kahramanlar, Arkaik Dönem'de bir kült sisteminin parçası olur. Kahramanlık kültünün ortaya çıkışı ve uzun süre geniş bir coğrafyada etkili oluşu, onun işlevsel özellikleri sayesindedir. Gücün simgesi ve toprağın sahibi olarak görülmeleri, antik Yunan kentlerinde hem kent içinde hem de kentler arasında bir hak elde etme mücadelesine dönüşür. Siyasi ve ekonomik işlevlere zamanla dini çıkarlar da eklenir. Böylece kahramanlık kültü, çeşitli ihtiyaçları karşılamak üzere belirli aralıklarla tekrar eden ritüel pratiklerin olduğu dini bir nitelik kazanır. Antik dönemdeki birçok gizem kültünde rastlanan kutsal alan, sunak, kurban etme, yapılan davranışları belirli aralıklarla tekrar eden bir düzen içinde sunan anlayış burada da mevcuttur. Bu anlayışın doğası gereği yapılan her hareket bir ritüelin parçası olarak görülmüş, bazı davranışların açıklanması ya da kutsal alan ve tapınaklarda bazı yerler...
Journal of Universal History Studies (JUHIS), 2020
Abstract:
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the ce... more Abstract:
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the center of this entity which is generally thought to be a part of feast culture. In symposion, consuming wine becomes a ritual with many elements inside. Many different kinds of symposion appear in parallel with the changes of social power balances. Each kind has unique characteristics. The aim of this article is to present the signs of heroic cult which are the basic of symposion's characteristics.Heroic cult in ancient Greek is a cult system which dates back to Mycenaean Period and it is based on heroic worship. It is seen that the aristocratic, fighter and brave nature of the hero and wine consuming culture in symposion descriptions form the origins of Archaic Greek symposion tradition. The effect of heroic cult to Greek symposion has been studied in the resources which are espacially based on lyric poems, iconographic descriptions and archeological conclusions of Archaic era. Possible results are reached within the context of inspected subject by analyzing different theories together. It is understood that symposion cannot be considered simply as a part of the feast. Ritual practices which are asked to be followed by the guest turing symposion have several practices that heroic cult requires. From this aspect, symposion is determined to be used to continue heroic cult's existence and enhace its strange. This outcome is accomplished by examining the origin of symposion, its improvement in Archaic era, ritual objects and practices.
Hispania, which had the known earliest settlement dating back to 300.000 years, was a habitat whe... more Hispania, which had the known earliest settlement dating back to 300.000 years, was a habitat where many communities form different origins lived before Roman hegemony in 218 BC. Iberians, the natives and Celts, the immigrants formed a new troop. During the following years, first Phoenicians then Greeks located many colonies. Later, the region was captured by Carthaginians and witnessed fights for Mediterranean with Roman. Key words: Spain, Hispania, Rome, Mediterranean, province
Manisa ya da Antikçağdaki adıyla Magnesia Ad Sipylum, Lydia Bölgesi'nde kurulan önemli kentlerden... more Manisa ya da Antikçağdaki adıyla Magnesia Ad Sipylum, Lydia Bölgesi'nde kurulan önemli kentlerden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Strabon, Herodotos, Pausanias, Plinius ve daha pek çok antik dönem yazarı kent hakkında önemli bilgiler vermektedir. En erken arkeolojik kalıntının Geç Paleolitik Dönem'e kadar indiği kentte, ilk iskan tarihi Geç Neolitik Dönem'de başlamaktadır. Kentin adından söz ettirmesi ise M.Ö. 281'de Lysimakhos ile Seleukos arasında gerçekleşen savaş ile gerçekleşecektir.
Dionysus, whose name we came across on a tablet belongs to the third century B.C., is the son o... more Dionysus, whose name we came across on a tablet belongs to the third century B.C., is the son of Zeus the divinity and Semele the mortal. Dionysus, called after many names, was worshiped as the god of spring celebrations, theatre, viniculture and wine. There are many opinions about his origin of being Phrygian. Tragedies of Euripides and epics of Homeros maintain this idea. As the god of nature, Dionysus symbolizes fertility. His main characteristic is his wish the people to drink wine and reach the secrets of nature. Dionysus festivals make a connection between both human to human and human to nature. Teos Dionysus Temple, where the rituals were performed in the name of god, is the greatest temple which was built in his name in Greek History.
