Dengue is currently one of the most important arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living ... more Dengue is currently one of the most important arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living in areas of risk and many millions of cases occurring each year. A prospective study was carried out in survey of container breeding mosquito larvae and identifying the dengue vector (Aedes species) distributed throughout Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu, India. Aedes mosquito larvae were collected randomly during September 2012 to March 2013 from different natural and artificial containers and the water container index (CI) was calculated. Totally 118 water containers were inspected, among which 38 containers were recorded as positive for dengue vector. The collected larvae were raised to adults for identification. The dengue vector survey reveals the presence of two dominant mosquito species namely Aedes aegypti (45%) and Aedes vittatus (45%). Our study concludes that the Aedes aegypti and Aedes vittatus was most predominant container breeding mosquito in Tiruchirappalli district. T...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in many parts of India including the state of West Bengal. ... more Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in many parts of India including the state of West Bengal. In West Bengal, the first major outbreaks of JE occurred in the districts of Bankura and Burdwan in 1973. The Culex vishnui subgroup of mosquitoes has been implicated as major vectors of JE. However in India, JE virus (JEV) has been isolated from 16 species of mosquitoes. During September 2011, JE cases were reported from four districts -Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Dinajpur and Cooch Behar of West Bengal (North). Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified, pooled and screened for JEV using antigen capture ELISA. Out of 279 mosquito pools tested, one pool of Cx. pseudovishnui and three pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus were found positive for JEV. The ELISA positive pools were further confirmed as JEV by insect bioassay (Toxo-IFA). Two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus were confirmed as JEV. This represents the first report of JEV isolation from Cx. quinquefasciatus in West Bengal.
The genus Toxorhynchites (Tribe Toxorhynchitini), comprising 89 species worldwide which are organ... more The genus Toxorhynchites (Tribe Toxorhynchitini), comprising 89 species worldwide which are organized under four subgenera (Afrorhynchus, 19 species; Ankylorhynchus, 4 species; Lynchiella, 16 species and Toxorhynchites, 50 species), is characterized by mosquitoes that do not feed on blood; instead they subsist on variety of plant juices and have their mouth parts commensurately designed. Globally there are about 3,543 species of mosquitoes (Family: Culicidae), of which nearly 3,061 species are culicines under Subfamily Culicinae that is further divided into eleven tribes one of which is Toxorhynchitini Lahille, 1904, represented by a solitary genus Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901. Species of the subgenus Toxorhynchites alone are prevalent in the southeastern Asian countries (Indonesia, 12 species; India, 9 species; Thailand, 8 species; Bangladesh, 2 species; Sri Lanka, 2 species; DPR Korea, 1 species; Myanmar, 1 species; and Nepal, 1 species). A taxonomic comparison is made amongst al...
Aim: The study was designed to identify putative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) receptor/s on C6/36 ce... more Aim: The study was designed to identify putative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) receptor/s on C6/36 cells that facilitate viral entry. Methods: The virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) was adopted to identify CHIKV-interacting bands present in C6/36 cell membrane and identity of the protein was established by mass spectrometry. The role of this protein as a putative CHIKV receptor on C6/36 cells was confirmed by infection inhibition assay. Cell surface localization of the identified protein was studied by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on nonpermeabilized cells and by flow cytometry. Interaction between this protein and CHIKV was confirmed by co-immunoprecipation (Co-IP) and Western blotting. The effect of depletion of the identified protein by quercetin was demonstrated by infection inhibition assay. Results: A 70-kDa protein was identified as a CHIKV-interacting protein by VOPBA. MALDI-TOF analysis followed by homology search revealed that this protein could be heat sho...
Dengue is emerging as a serious global health problem. Estimating the economic burden of dengue i... more Dengue is emerging as a serious global health problem. Estimating the economic burden of dengue is crucial to inform policy-makers of the disease's societal impact and may assist in implementing appropriate control strategies. However, developing such studies is ...
Of all the kinds of mosquito-borne viral encephalitides, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most i... more Of all the kinds of mosquito-borne viral encephalitides, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important viral infection as it causes irreversible neuropsychiatric sequelae in the paediatric population mostly below 15 years of age. The disease, caused by a flavivirus, the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), is transmitted by an array of more than a dozen species of mosquitoes, mainly belonging to Culex vishnui subgroup comprising Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. vishnui, all of these prefer breeding in flooded rice fields. The JE virus prevalent in most Asian countries including India, is highly endemic to southern states particularly Tamil Nadu. The JE infection has been endemic to Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu for several decades in past. Although much information is available on biology and ecology of the principal vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, absolutely nothing is known as to its critical density (CD) and vectorial capacity (VC) which are the basic requ...
