Fractures of the talar neck are rare but serious injuries. They are frequently seen in high-energ... more Fractures of the talar neck are rare but serious injuries. They are frequently seen in high-energy and polytraumatized patients and can evolve to debilitating complications and functional limitations. The vast majority of talar fractures are intra-articular fractures.
Background and Objectives: Idiopathic anterior knee pain is a common condition in adolescents and... more Background and Objectives: Idiopathic anterior knee pain is a common condition in adolescents and is mostly of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the Q-angle and muscle strength on idiopathic anterior knee pain. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one adolescents (41 females and 30 males) diagnosed with anterior knee pain were included in this prospective study. The extensor strength in the knee joint and the Q-angle were monitored. The healthy extremity was used as a control. The Student’s paired sample t-test was applied for testing the difference. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the Q-angle value between the idiopathic AKP and the healthy extremity (p > 0.05) within the entire sample. A statistically significant higher Q-angle of the idiopathic AKP knee (p < 0.05) was obtained in the female subgroup. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in the male...
Introduction/Objective. Gilbert syndrome (GS) is the most common hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. A... more Introduction/Objective. Gilbert syndrome (GS) is the most common hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. As well as mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, it is characterized by the excess of bilirubin monoglucuronide over diglucuronide in the bile and thus increases the risk of biliary calculosis. The aim of the study was to determine the importance of GS as a risk factor in the development of cholelithiasis in children. Methods. The study included a sample of 31 children (14 male and 17 female, mean age 12.16 ? 4.11 years, range 3?16.75 years) with symptomatic cholelithiasis. The diagnosis of cholelithiasis was based on an ultrasonographic finding, and for GS the diagnosis was based on at least a double increase of unconjugated bilirubin fraction after a three-day hypocaloric diet (400 kcal per day). Results. GS was confirmed in five or 16.13% of patients (three male and two female, mean age 14.71 ? 0.55 years, range 14?15.3 years). In addition to GS, in the history of the disease they all ...
Background and Objectives: Excessive use of the knee in patients with immature locomotor systems ... more Background and Objectives: Excessive use of the knee in patients with immature locomotor systems leads to a whole spectrum of morphological changes with possible consequences in adulthood. This study aimed to examine the morphological pattern in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that is associated with recurrent pain due to increased physical activity in children. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted among pediatric patients treated at the University Children’s Hospital in Belgrade in 2018 and 2019. MRI findings of patients who reported recurrent pain in the knee joint during physical activity and who were without any pathological findings on both clinical examination and knee radiographs were included in the study. Results: MRI findings of 168 patients (73 boys and 95 girls, mean age 14.07 ± 3.34 years) were assessed. Meniscus and cartilage lesions were the most commonly detected morphological findings: meniscus lesions in 49.4%, cartilage ruptures in 44.6...
Since rotational motions can "contaminate" translational ground-motion measurements due... more Since rotational motions can "contaminate" translational ground-motion measurements due to the induced perturbation of the Earth's gravitational field, we started a program to measure rotational ground motions near Hualien (Taiwan) in December, 2000. However, no useful data were obtained after 3 years, until a rotational sensor of much higher sensitivity was deployed at the HGSD station in eastern Taiwan in
Background: The forearm is the most common fracture site in childhood, accounting for every fourt... more Background: The forearm is the most common fracture site in childhood, accounting for every fourth pediatric fracture. It is well described that vitamin D is involved in the regulation of bone mineralization and skeletal homeostasis by the regulation of calcium absorption. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on forearm fracture falls in a pediatric population, depending on level of energy impact. Additionally, we also aimed to evaluate the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and other tested risk factors for pediatric fractures. Methods: We evaluated 50 eligible children aged 3 to 12 years with a forearm fracture. According to energy impact, patients were grouped into low-energy fractures (LEF) and high-energy fractures (HEF) groups. The general characteristics of the patients included age, gender, sport participation, and fractured bone and its localization. We analyzed 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium,...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in combination with an Ilizarov external fixation on the healing index (HI) and lengthening index (LI) in the treatment of congenital leg length discrepancies (LLD). This study included 35patients aged from 3.5 to 19 (average age 10.73) who underwent thl egalisation procedure using an Ilizarov external fixator. We compared the duration of the external fixator application, LLD, HI and LI between two groups of children: children in Group I underwent limb lengthening by the conventional llizarov technique using an Ilizarov external fixator alone, and children in Group II underwent a combination of Ilizarov technique and intramedullary alignment with two Kirschner wires, introduced through two mini-incisions. We found significant differences between the two groups of patients for duration of external fixator application and HI. Patients with congeni- tal LLD treated with combined method of trea...