F i l o z o f İ mp a r a t o r l a r Ç a ğ ı n d a Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s Ma r c u sAu r e l i... more F i l o z o f İ mp a r a t o r l a r Ç a ğ ı n d a Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s Ma r c u sAu r e l i u s , M. S. 2. y ü z y ı l d aM. C o c c e i u sNe r v ai l eb a ş l a y a nv eAl t ı n Ç a ğo l a r a kb i l i n e nd ö n e md ey a ş a mı şR o mai mp a r a t o r u d u r. T a ma d ı C a e s a r Ma r c u s Au r e l i u sAn t o n i n u sAu g u s t u so l a ni mp a r a t o rL a t i n c e , Yu n a n c a , R e t o r i kS a n a t ı v e S t o a c ı l ı kü z e r i n ei y ib i re ğ i t i m a l mı ş t ı r .E p i k u r o s ç u l u kv eYe n iP l a t o n c u l u k ' t a n e t k i l e n mi ş t i r .Ön c eü v e yk a r d e ş iL u c i u sVe r u si l eb i r l i k t ei mp a r a t o r l u ğ uo r t a k y ö n e t mi ş , d a h a s o n r a k a r d e ş i n i nö l ü müü z e r i n e y ö n e t i mi t e kb a ş ı n a i d a r e e t mi ş t i r. An t o n i n u s S ü l a l e s i o l a r a ka d l a n d ı r ı l a nv eM. S. 9 7-1 9 2y ı l l a r ı n at a r i h l e n e nb u s ü r e ç i ç e r i s i n d e T r a i a n u s v e Ha d r i a n u s g i b i ö n e ml i i mp a r a t o r l a r d a i d a r e y e g e ç mi ş t i r. Dö n e ml e r i " İ y i i mp a r a t o r l a rd ö n e mi " o l a r a ka d l a n d ı r ı l a nb us ü l a l e d ei mp a r a t o r l a r , y a y ı l mas i y a s e t i n d e nv a z g e ç i ps ı n ı r l a r ı n ıg ü ç l e n d i r me y ev ee y a l e t l e r d ey e r l e ş i k g a r n i z o n l a rk u r ma y ab a ş l a r l a r .Ad l iy ö n e t i m d a h ad ü z e n l ih a l eg e t i r i l i r .S i y a s a l a ç ı d a n ,b u d ö n e m g e n e l l i k l e y e r i n e s a ğ l a mc a o t u r mu şi mp a r a t o r l u k s ü l a l e l e r i d ö n e mi d i r .Ka mu s a lg ö n e n ç ,b uç a ğ ı nn i t e l i ğ i d i r .S i y a s a lv ek ü l t ü r e lb a ş a r ı l a r ı n d o r u ğ a u l a ş t ı ğ ıs ö y l e n e b i l i r .An t o n i n u sç a ğ ı n ı n t e me lö z e l l i ğ i ,b i r i n i n ö t e k i n i g ü ç l e n d i r d i ğ i n ei n a n ı l a nk i ş i s e lb i r e y c i l i kv ek a mu s a lc ö me r t l i ka r a s ı n d ak u r ma y ı b a ş a r d ı ğ ı d e n g ei l eö z e t l e n e b i l i r. Yö n e t i mi n , b i r k a çi s t i s n ad ı ş ı n d ab e l i r g i nö z e l l i ğ i ö l ç ü l ü l ü kv ea ğ ı r b a ş l ı l ı ko l mu ş t u r. M. Ö. 2 7-M. S. 1 8 0y ı l l a r ı a r a s ı n ı k a p s a y a nv eP a x R o ma n ay a n iR o mab a r ı ş ıa d ı y l ab i l i n e nR o may ö n e t i mi n i ni s t i k r a r l ıb i rş e k i l d e s ü r d ü ğ üb us ü r e ç ,An t o n i n u sS ü l a l e s id ö n e mi n id ek a p s a ma k t a d ı r .B ud u r u m, s ü l a l e n i n b a ş a r ı s ı n ıo l u ş t u r a n o r t a mıy a r a t mı ş t ı rd e n i l e b i l i r .B u s ü r e ç t ey e t i ş e n Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s , İ mp a r a t o r Ha d r i a n u s g i b i f i l o z o f i mp a r a t o r o l a r a ka n ı l a c a k t ı r. " T aE i s E a u t o n " B i r ç o ka ç ı d a nR o ma ' n ı ny ü k s e l i ş eg e ç t i ğ i b ud ö n e md e , Ma r c u sAu r e l i u sd a a l d ı ğ ıe ğ i t i m v eme v c u tk ü l t ü r e lz e n g i n l i ğ i ne t k i s i n d ek a l mı ş ,d ü ş ü n s e la n l a md a b i r i k i ml e r i n d e no l u ş a nb ue s e r i me y d a n ag e t i r mi ş t i r. T o p l a m o ni k i k i t a p t a no l u ş u r v eh a y a t a , ö l ü me , mu t l u l u ğ a , y ö n e t i mek ı s a c a s ı i n s a n ad a i rh e rt ü r l üh i s s ey ö n e l i k
One of the three biggest ancient cities in Asia, Pergamon, was founded between Selinos and Ketios... more One of the three biggest ancient cities in Asia, Pergamon, was founded between Selinos and Ketios streams on the region called Mysia. Researches show that, Pergamon has been a settlement since the Prehistoric period. Ruins point that the first settlers of Acropol were not Greeks and the area was Hellen. The first time Pergamon was seen in history was in the time of the Pers sovereignty. Then, the city met Hellen civilization under the sovereignty of Alexander the Great and became the brightest culture centre of Hellen period for 150 years. It was a part of Asia province in 133 B.C. Pergamon had an important position as it provided trade between Aegean and Euphrates by changing of the East’s products with the West’s. Ephesos as the starting point of King Road which is through Sardes, the center of Lydia that founded in the middle of Anatolia, is also another ancient city of Asia. Ephesos which had opportunities of development in trade, culture and politicts, due to it’s position, combined the East and the West. Furthermore, it was located in crossroad between Miletos and Ionia. Ephesos which competed particularly againts Pergamon and Symrna, was called the first and the biggest metropolis of Asia and the temple servant (neokoros) of two emperors temples. Sardes, ancient city, the capital of Lydia and symbol of magnificence and wealth, was center of satrapy under Pers sovereignty, a province and conventus capital and also judicial centre of Roman Governor in Roman times. During Byzantium period period, it came into prominence with religion. One of the seven churches of Asia province stands here. Key words: Aegean, Pergamon, Mysia, Ephesos, Lydia, Sardes, Ancient Cities, Anatolia.
