This paper studied the possibility of extraction and analysis of eleven organic compounds of creo... more This paper studied the possibility of extraction and analysis of eleven organic compounds of creosote type from gritstone, the reprezentative material of the area under study from Great Britain (polluted and abandoned). The extraction was made with a mixture of dichloromethane: acetone, by cryogenic grinding, while the analysis was made by GC/FID and GC/MS. Three levels of pollution were tested for each pollutant, 0.2; 1.0 and 10 ppm. The average extraction output was of 90% while the average CV was of 10%. The analysis lasted for two hours.
High Pressure Chemical Engineering, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on High Pressure Chemical Engineering
ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on a systematic study of mixtures of the hydrocarbon–supercritical ... more ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on a systematic study of mixtures of the hydrocarbon–supercritical carbondioxide type to develop a single all-purpose model for solid–fluid and liquid–fluid equilibria. The chapter describes an “excess function–equation of state” model with an intermolecular interaction parameter. The interaction parameter is correlated with the parameters of interaction between the groups constituting the molecules and the fractions of sites occupied by these groups. The variation of the interaction parameter according to temperature is determined. The model is based on the relation between the excess Helmholtz energy of the mixture and the equations of state of its components. The excess Helmholtz energy is calculated in Guggenheim's quasi-reticular theory. The group contribution method is developed from experimental data concerning solid–fluid and liquid–fluid equilibria for a large number of hydrocarbons. The modelization of solid–fluid equilibria by a predictive method is more difficult because of the structural complexity of compounds of low volatility.
ABSTRACT Characterisation and remediation of contaminated soils are crucial issues in environment... more ABSTRACT Characterisation and remediation of contaminated soils are crucial issues in environmental control. Extraction of pollutants with supercritical fluids is a competitive and viable technique on a laboratory scale and is of great interest for the treatment of contaminated soils in the future. Extraction by supercritical fluids (CO2 or modified CO2) has been carried out on a standard soil (EUROSOIL 1), artificially polluted by organochloride compounds, i.e. pyralene and aldrin. A commercialised extraction apparatus has been used in order to determine the optimal operating conditions for quantitative extraction. A systematic extraction study has been developed and interpreted according to the optimal design method. Several parameters influencing extraction have been identified and studied: pressure, temperature, extraction flow-rate, type of extracting fluid, water content of soil. The percentage recovery has been determined for each experiment. Linear regression of the resulting data has allowed the construction of a recovery response surface, which indicates that high recovery can be obtained over a wide range of extraction conditions.
Contaminated soils are complex matrix, because solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants are generally... more Contaminated soils are complex matrix, because solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants are generally present in this heterogeneous environment. The purpose of this experimental work is to provide practical information about on site analytical methods concerning Organic Volatile Compounds (OVC) from a top soil. This study was financed by the Ministry of the Environment 1. The bibliographic study associated with the on-site experimental work have lead us to define our own protocol about the sampling, the extraction and the analysis methods. The pollutants must be completely extracted and the analysis must be quantitative and qualitative without losses of the organic volatile compounds. The experimental procedure is: 1) -sampling with a stainless steel tube for drilling (sampling feasible down to five meters in deep) and then, storing in a tight vessel. 2) -extraction and analysis by gas phase chromatography with Electron Capture Detector. Extraction was realised with a sonication apparatus and with a freezing and an unfreezing sequences into an organic solvent (toluene), by thermal desorption under a low pressure (0.001 Pa) and by cryo-pumping of pollutants. In the cases mentioned here, the extraction is quantitative (the extraction residue was determined with supercritical CO2) 3) -on-line microsublimation analysis (technic carried out by the Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay) which may be considered like an extraction method using a thermodesorption technique under a low pressure.
Carbon dioxide supercritical extraction is applied to a soil artificially contaminated with biphe... more Carbon dioxide supercritical extraction is applied to a soil artificially contaminated with biphenyl. We studied three aspects of the extraction process in order to control it. An “excess function equation of state” model is used to represent the thermodynamic properties of the binary biphenyl-carbon dioxide mixture. This model allows calculation of solid compound solubility and of liquid-gas equilibrium. The adsorption
Preambule 1 Notion de dechet (origine, nomenclature, aspects qualitatifs et quan-titatifs) ... more Preambule 1 Notion de dechet (origine, nomenclature, aspects qualitatifs et quan-titatifs) 2 Strategies de traitement des dechets 3 Filieres de traitement et impact sur l'environnement 4 Examen des differentes filieres 4.1 Valorisation energetique 4.11 Combustion 4.12 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes mecaniques . 4.13 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes thermiques 4.14 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes biologiques . 4.2 Valorisation sous forme de matieres premieres 4.21 Matieres premieres organiques naturelles et synthetiques 4.22 Matieres premieres minerales metalliques et non metalliques 4.3 Valorisation en sciences des materiaux 4.31 Liants hydrauliques et materiaux de structure 4.32 Verre et ceramiques 4.33 Matieres plastiques et caoutchoucs 4.34 Fibres cellulosiques de recuperation 4.35 Autres materiaux 4.4 Valorisation en agriculture et agro-alimentaire 4.5 Valorisation ...