Elbow joint stiffness is a common complication following supracondylar humerus fractures. In pros... more Elbow joint stiffness is a common complication following supracondylar humerus fractures. In prospective study, dynamics of establishing a full range of motion in the elbow joint following the treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures were assessed, together with the effects of physical therapy on improvement in the range of motion. Two groups of patients were observed. Physical therapy was administered to the first group, comprised of 25 patients. The second group, comprised of 28 patients, underwent no physical therapy. In the first few months following treatment, the range of motion was significantly greater in the patients who had undergone physical therapy, but after 12 months, the range of motion was almost equal in the two groups. This study has shown that it takes about 12 months to establish a full range of motion after the injury, and that it is not necessary to apply physical therapy in patients with elbow fractures.
Unicameral bone cyst is a frequent benign lesion of the child’s skeleton of unclear ethopathology... more Unicameral bone cyst is a frequent benign lesion of the child’s skeleton of unclear ethopathology and scarce symptoms.Possible complications and limits in the child’s activities necessitate an active approach to management. Intracystic injection of corticosteroid depot, curettage of the cyst and bone grafting and osteoinduction procedures are three frequently used therapeutic procedures.Having in mind that attitudes regarding initial treatment are still heterogeneous, in period 1992–2001, we have conducted a study aimed at making a comparative analysis of those commonly applied methods of treatment. The prospective randomised study included 37 patients treated with corticosteroid injections, 32 patients treated with curettage and bone grafting and 31 patients treated with osteoinduction procedure.As osteoinductive material we used mixture of demineralised bone matrix powder and autologous bone marrow. Results evaluation was based on criteria designed by Neer,Campannaci and Capanna.M...
1 Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society, Belgrade, Serbia; 2 University Chil... more 1 Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society, Belgrade, Serbia; 2 University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia; 3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia; 4 University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Belgrade, Serbia; 5 Singidunum University, Faculty of Health, Legal and Business Studies, Valjevo, Serbia; 6 Railways of Serbia Institute for Health Care of Workers, Belgrade, Serbia; 7 Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; 8 University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the complications associated with leg len... more The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the complications associated with leg lengthening in children treated with the Ilizarov external fixator (IEF) and compare them between two groups of patients: one group was treated using an IEF alone and the other group was treated using an IEF in association with intramedullary alignment (IA). The study was performed at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia during a fourteen-year period (from 2000 to 2014). Complications occurred in 73 paediatric patients who underwent the leg lengthening procedure. Complications were classified according to the Caton classification and compared between two groups. Group I comprised 39 patients who underwent the limb lengthening procedure using IEF alone. Group II consisted of 34 patients who were treated with the combination of IEF and IA using two Kirschner wires (K-wires) or Titanium Elastic Nails (TEN). The duration of hospital treatment was also compared between the ...
Femoral neck fractures in children are very rare and account for about 1% of all paediatric fract... more Femoral neck fractures in children are very rare and account for about 1% of all paediatric fractures. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the clinical and radiographic outcome in paediatric femoral neck fracture and to review the role of early decompression of the hip in the final outcome. The study was performed at the Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia from January 1996 to January 2010. The study included 28 patients, 12 female and 16 male, aged 4-14 years. Patients who were aged over 14 years or who had pathological femoral neck fractures or metabolic disturbances were excluded from the study. The type of neck fracture was determined according to the Delbet and Colonna classification. The patients were treated using different surgical procedures: closed reduction and cast immobilisation, closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires (K-wires), closed reduction and fixation with cannulated screws and open reduction with Wagner plate stabilisation. The final outcome was evaluated using the clinical outcome (based on the Howorth-Ferguson scale), radiographic outcome and occurrence of complications. The median age of patients included in the study was 10.75 years and the average follow up was 9 years. According to the Delbet classification, there was one patient with type I, eight patients with type II, 16 patients with type III and three patients with type IV femoral neck fracture. Based on the Colonna classification, there were 23 displaced and five non-displaced femoral neck fractures. Decompression of the hip was performed in 21 patients. Avascular necrosis (AVN) developed as the main complication in 11 patients. The final outcome was excellent in 14 patients, good in four patients and poor in 14 patients. Our study unequivocally confirms the positive effect of urgent treatment on the incidence of AVN as well as on the outcome. We have established a 12-hour interval after injury as an optimal time limit for commencing treatment. Unambiguously positive effects of hip decompression on the incidence of AVN were also noted. We found similar efficiency for open and needle hip decompression.