Öz:
Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edi... more Öz: Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edilen ses kavramı incelenmiştir. Bu sesler bazen doğanın oluşumundan kaynaklanırken bazen de insan eliyle yapılmış müzik âletleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Tanrılarla iletişim kurmanın bir yöntemi olarak kabul edilen bu kutsal sesler, tapınma ritüel pratiklerinin tamamlayıcı unsurlarından biri olarak görülmüştür. Konu makalede iki bölümde incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm, kutsal sesleri kavramsal açıdan ele alarak tanrılarla ilişkilendirilen düşünceyi ve bu düşüncenin doğadaki izdüşümlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ritüellerin gereği hâline getirilen seslerdeki bu kutsallaştırmayı hangi kökene dayandırılarak ve nasıl mekânlarda yaptıkları görülmektedir. İkinci bölümde, insan yapımı yapılarda gerçekleştirilen törensel uygulamalar incelenmiştir. İlk bölümdeki düşünce yapısının dinî yaşamdaki gerçekliği anlatılırken, tanrılar ve kültleriyle olan bağı özellikle gizem kültleriyle ilişkisine dikkat çekilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kutsal Sesler, Ritüel Pratikler, Antik Yunan Dini, Gizem Kültleri Abstract: In this article, the concept of sound, which was used as a part of religious ceremonies and considered sacred in Ancient Greece, was examined. While this sounds are sometimes caused by the formation of nature, sometimes they are obtained by using musical instruments made by human hands. These sacred sounds, which are accepted as a method of communicating with the gods, have been seen as one of the complementary elements of worship ritual practice. The subject is examined in two parts in the article. The first chapter presents the thought associated with the gods and the projections of this thought in nature by considering the sacred sounds from a conceptual point of view. It is seen that this sanctification of the sounds, which has become a necessity of the rituals, is based on which origin and in what places. In the second part, ceremonial practices performed in man-made structures are examined. While the reality of the mentality in religious life in the first part is explained, attention is drawn to its relation with gods and their cults, especially with mystery cults. Key Words: Sacred Sounds, Ritual Practice, Ancient Greek Religion, Mystery Cults
Ionian Koinon was founded by Ionia cities on the coast of Western Anatolia in the Archaic era and... more Ionian Koinon was founded by Ionia cities on the coast of Western Anatolia in the Archaic era and it refers to the unity of these cities. It is one of the strongest examples of Ancient Greek civilization’s existence struggle in Anatolia. Ionians attributing their origins to Attica sustained the beliefs and culture, which they brought along when they immigrated to Anatolia in Ionian Koinon. Koinon is mostly examined as a political formation in many studies. However there is also a religious aspect which is not directly mentioned in resources. In this context researches indicate the existence of Koinon religion regulated by law, sustained with ritual practice, owns a temple and cult and only member cities could join in. The festivals they organized regularly as the symbol of their identity created koinon religion, which owns a mutual temple and cult. This article examining Ionian Koinon religion discusses the religious and mythological symbols of power struggle against Western Anatolia natives, Persian forces and the relatives in Attica. These symbols have been researched in Panathēnaea festival that reflects Greek union (Panhellenizm) in the region in Athens and Delia and Panionia festivals that reflect Ionia union (Pan-Ionia) in Western Anatolia coast. It is understood that Ionians re-formed their identity out of ritual practice in festivals and while doing this they were impressed by the forces they struggled against. This mixed formation shaped Ionia Koinon religion.