This paper studied the possibility of extraction and analysis of eleven organic compounds of creo... more This paper studied the possibility of extraction and analysis of eleven organic compounds of creosote type from gritstone, the reprezentative material of the area under study from Great Britain (polluted and abandoned). The extraction was made with a mixture of dichloromethane: acetone, by cryogenic grinding, while the analysis was made by GC/FID and GC/MS. Three levels of pollution were tested for each pollutant, 0.2; 1.0 and 10 ppm. The average extraction output was of 90% while the average CV was of 10%. The analysis lasted for two hours.
High Pressure Chemical Engineering, Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on High Pressure Chemical Engineering
ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on a systematic study of mixtures of the hydrocarbon–supercritical ... more ABSTRACT This chapter focuses on a systematic study of mixtures of the hydrocarbon–supercritical carbondioxide type to develop a single all-purpose model for solid–fluid and liquid–fluid equilibria. The chapter describes an “excess function–equation of state” model with an intermolecular interaction parameter. The interaction parameter is correlated with the parameters of interaction between the groups constituting the molecules and the fractions of sites occupied by these groups. The variation of the interaction parameter according to temperature is determined. The model is based on the relation between the excess Helmholtz energy of the mixture and the equations of state of its components. The excess Helmholtz energy is calculated in Guggenheim's quasi-reticular theory. The group contribution method is developed from experimental data concerning solid–fluid and liquid–fluid equilibria for a large number of hydrocarbons. The modelization of solid–fluid equilibria by a predictive method is more difficult because of the structural complexity of compounds of low volatility.
ABSTRACT Characterisation and remediation of contaminated soils are crucial issues in environment... more ABSTRACT Characterisation and remediation of contaminated soils are crucial issues in environmental control. Extraction of pollutants with supercritical fluids is a competitive and viable technique on a laboratory scale and is of great interest for the treatment of contaminated soils in the future. Extraction by supercritical fluids (CO2 or modified CO2) has been carried out on a standard soil (EUROSOIL 1), artificially polluted by organochloride compounds, i.e. pyralene and aldrin. A commercialised extraction apparatus has been used in order to determine the optimal operating conditions for quantitative extraction. A systematic extraction study has been developed and interpreted according to the optimal design method. Several parameters influencing extraction have been identified and studied: pressure, temperature, extraction flow-rate, type of extracting fluid, water content of soil. The percentage recovery has been determined for each experiment. Linear regression of the resulting data has allowed the construction of a recovery response surface, which indicates that high recovery can be obtained over a wide range of extraction conditions.
Contaminated soils are complex matrix, because solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants are generally... more Contaminated soils are complex matrix, because solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants are generally present in this heterogeneous environment. The purpose of this experimental work is to provide practical information about on site analytical methods concerning Organic Volatile Compounds (OVC) from a top soil. This study was financed by the Ministry of the Environment 1. The bibliographic study associated with the on-site experimental work have lead us to define our own protocol about the sampling, the extraction and the analysis methods. The pollutants must be completely extracted and the analysis must be quantitative and qualitative without losses of the organic volatile compounds. The experimental procedure is: 1) -sampling with a stainless steel tube for drilling (sampling feasible down to five meters in deep) and then, storing in a tight vessel. 2) -extraction and analysis by gas phase chromatography with Electron Capture Detector. Extraction was realised with a sonication apparatus and with a freezing and an unfreezing sequences into an organic solvent (toluene), by thermal desorption under a low pressure (0.001 Pa) and by cryo-pumping of pollutants. In the cases mentioned here, the extraction is quantitative (the extraction residue was determined with supercritical CO2) 3) -on-line microsublimation analysis (technic carried out by the Centre d’Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay) which may be considered like an extraction method using a thermodesorption technique under a low pressure.
Carbon dioxide supercritical extraction is applied to a soil artificially contaminated with biphe... more Carbon dioxide supercritical extraction is applied to a soil artificially contaminated with biphenyl. We studied three aspects of the extraction process in order to control it. An “excess function equation of state” model is used to represent the thermodynamic properties of the binary biphenyl-carbon dioxide mixture. This model allows calculation of solid compound solubility and of liquid-gas equilibrium. The adsorption
Preambule 1 Notion de dechet (origine, nomenclature, aspects qualitatifs et quan-titatifs) ... more Preambule 1 Notion de dechet (origine, nomenclature, aspects qualitatifs et quan-titatifs) 2 Strategies de traitement des dechets 3 Filieres de traitement et impact sur l'environnement 4 Examen des differentes filieres 4.1 Valorisation energetique 4.11 Combustion 4.12 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes mecaniques . 4.13 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes thermiques 4.14 Elaboration de combustibles derives par procedes biologiques . 4.2 Valorisation sous forme de matieres premieres 4.21 Matieres premieres organiques naturelles et synthetiques 4.22 Matieres premieres minerales metalliques et non metalliques 4.3 Valorisation en sciences des materiaux 4.31 Liants hydrauliques et materiaux de structure 4.32 Verre et ceramiques 4.33 Matieres plastiques et caoutchoucs 4.34 Fibres cellulosiques de recuperation 4.35 Autres materiaux 4.4 Valorisation en agriculture et agro-alimentaire 4.5 Valorisation ...
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Papers by Jean-Marie Blanchard