The study aim was to evaluate inflammation markers values (C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocite ... more The study aim was to evaluate inflammation markers values (C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocite sedimentation (ES), White blood cells count (WBC)) in surgically treated pediatric patients with diagnosed developmental displasia of the hip or Perthes disease before and after operation. We have evaluated 43 children (20 patients were with diagnosed unilateral developmental displasia of the hip while 23 had Perthes disease). Blood samples were drown at the admission and 5 days after admission, and further inflammatory parameters were analyzed: ES (mm/hour), CRP (mg/L) and WBC (x1000/mm3) count. Elevated erythrocite sedimentation (ESR) was significantly frequent than elevated CRP (p<0.01) and elevated WBC as well (p<0.01). Values of ESR and WBC do not correlate closely with age (FESR= 1.805; FWBC= 0.130; p>0.05) while CRP values correlate significantly with the age of the patients (FCRP= 4.948; p<0.05). The most frequently isolated marker was ESR (34.88%). The most frequent ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in comb... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in combination with external fixation on the healing index (HI) and lengthening index (LI) in the treatment of congenital and acquired leg length discrepancies (LLD). We compared duration of the external fixator application, LLD, HI and LI between two groups of children: children in Group I underwent limb lengthening by the conventional llizarov technique, and children in Group II underwent a combination of Ilizarov technique and intramedullary alignment with Kirschner wires. Two types of LLDs were treated: congenital and acquired. We found significant differences between the two groups for duration of external fixator application and HI. Significant differences were also noted in the duration of the external fixator application, HI and LI, between patients with congenital and acquired LLDs. We also noted significant differences between Group I and Group II regarding duration of external fixato...
IntroductionIn the literature the best results for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures have... more IntroductionIn the literature the best results for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures have been achieved by closed reduction and wire fixation. However, in these reports the patient group of open reduction and pinning contained the patients who had had previous ineffective closed reduction trials. This retrospective study compared open and closed reduction with pinning, in which the first group of patients
Fractures of the talar neck are rare but serious injuries. They are frequently seen in high-energ... more Fractures of the talar neck are rare but serious injuries. They are frequently seen in high-energy and polytraumatized patients and can evolve to debilitating complications and functional limitations. The vast majority of talar fractures are intra-articular fractures.
Background and Objectives: Idiopathic anterior knee pain is a common condition in adolescents and... more Background and Objectives: Idiopathic anterior knee pain is a common condition in adolescents and is mostly of unknown cause. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the Q-angle and muscle strength on idiopathic anterior knee pain. Materials and Methods: Seventy-one adolescents (41 females and 30 males) diagnosed with anterior knee pain were included in this prospective study. The extensor strength in the knee joint and the Q-angle were monitored. The healthy extremity was used as a control. The Student’s paired sample t-test was applied for testing the difference. Statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the Q-angle value between the idiopathic AKP and the healthy extremity (p > 0.05) within the entire sample. A statistically significant higher Q-angle of the idiopathic AKP knee (p < 0.05) was obtained in the female subgroup. No statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in the male...
Introduction/Objective. Gilbert syndrome (GS) is the most common hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. A... more Introduction/Objective. Gilbert syndrome (GS) is the most common hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. As well as mild unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, it is characterized by the excess of bilirubin monoglucuronide over diglucuronide in the bile and thus increases the risk of biliary calculosis. The aim of the study was to determine the importance of GS as a risk factor in the development of cholelithiasis in children. Methods. The study included a sample of 31 children (14 male and 17 female, mean age 12.16 ? 4.11 years, range 3?16.75 years) with symptomatic cholelithiasis. The diagnosis of cholelithiasis was based on an ultrasonographic finding, and for GS the diagnosis was based on at least a double increase of unconjugated bilirubin fraction after a three-day hypocaloric diet (400 kcal per day). Results. GS was confirmed in five or 16.13% of patients (three male and two female, mean age 14.71 ? 0.55 years, range 14?15.3 years). In addition to GS, in the history of the disease they all ...
Background and Objectives: Excessive use of the knee in patients with immature locomotor systems ... more Background and Objectives: Excessive use of the knee in patients with immature locomotor systems leads to a whole spectrum of morphological changes with possible consequences in adulthood. This study aimed to examine the morphological pattern in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that is associated with recurrent pain due to increased physical activity in children. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted among pediatric patients treated at the University Children’s Hospital in Belgrade in 2018 and 2019. MRI findings of patients who reported recurrent pain in the knee joint during physical activity and who were without any pathological findings on both clinical examination and knee radiographs were included in the study. Results: MRI findings of 168 patients (73 boys and 95 girls, mean age 14.07 ± 3.34 years) were assessed. Meniscus and cartilage lesions were the most commonly detected morphological findings: meniscus lesions in 49.4%, cartilage ruptures in 44.6...