Journal of universal history studies, Dec 15, 2020
Symposion, Antik Yunan medeniyetini meydana getiren birçok ritüel pratikten biridir. Genellikle z... more Symposion, Antik Yunan medeniyetini meydana getiren birçok ritüel pratikten biridir. Genellikle ziyafet kültürünün bir parçası olduğu düşünülür. Şarap bu oluşumun merkezinde yer alır. Symposion’da şarap tüketimi, içinde birçok unsuru barındıran bir ritüele dönüşmüştür. Toplumsal güç dengelerinin değişimine paralel olarak birçok symposion türü ortaya çıkar. Her türün kendine özgü özellikleri vardır. Makalenin amacı, symposion'un sahip olduğu özelliklerinin temelinde var olan kahraman kültüne ait izleri ortaya koymaktır. Antik Yunan'da kahraman kültü, kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve temelinde kahraman tapınımı olan bir kült sistemidir. Kahramanın aristokratik, savaşçı, cesur, mücadeleci doğasının ve symposion betimlerindeki şarap tüketimi kültürünün, Arkaik Yunan symposion geleneğinin kökenini oluşturduğu görülmektedir. Kahraman kültünün Yunan symposion'una etkisi, Arkaik Dönem’e ait özellikle lirik şiirler, ikonografik betimlemeler ve arkeolojik sonuçlara dayanan kaynaklarda incelenmiştir. Farklı teoriler birlikte değerlendirilerek, incelenen konu kapsamında olası sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Symposion’un sadece ziyafetin bir parçası olarak değerlendirilemeyeceği anlaşılmaktadır. Symposion boyunca davetliler tarafından uyulması istenen ritüel pratikler, kahraman kültünün gereği olan birçok uygulamaya sahiptir. Bu yönüyle, symposion’un kahraman kültünün varlığını devam ettirmek ve gücünü arttırmak için kullanıldığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuca symposion'un kökeni, Arkaik Dönem içindeki gelişimi, ritüel nesneler ve pratikler araştırılarak ulaşılmaktadır.
Kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve tarihsel süreç içinde birçok türüyle karşılaşılan kahra... more Kökeni Myken Dönemi'ne kadar giden ve tarihsel süreç içinde birçok türüyle karşılaşılan kahramanlar, Arkaik Dönem'de bir kült sisteminin parçası olur. Kahramanlık kültünün ortaya çıkışı ve uzun süre geniş bir coğrafyada etkili oluşu, onun işlevsel özellikleri sayesindedir. Gücün simgesi ve toprağın sahibi olarak görülmeleri, antik Yunan kentlerinde hem kent içinde hem de kentler arasında bir hak elde etme mücadelesine dönüşür. Siyasi ve ekonomik işlevlere zamanla dini çıkarlar da eklenir. Böylece kahramanlık kültü, çeşitli ihtiyaçları karşılamak üzere belirli aralıklarla tekrar eden ritüel pratiklerin olduğu dini bir nitelik kazanır. Antik dönemdeki birçok gizem kültünde rastlanan kutsal alan, sunak, kurban etme, yapılan davranışları belirli aralıklarla tekrar eden bir düzen içinde sunan anlayış burada da mevcuttur. Bu anlayışın doğası gereği yapılan her hareket bir ritüelin parçası olarak görülmüş, bazı davranışların açıklanması ya da kutsal alan ve tapınaklarda bazı yerler...
Journal of Universal History Studies (JUHIS), 2020
Abstract:
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the ce... more Abstract:
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the center of this entity which is generally thought to be a part of feast culture. In symposion, consuming wine becomes a ritual with many elements inside. Many different kinds of symposion appear in parallel with the changes of social power balances. Each kind has unique characteristics. The aim of this article is to present the signs of heroic cult which are the basic of symposion's characteristics.Heroic cult in ancient Greek is a cult system which dates back to Mycenaean Period and it is based on heroic worship. It is seen that the aristocratic, fighter and brave nature of the hero and wine consuming culture in symposion descriptions form the origins of Archaic Greek symposion tradition. The effect of heroic cult to Greek symposion has been studied in the resources which are espacially based on lyric poems, iconographic descriptions and archeological conclusions of Archaic era. Possible results are reached within the context of inspected subject by analyzing different theories together. It is understood that symposion cannot be considered simply as a part of the feast. Ritual practices which are asked to be followed by the guest turing symposion have several practices that heroic cult requires. From this aspect, symposion is determined to be used to continue heroic cult's existence and enhace its strange. This outcome is accomplished by examining the origin of symposion, its improvement in Archaic era, ritual objects and practices.
Hispania, which had the known earliest settlement dating back to 300.000 years, was a habitat whe... more Hispania, which had the known earliest settlement dating back to 300.000 years, was a habitat where many communities form different origins lived before Roman hegemony in 218 BC. Iberians, the natives and Celts, the immigrants formed a new troop. During the following years, first Phoenicians then Greeks located many colonies. Later, the region was captured by Carthaginians and witnessed fights for Mediterranean with Roman. Key words: Spain, Hispania, Rome, Mediterranean, province
Manisa ya da Antikçağdaki adıyla Magnesia Ad Sipylum, Lydia Bölgesi'nde kurulan önemli kentlerden... more Manisa ya da Antikçağdaki adıyla Magnesia Ad Sipylum, Lydia Bölgesi'nde kurulan önemli kentlerden biri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Strabon, Herodotos, Pausanias, Plinius ve daha pek çok antik dönem yazarı kent hakkında önemli bilgiler vermektedir. En erken arkeolojik kalıntının Geç Paleolitik Dönem'e kadar indiği kentte, ilk iskan tarihi Geç Neolitik Dönem'de başlamaktadır. Kentin adından söz ettirmesi ise M.Ö. 281'de Lysimakhos ile Seleukos arasında gerçekleşen savaş ile gerçekleşecektir.
