Arnebia hispidissima roots have been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcers, boils, cuts,... more Arnebia hispidissima roots have been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcers, boils, cuts, heart ailments and headache, fever, tongue and throat troubles. The purpose of this study was to characterize the most potent phytochemicals present in the ethyl acetate extract having anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity using carrageenan and CFA model. The observed results revealed that shikonin isovalerate showed most potent anti-inflammatory effects (60.5%) at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg at 6 h after carrageenan injection. Moreover, the maximum inhibition rate was observed of isovaleryl shikonin (61.2%) at the dose of 10 mg/kg at 8 day after CFA injection. The strong antibacterial activity was showed by shikonin isovalerate at 20 g/ml dose against E. cloacae and ,-dimethylacryl shikonin demonstrated maximum antifungal activity against C. albicans at the dose of > 65 g/ml.
Morinda is a largest genus of Rubiaceae family, and its 11 species are found in India. In India, ... more Morinda is a largest genus of Rubiaceae family, and its 11 species are found in India. In India, plant species are known by several common names as great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry and cheese fruit. Various Morinda products (capsules, tablets, skin products and fruit juices) are available in the market, used by people for treatment of several health complaints. A diversity of phytochemicals including iridoids, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, anthraquinones, coumarins, lignanas, noniosides, phenolics and triterpenoids have been reported from Morinda species. Morinda species are used in the treatment of inflammation, cancer, diabetes, psyquiatric disorders, and bacterial and viral infections. The noni fruit juice (Morinda citrifolia) and its products are used clinically in the treatment of cancer, hypertension and cervical spondylosis affecting patients. M. citrifolia fuit juice, with different doses, is used in the maintaining blood pressure and reducing of superoxides, HDL and LDL levels. Similarly, oligosaccharide capsules and tablets of root extract of M. officinalis are recommended as medicine for the treatment of kidney problems and sexual dysfunctions of patients. The toxicological studies revealed that higher doses of fruit juice (4,000 or 5,000 mg/kg) of M. citrifolia for 2 or more months cause toxic effects on liver and kidneys. M. officinalis root extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) are found fully safe during treatment of diseases. A large number of reviews are available on M. citrifolia but very few studies are conducted on other Indian Morinda species. This review reports the comprehensive knowledge on state‐wise distribution, botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications and toxicological evaluations of 11 species of Morinda found in India.
The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Cryptostegia grandiflora yielded a mixture of phytostero... more The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Cryptostegia grandiflora yielded a mixture of phytosterols and triterpenoids namely lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, friedelin, lupeol, ursolic acid and β-amyrin. The quantification of these phytosterols and triterpenoids was carried out and found that β-sitosterol (0.43±0.000241) was major phytosterol in 6 weeks old callus. In recent years, elicitors are being used for increasing the quantity of medicinally important products so the effect of salicylic acid (abiotic elicitor) and ergosterol (biotic elicitor) in cell cultures was also investigated and observed that the quantity of lupeol was raised (0.11±0.0081) at 0.01 mM concentration of ergosterol as biotic elicitor. The isolated compounds and reference antibiotics were tested against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones (IZ) of isolated compounds were also recorded and the activity index (AI) was calculated. It has been reported that lanosterol was most ...
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are... more The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate -mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terp-enes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
Arnebia hispidissima roots have been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcers, boils, cuts,... more Arnebia hispidissima roots have been used traditionally for the treatment of ulcers, boils, cuts, heart ailments and headache, fever, tongue and throat troubles. The purpose of this study was to characterize the most potent phytochemicals present in the ethyl acetate extract having anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity using carrageenan and CFA model. The observed results revealed that shikonin isovalerate showed most potent anti-inflammatory effects (60.5%) at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg at 6 h after carrageenan injection. Moreover, the maximum inhibition rate was observed of isovaleryl shikonin (61.2%) at the dose of 10 mg/kg at 8 day after CFA injection. The strong antibacterial activity was showed by shikonin isovalerate at 20 g/ml dose against E. cloacae and ,-dimethylacryl shikonin demonstrated maximum antifungal activity against C. albicans at the dose of > 65 g/ml.
Morinda is a largest genus of Rubiaceae family, and its 11 species are found in India. In India, ... more Morinda is a largest genus of Rubiaceae family, and its 11 species are found in India. In India, plant species are known by several common names as great morinda, Indian mulberry, noni, beach mulberry and cheese fruit. Various Morinda products (capsules, tablets, skin products and fruit juices) are available in the market, used by people for treatment of several health complaints. A diversity of phytochemicals including iridoids, flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, anthraquinones, coumarins, lignanas, noniosides, phenolics and triterpenoids have been reported from Morinda species. Morinda species are used in the treatment of inflammation, cancer, diabetes, psyquiatric disorders, and bacterial and viral infections. The noni fruit juice (Morinda citrifolia) and its products are used clinically in the treatment of cancer, hypertension and cervical spondylosis affecting patients. M. citrifolia fuit juice, with different doses, is used in the maintaining blood pressure and reducing of superoxides, HDL and LDL levels. Similarly, oligosaccharide capsules and tablets of root extract of M. officinalis are recommended as medicine for the treatment of kidney problems and sexual dysfunctions of patients. The toxicological studies revealed that higher doses of fruit juice (4,000 or 5,000 mg/kg) of M. citrifolia for 2 or more months cause toxic effects on liver and kidneys. M. officinalis root extracts (ethanolic and aqueous) are found fully safe during treatment of diseases. A large number of reviews are available on M. citrifolia but very few studies are conducted on other Indian Morinda species. This review reports the comprehensive knowledge on state‐wise distribution, botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, clinical applications and toxicological evaluations of 11 species of Morinda found in India.
The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Cryptostegia grandiflora yielded a mixture of phytostero... more The hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of Cryptostegia grandiflora yielded a mixture of phytosterols and triterpenoids namely lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, friedelin, lupeol, ursolic acid and β-amyrin. The quantification of these phytosterols and triterpenoids was carried out and found that β-sitosterol (0.43±0.000241) was major phytosterol in 6 weeks old callus. In recent years, elicitors are being used for increasing the quantity of medicinally important products so the effect of salicylic acid (abiotic elicitor) and ergosterol (biotic elicitor) in cell cultures was also investigated and observed that the quantity of lupeol was raised (0.11±0.0081) at 0.01 mM concentration of ergosterol as biotic elicitor. The isolated compounds and reference antibiotics were tested against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The inhibition zones (IZ) of isolated compounds were also recorded and the activity index (AI) was calculated. It has been reported that lanosterol was most ...
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are... more The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate -mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terp-enes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
Uploads