Since rotational motions can "contaminate" translational ground-motion measurements due... more Since rotational motions can "contaminate" translational ground-motion measurements due to the induced perturbation of the Earth's gravitational field, we started a program to measure rotational ground motions near Hualien (Taiwan) in December, 2000. However, no useful data were obtained after 3 years, until a rotational sensor of much higher sensitivity was deployed at the HGSD station in eastern Taiwan in
Background: The forearm is the most common fracture site in childhood, accounting for every fourt... more Background: The forearm is the most common fracture site in childhood, accounting for every fourth pediatric fracture. It is well described that vitamin D is involved in the regulation of bone mineralization and skeletal homeostasis by the regulation of calcium absorption. The aim of our study was to determine the influence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on forearm fracture falls in a pediatric population, depending on level of energy impact. Additionally, we also aimed to evaluate the correlation between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and other tested risk factors for pediatric fractures. Methods: We evaluated 50 eligible children aged 3 to 12 years with a forearm fracture. According to energy impact, patients were grouped into low-energy fractures (LEF) and high-energy fractures (HEF) groups. The general characteristics of the patients included age, gender, sport participation, and fractured bone and its localization. We analyzed 25-hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium,...
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in ... more The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in combination with an Ilizarov external fixation on the healing index (HI) and lengthening index (LI) in the treatment of congenital leg length discrepancies (LLD). This study included 35patients aged from 3.5 to 19 (average age 10.73) who underwent thl egalisation procedure using an Ilizarov external fixator. We compared the duration of the external fixator application, LLD, HI and LI between two groups of children: children in Group I underwent limb lengthening by the conventional llizarov technique using an Ilizarov external fixator alone, and children in Group II underwent a combination of Ilizarov technique and intramedullary alignment with two Kirschner wires, introduced through two mini-incisions. We found significant differences between the two groups of patients for duration of external fixator application and HI. Patients with congeni- tal LLD treated with combined method of trea...
Elbow joint stiffness is a common complication following supracondylar humerus fractures. In pros... more Elbow joint stiffness is a common complication following supracondylar humerus fractures. In prospective study, dynamics of establishing a full range of motion in the elbow joint following the treatment of supracondylar humerus fractures were assessed, together with the effects of physical therapy on improvement in the range of motion. Two groups of patients were observed. Physical therapy was administered to the first group, comprised of 25 patients. The second group, comprised of 28 patients, underwent no physical therapy. In the first few months following treatment, the range of motion was significantly greater in the patients who had undergone physical therapy, but after 12 months, the range of motion was almost equal in the two groups. This study has shown that it takes about 12 months to establish a full range of motion after the injury, and that it is not necessary to apply physical therapy in patients with elbow fractures.
Unicameral bone cyst is a frequent benign lesion of the child’s skeleton of unclear ethopathology... more Unicameral bone cyst is a frequent benign lesion of the child’s skeleton of unclear ethopathology and scarce symptoms.Possible complications and limits in the child’s activities necessitate an active approach to management. Intracystic injection of corticosteroid depot, curettage of the cyst and bone grafting and osteoinduction procedures are three frequently used therapeutic procedures.Having in mind that attitudes regarding initial treatment are still heterogeneous, in period 1992–2001, we have conducted a study aimed at making a comparative analysis of those commonly applied methods of treatment. The prospective randomised study included 37 patients treated with corticosteroid injections, 32 patients treated with curettage and bone grafting and 31 patients treated with osteoinduction procedure.As osteoinductive material we used mixture of demineralised bone matrix powder and autologous bone marrow. Results evaluation was based on criteria designed by Neer,Campannaci and Capanna.M...