Dionysus, whose name we came across on a tablet belongs to the third century B.C., is the son o... more Dionysus, whose name we came across on a tablet belongs to the third century B.C., is the son of Zeus the divinity and Semele the mortal. Dionysus, called after many names, was worshiped as the god of spring celebrations, theatre, viniculture and wine. There are many opinions about his origin of being Phrygian. Tragedies of Euripides and epics of Homeros maintain this idea. As the god of nature, Dionysus symbolizes fertility. His main characteristic is his wish the people to drink wine and reach the secrets of nature. Dionysus festivals make a connection between both human to human and human to nature. Teos Dionysus Temple, where the rituals were performed in the name of god, is the greatest temple which was built in his name in Greek History.
F i l o z o f İ mp a r a t o r l a r Ç a ğ ı n d a Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s Ma r c u sAu r e l i... more F i l o z o f İ mp a r a t o r l a r Ç a ğ ı n d a Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s Ma r c u sAu r e l i u s , M. S. 2. y ü z y ı l d aM. C o c c e i u sNe r v ai l eb a ş l a y a nv eAl t ı n Ç a ğo l a r a kb i l i n e nd ö n e md ey a ş a mı şR o mai mp a r a t o r u d u r. T a ma d ı C a e s a r Ma r c u s Au r e l i u sAn t o n i n u sAu g u s t u so l a ni mp a r a t o rL a t i n c e , Yu n a n c a , R e t o r i kS a n a t ı v e S t o a c ı l ı kü z e r i n ei y ib i re ğ i t i m a l mı ş t ı r .E p i k u r o s ç u l u kv eYe n iP l a t o n c u l u k ' t a n e t k i l e n mi ş t i r .Ön c eü v e yk a r d e ş iL u c i u sVe r u si l eb i r l i k t ei mp a r a t o r l u ğ uo r t a k y ö n e t mi ş , d a h a s o n r a k a r d e ş i n i nö l ü müü z e r i n e y ö n e t i mi t e kb a ş ı n a i d a r e e t mi ş t i r. An t o n i n u s S ü l a l e s i o l a r a ka d l a n d ı r ı l a nv eM. S. 9 7-1 9 2y ı l l a r ı n at a r i h l e n e nb u s ü r e ç i ç e r i s i n d e T r a i a n u s v e Ha d r i a n u s g i b i ö n e ml i i mp a r a t o r l a r d a i d a r e y e g e ç mi ş t i r. Dö n e ml e r i " İ y i i mp a r a t o r l a rd ö n e mi " o l a r a ka d l a n d ı r ı l a nb us ü l a l e d ei mp a r a t o r l a r , y a y ı l mas i y a s e t i n d e nv a z g e ç i ps ı n ı r l a r ı n ıg ü ç l e n d i r me y ev ee y a l e t l e r d ey e r l e ş i k g a r n i z o n l a rk u r ma y ab a ş l a r l a r .Ad l iy ö n e t i m d a h ad ü z e n l ih a l eg e t i r i l i r .S i y a s a l a ç ı d a n ,b u d ö n e m g e n e l l i k l e y e r i n e s a ğ l a mc a o t u r mu şi mp a r a t o r l u k s ü l a l e l e r i d ö n e mi d i r .Ka mu s a lg ö n e n ç ,b uç a ğ ı nn i t e l i ğ i d i r .S i y a s a lv ek ü l t ü r e lb a ş a r ı l a r ı n d o r u ğ a u l a ş t ı ğ ıs ö y l e n e b i l i r .An t o n i n u sç a ğ ı n ı n t e me lö z e l l i ğ i ,b i r i n i n ö t e k i n i g ü ç l e n d i r d i ğ i n ei n a n ı l a nk i ş i s e lb i r e y c i l i kv ek a mu s a lc ö me r t l i ka r a s ı n d ak u r ma y ı b a ş a r d ı ğ ı d e n g ei l eö z e t l e n e b i l i r. Yö n e t i mi n , b i r k a çi s t i s n ad ı ş ı n d ab e l i r g i nö z e l l i ğ i ö l ç ü l ü l ü kv ea ğ ı r b a ş l ı l ı ko l mu ş t u r. M. Ö. 2 7-M. S. 1 8 0y ı l l a r ı a r a s ı n ı k a p s a y a nv eP a x R o ma n ay a n iR o mab a r ı ş ıa d ı y l ab i l i n e nR o may ö n e t i mi n i ni s t i k r a r l ıb i rş e k i l d e s ü r d ü ğ üb us ü r e ç ,An t o n i n u sS ü l a l e s id ö n e mi n id ek a p s a ma k t a d ı r .B ud u r u m, s ü l a l e n i n b a ş a r ı s ı n ıo l u ş t u r a n o r t a mıy a r a t mı ş t ı rd e n i l e b i l i r .B u s ü r e ç t ey e t i ş e n Ma r c u s Au r e l i u s , İ mp a r a t o r Ha d r i a n u s g i b i f i l o z o f i mp a r a t o r o l a r a ka n ı l a c a k t ı r. " T aE i s E a u t o n " B i r ç o ka ç ı d a nR o ma ' n ı ny ü k s e l i ş eg e ç t i ğ i b ud ö n e md e , Ma r c u sAu r e l i u sd a a l d ı ğ ıe ğ i t i m v eme v c u tk ü l t ü r e lz e n g i n l i ğ i ne t k i s i n d ek a l mı ş ,d ü ş ü n s e la n l a md a b i r i k i ml e r i n d e no l u ş a nb ue s e r i me y d a n ag e t i r mi ş t i r. T o p l a m o ni k i k i t a p t a no l u ş u r v eh a y a t a , ö l ü me , mu t l u l u ğ a , y ö n e t i mek ı s a c a s ı i n s a n ad a i rh e rt ü r l üh i s s ey ö n e l i k
One of the three biggest ancient cities in Asia, Pergamon, was founded between Selinos and Ketios... more One of the three biggest ancient cities in Asia, Pergamon, was founded between Selinos and Ketios streams on the region called Mysia. Researches show that, Pergamon has been a settlement since the Prehistoric period. Ruins point that the first settlers of Acropol were not Greeks and the area was Hellen. The first time Pergamon was seen in history was in the time of the Pers sovereignty. Then, the city met Hellen civilization under the sovereignty of Alexander the Great and became the brightest culture centre of Hellen period for 150 years. It was a part of Asia province in 133 B.C. Pergamon had an important position as it provided trade between Aegean and Euphrates by changing of the East’s products with the West’s. Ephesos as the starting point of King Road which is through Sardes, the center of Lydia that founded in the middle of Anatolia, is also another ancient city of Asia. Ephesos which had opportunities of development in trade, culture and politicts, due to it’s position, combined the East and the West. Furthermore, it was located in crossroad between Miletos and Ionia. Ephesos which competed particularly againts Pergamon and Symrna, was called the first and the biggest metropolis of Asia and the temple servant (neokoros) of two emperors temples. Sardes, ancient city, the capital of Lydia and symbol of magnificence and wealth, was center of satrapy under Pers sovereignty, a province and conventus capital and also judicial centre of Roman Governor in Roman times. During Byzantium period period, it came into prominence with religion. One of the seven churches of Asia province stands here. Key words: Aegean, Pergamon, Mysia, Ephesos, Lydia, Sardes, Ancient Cities, Anatolia.
Öz:
Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edi... more Öz: Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edilen ses kavramı incelenmiştir. Bu sesler bazen doğanın oluşumundan kaynaklanırken bazen de insan eliyle yapılmış müzik âletleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Tanrılarla iletişim kurmanın bir yöntemi olarak kabul edilen bu kutsal sesler, tapınma ritüel pratiklerinin tamamlayıcı unsurlarından biri olarak görülmüştür. Konu makalede iki bölümde incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm, kutsal sesleri kavramsal açıdan ele alarak tanrılarla ilişkilendirilen düşünceyi ve bu düşüncenin doğadaki izdüşümlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ritüellerin gereği hâline getirilen seslerdeki bu kutsallaştırmayı hangi kökene dayandırılarak ve nasıl mekânlarda yaptıkları görülmektedir. İkinci bölümde, insan yapımı yapılarda gerçekleştirilen törensel uygulamalar incelenmiştir. İlk bölümdeki düşünce yapısının dinî yaşamdaki gerçekliği anlatılırken, tanrılar ve kültleriyle olan bağı özellikle gizem kültleriyle ilişkisine dikkat çekilmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kutsal Sesler, Ritüel Pratikler, Antik Yunan Dini, Gizem Kültleri Abstract: In this article, the concept of sound, which was used as a part of religious ceremonies and considered sacred in Ancient Greece, was examined. While this sounds are sometimes caused by the formation of nature, sometimes they are obtained by using musical instruments made by human hands. These sacred sounds, which are accepted as a method of communicating with the gods, have been seen as one of the complementary elements of worship ritual practice. The subject is examined in two parts in the article. The first chapter presents the thought associated with the gods and the projections of this thought in nature by considering the sacred sounds from a conceptual point of view. It is seen that this sanctification of the sounds, which has become a necessity of the rituals, is based on which origin and in what places. In the second part, ceremonial practices performed in man-made structures are examined. While the reality of the mentality in religious life in the first part is explained, attention is drawn to its relation with gods and their cults, especially with mystery cults. Key Words: Sacred Sounds, Ritual Practice, Ancient Greek Religion, Mystery Cults
Ionian Koinon was founded by Ionia cities on the coast of Western Anatolia in the Archaic era and... more Ionian Koinon was founded by Ionia cities on the coast of Western Anatolia in the Archaic era and it refers to the unity of these cities. It is one of the strongest examples of Ancient Greek civilization’s existence struggle in Anatolia. Ionians attributing their origins to Attica sustained the beliefs and culture, which they brought along when they immigrated to Anatolia in Ionian Koinon. Koinon is mostly examined as a political formation in many studies. However there is also a religious aspect which is not directly mentioned in resources. In this context researches indicate the existence of Koinon religion regulated by law, sustained with ritual practice, owns a temple and cult and only member cities could join in. The festivals they organized regularly as the symbol of their identity created koinon religion, which owns a mutual temple and cult. This article examining Ionian Koinon religion discusses the religious and mythological symbols of power struggle against Western Anatolia natives, Persian forces and the relatives in Attica. These symbols have been researched in Panathēnaea festival that reflects Greek union (Panhellenizm) in the region in Athens and Delia and Panionia festivals that reflect Ionia union (Pan-Ionia) in Western Anatolia coast. It is understood that Ionians re-formed their identity out of ritual practice in festivals and while doing this they were impressed by the forces they struggled against. This mixed formation shaped Ionia Koinon religion.