1 Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society, Belgrade, Serbia; 2 University Chil... more 1 Academy of Medical Sciences of the Serbian Medical Society, Belgrade, Serbia; 2 University Children’s Hospital, Belgrade, Serbia; 3 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia; 4 University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Clinic for Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Belgrade, Serbia; 5 Singidunum University, Faculty of Health, Legal and Business Studies, Valjevo, Serbia; 6 Railways of Serbia Institute for Health Care of Workers, Belgrade, Serbia; 7 Pediatric Clinic of the Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia; 8 University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kragujevac, Serbia
The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the complications associated with leg len... more The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the complications associated with leg lengthening in children treated with the Ilizarov external fixator (IEF) and compare them between two groups of patients: one group was treated using an IEF alone and the other group was treated using an IEF in association with intramedullary alignment (IA). The study was performed at the University Children's Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia during a fourteen-year period (from 2000 to 2014). Complications occurred in 73 paediatric patients who underwent the leg lengthening procedure. Complications were classified according to the Caton classification and compared between two groups. Group I comprised 39 patients who underwent the limb lengthening procedure using IEF alone. Group II consisted of 34 patients who were treated with the combination of IEF and IA using two Kirschner wires (K-wires) or Titanium Elastic Nails (TEN). The duration of hospital treatment was also compared between the ...
Femoral neck fractures in children are very rare and account for about 1% of all paediatric fract... more Femoral neck fractures in children are very rare and account for about 1% of all paediatric fractures. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the clinical and radiographic outcome in paediatric femoral neck fracture and to review the role of early decompression of the hip in the final outcome. The study was performed at the Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Children&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s Hospital in Belgrade, Serbia from January 1996 to January 2010. The study included 28 patients, 12 female and 16 male, aged 4-14 years. Patients who were aged over 14 years or who had pathological femoral neck fractures or metabolic disturbances were excluded from the study. The type of neck fracture was determined according to the Delbet and Colonna classification. The patients were treated using different surgical procedures: closed reduction and cast immobilisation, closed reduction and percutaneous fixation with Kirschner wires (K-wires), closed reduction and fixation with cannulated screws and open reduction with Wagner plate stabilisation. The final outcome was evaluated using the clinical outcome (based on the Howorth-Ferguson scale), radiographic outcome and occurrence of complications. The median age of patients included in the study was 10.75 years and the average follow up was 9 years. According to the Delbet classification, there was one patient with type I, eight patients with type II, 16 patients with type III and three patients with type IV femoral neck fracture. Based on the Colonna classification, there were 23 displaced and five non-displaced femoral neck fractures. Decompression of the hip was performed in 21 patients. Avascular necrosis (AVN) developed as the main complication in 11 patients. The final outcome was excellent in 14 patients, good in four patients and poor in 14 patients. Our study unequivocally confirms the positive effect of urgent treatment on the incidence of AVN as well as on the outcome. We have established a 12-hour interval after injury as an optimal time limit for commencing treatment. Unambiguously positive effects of hip decompression on the incidence of AVN were also noted. We found similar efficiency for open and needle hip decompression.
The study aim was to evaluate inflammation markers values (C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocite ... more The study aim was to evaluate inflammation markers values (C-reactive protein (CRP), Erythrocite sedimentation (ES), White blood cells count (WBC)) in surgically treated pediatric patients with diagnosed developmental displasia of the hip or Perthes disease before and after operation. We have evaluated 43 children (20 patients were with diagnosed unilateral developmental displasia of the hip while 23 had Perthes disease). Blood samples were drown at the admission and 5 days after admission, and further inflammatory parameters were analyzed: ES (mm/hour), CRP (mg/L) and WBC (x1000/mm3) count. Elevated erythrocite sedimentation (ESR) was significantly frequent than elevated CRP (p<0.01) and elevated WBC as well (p<0.01). Values of ESR and WBC do not correlate closely with age (FESR= 1.805; FWBC= 0.130; p>0.05) while CRP values correlate significantly with the age of the patients (FCRP= 4.948; p<0.05). The most frequently isolated marker was ESR (34.88%). The most frequent ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in comb... more The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of intramedullary (IM) alignment used in combination with external fixation on the healing index (HI) and lengthening index (LI) in the treatment of congenital and acquired leg length discrepancies (LLD). We compared duration of the external fixator application, LLD, HI and LI between two groups of children: children in Group I underwent limb lengthening by the conventional llizarov technique, and children in Group II underwent a combination of Ilizarov technique and intramedullary alignment with Kirschner wires. Two types of LLDs were treated: congenital and acquired. We found significant differences between the two groups for duration of external fixator application and HI. Significant differences were also noted in the duration of the external fixator application, HI and LI, between patients with congenital and acquired LLDs. We also noted significant differences between Group I and Group II regarding duration of external fixato...
IntroductionIn the literature the best results for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures have... more IntroductionIn the literature the best results for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures have been achieved by closed reduction and wire fixation. However, in these reports the patient group of open reduction and pinning contained the patients who had had previous ineffective closed reduction trials. This retrospective study compared open and closed reduction with pinning, in which the first group of patients
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