Uploads
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the center of this entity which is generally thought to be a part of feast culture. In symposion, consuming wine becomes a ritual with many elements inside. Many different kinds of symposion appear in parallel with the changes of social power balances. Each kind has unique characteristics. The aim of this article is to present the signs of heroic cult which are the basic of symposion's characteristics.Heroic cult in ancient Greek is a cult system which dates back to Mycenaean Period and it is based on heroic worship. It is seen that the aristocratic, fighter and brave nature of the hero and wine consuming culture in
symposion descriptions form the origins of Archaic Greek symposion tradition. The effect of heroic cult to Greek symposion has been studied in the resources which are espacially based on lyric poems, iconographic descriptions and archeological conclusions of Archaic era. Possible results are reached within the context of inspected subject by analyzing different theories together. It is understood that symposion cannot be considered simply as a part of the feast. Ritual practices which are asked to be followed by the guest turing symposion have several practices that heroic cult requires. From this aspect, symposion is determined to be used to continue heroic cult's existence and enhace its strange. This outcome is accomplished by examining the origin of symposion, its improvement in Archaic era, ritual objects and practices.
Key Words: Archaic Era, Ancient Greek, Feast, Symposium, Krater, Heroic Cults.
Key words: Spain, Hispania, Rome, Mediterranean, province
Ephesos as the starting point of King Road which is through Sardes, the center of Lydia that founded in the middle of Anatolia, is also another ancient city of Asia. Ephesos which had opportunities of development in trade, culture and politicts, due to it’s position, combined the East and the West. Furthermore, it was located in crossroad between Miletos and Ionia. Ephesos which competed particularly againts Pergamon and Symrna, was called the first and the biggest metropolis of Asia and the temple servant (neokoros) of two emperors temples.
Sardes, ancient city, the capital of Lydia and symbol of magnificence and wealth, was center of satrapy under Pers sovereignty, a province and conventus capital and also judicial centre of Roman Governor in Roman times. During Byzantium period period, it came into prominence with religion. One of the seven churches of Asia province stands here.
Key words: Aegean, Pergamon, Mysia, Ephesos, Lydia, Sardes, Ancient Cities, Anatolia.
Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edilen ses kavramı incelenmiştir. Bu sesler bazen doğanın oluşumundan kaynaklanırken bazen de insan eliyle yapılmış müzik âletleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Tanrılarla iletişim kurmanın bir yöntemi olarak kabul edilen bu kutsal sesler, tapınma ritüel pratiklerinin tamamlayıcı unsurlarından biri olarak görülmüştür.
Konu makalede iki bölümde incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm, kutsal sesleri kavramsal açıdan ele alarak tanrılarla ilişkilendirilen düşünceyi ve bu düşüncenin doğadaki izdüşümlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ritüellerin gereği hâline getirilen seslerdeki bu kutsallaştırmayı hangi kökene dayandırılarak ve nasıl mekânlarda yaptıkları görülmektedir. İkinci bölümde, insan yapımı yapılarda gerçekleştirilen törensel uygulamalar incelenmiştir. İlk bölümdeki düşünce yapısının dinî yaşamdaki gerçekliği anlatılırken, tanrılar ve kültleriyle olan bağı özellikle gizem kültleriyle ilişkisine dikkat çekilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kutsal Sesler, Ritüel Pratikler, Antik Yunan Dini, Gizem Kültleri
Abstract:
In this article, the concept of sound, which was used as a part of religious ceremonies and considered sacred in Ancient Greece, was examined. While this sounds are sometimes caused by the formation of nature, sometimes they are obtained by using musical instruments made by human hands. These sacred sounds, which are accepted as a method of communicating with the gods, have been seen as one of the complementary elements of worship ritual practice.
The subject is examined in two parts in the article. The first chapter presents the thought associated with the gods and the projections of this thought in nature by considering the sacred sounds from a conceptual point of view. It is seen that this sanctification of the sounds, which has become a necessity of the rituals, is based on which origin and in what places. In the second part, ceremonial practices performed in man-made structures are examined. While the reality of the mentality in religious life in the first part is explained, attention is drawn to its relation with gods and their cults, especially with mystery cults.
Key Words: Sacred Sounds, Ritual Practice, Ancient Greek Religion, Mystery Cults
Symposion is one of the ritual practices Ancient Greek civilization. Wine is in the center of this entity which is generally thought to be a part of feast culture. In symposion, consuming wine becomes a ritual with many elements inside. Many different kinds of symposion appear in parallel with the changes of social power balances. Each kind has unique characteristics. The aim of this article is to present the signs of heroic cult which are the basic of symposion's characteristics.Heroic cult in ancient Greek is a cult system which dates back to Mycenaean Period and it is based on heroic worship. It is seen that the aristocratic, fighter and brave nature of the hero and wine consuming culture in
symposion descriptions form the origins of Archaic Greek symposion tradition. The effect of heroic cult to Greek symposion has been studied in the resources which are espacially based on lyric poems, iconographic descriptions and archeological conclusions of Archaic era. Possible results are reached within the context of inspected subject by analyzing different theories together. It is understood that symposion cannot be considered simply as a part of the feast. Ritual practices which are asked to be followed by the guest turing symposion have several practices that heroic cult requires. From this aspect, symposion is determined to be used to continue heroic cult's existence and enhace its strange. This outcome is accomplished by examining the origin of symposion, its improvement in Archaic era, ritual objects and practices.
Key Words: Archaic Era, Ancient Greek, Feast, Symposium, Krater, Heroic Cults.
Key words: Spain, Hispania, Rome, Mediterranean, province
Ephesos as the starting point of King Road which is through Sardes, the center of Lydia that founded in the middle of Anatolia, is also another ancient city of Asia. Ephesos which had opportunities of development in trade, culture and politicts, due to it’s position, combined the East and the West. Furthermore, it was located in crossroad between Miletos and Ionia. Ephesos which competed particularly againts Pergamon and Symrna, was called the first and the biggest metropolis of Asia and the temple servant (neokoros) of two emperors temples.
Sardes, ancient city, the capital of Lydia and symbol of magnificence and wealth, was center of satrapy under Pers sovereignty, a province and conventus capital and also judicial centre of Roman Governor in Roman times. During Byzantium period period, it came into prominence with religion. One of the seven churches of Asia province stands here.
Key words: Aegean, Pergamon, Mysia, Ephesos, Lydia, Sardes, Ancient Cities, Anatolia.
Bu makalede, Antik Yunan'da dini törenlerin bir parçası olarak kullanılan ve kutsal kabul edilen ses kavramı incelenmiştir. Bu sesler bazen doğanın oluşumundan kaynaklanırken bazen de insan eliyle yapılmış müzik âletleri kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Tanrılarla iletişim kurmanın bir yöntemi olarak kabul edilen bu kutsal sesler, tapınma ritüel pratiklerinin tamamlayıcı unsurlarından biri olarak görülmüştür.
Konu makalede iki bölümde incelenmiştir. Birinci bölüm, kutsal sesleri kavramsal açıdan ele alarak tanrılarla ilişkilendirilen düşünceyi ve bu düşüncenin doğadaki izdüşümlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Ritüellerin gereği hâline getirilen seslerdeki bu kutsallaştırmayı hangi kökene dayandırılarak ve nasıl mekânlarda yaptıkları görülmektedir. İkinci bölümde, insan yapımı yapılarda gerçekleştirilen törensel uygulamalar incelenmiştir. İlk bölümdeki düşünce yapısının dinî yaşamdaki gerçekliği anlatılırken, tanrılar ve kültleriyle olan bağı özellikle gizem kültleriyle ilişkisine dikkat çekilmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kutsal Sesler, Ritüel Pratikler, Antik Yunan Dini, Gizem Kültleri
Abstract:
In this article, the concept of sound, which was used as a part of religious ceremonies and considered sacred in Ancient Greece, was examined. While this sounds are sometimes caused by the formation of nature, sometimes they are obtained by using musical instruments made by human hands. These sacred sounds, which are accepted as a method of communicating with the gods, have been seen as one of the complementary elements of worship ritual practice.
The subject is examined in two parts in the article. The first chapter presents the thought associated with the gods and the projections of this thought in nature by considering the sacred sounds from a conceptual point of view. It is seen that this sanctification of the sounds, which has become a necessity of the rituals, is based on which origin and in what places. In the second part, ceremonial practices performed in man-made structures are examined. While the reality of the mentality in religious life in the first part is explained, attention is drawn to its relation with gods and their cults, especially with mystery cults.
Key Words: Sacred Sounds, Ritual Practice, Ancient Greek Religion, Mystery Cults