In the ongoing fight against vectors of human diseases, disease endemic countries (DECs) may soon... more In the ongoing fight against vectors of human diseases, disease endemic countries (DECs) may soon benefit from innova- tive control strategies involving modified insect vectors. For instance, three promising methods (viz. RIDL® (Release of Insects with a Dominant Lethal), Wolbachia infection, and refractory mosquito technology) are being developed by researchers around the world to combat Aedes aegypti, the primary mosquito vector of viral fevers such as dengue (serotypes 1-4), chikungunya and yellow fever. Some of these techniques are already being extended to other vectors such as Aedes albopictus (the secondary vector of these diseases) and Anopheles mosquito species that transmit malaria. To enable DECs to take advantage of these promising methods, initiatives are underway that relate to biosafety, risk assessment and management, and ethical-social-cultural (ESC) aspects to consider prior to and during the possible deployment of these technologies as part of an integrated vector control programme. This is a brief overview of the objectives and timelines of some of the initiatives being championed by international institutions, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Grand Challenges in Global Health (GCGH) initiative co-sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Dengue is currently one of the most important arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living ... more Dengue is currently one of the most important arboviral diseases, with 2.5 billion people living in areas of risk and many millions of cases occurring each year. A prospective study was carried out in survey of container breeding mosquito larvae and identifying the dengue vector (Aedes species) distributed throughout Tiruchirappalli district, Tamilnadu, India. Aedes mosquito larvae were collected randomly during September 2012 to March 2013 from different natural and artificial containers and the water container index (CI) was calculated. Totally 118 water containers were inspected, among which 38 containers were recorded as positive for dengue vector. The collected larvae were raised to adults for identification. The dengue vector survey reveals the presence of two dominant mosquito species namely Aedes aegypti (45%) and Aedes vittatus (45%). Our study concludes that the Aedes aegypti and Aedes vittatus was most predominant container breeding mosquito in Tiruchirappalli district. T...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in many parts of India including the state of West Bengal. ... more Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in many parts of India including the state of West Bengal. In West Bengal, the first major outbreaks of JE occurred in the districts of Bankura and Burdwan in 1973. The Culex vishnui subgroup of mosquitoes has been implicated as major vectors of JE. However in India, JE virus (JEV) has been isolated from 16 species of mosquitoes. During September 2011, JE cases were reported from four districts -Jalpaiguri, Darjeeling, Dinajpur and Cooch Behar of West Bengal (North). Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified, pooled and screened for JEV using antigen capture ELISA. Out of 279 mosquito pools tested, one pool of Cx. pseudovishnui and three pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus were found positive for JEV. The ELISA positive pools were further confirmed as JEV by insect bioassay (Toxo-IFA). Two pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus were confirmed as JEV. This represents the first report of JEV isolation from Cx. quinquefasciatus in West Bengal.
The genus Toxorhynchites (Tribe Toxorhynchitini), comprising 89 species worldwide which are organ... more The genus Toxorhynchites (Tribe Toxorhynchitini), comprising 89 species worldwide which are organized under four subgenera (Afrorhynchus, 19 species; Ankylorhynchus, 4 species; Lynchiella, 16 species and Toxorhynchites, 50 species), is characterized by mosquitoes that do not feed on blood; instead they subsist on variety of plant juices and have their mouth parts commensurately designed. Globally there are about 3,543 species of mosquitoes (Family: Culicidae), of which nearly 3,061 species are culicines under Subfamily Culicinae that is further divided into eleven tribes one of which is Toxorhynchitini Lahille, 1904, represented by a solitary genus Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901. Species of the subgenus Toxorhynchites alone are prevalent in the southeastern Asian countries (Indonesia, 12 species; India, 9 species; Thailand, 8 species; Bangladesh, 2 species; Sri Lanka, 2 species; DPR Korea, 1 species; Myanmar, 1 species; and Nepal, 1 species). A taxonomic comparison is made amongst al...
Aim: The study was designed to identify putative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) receptor/s on C6/36 ce... more Aim: The study was designed to identify putative Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) receptor/s on C6/36 cells that facilitate viral entry. Methods: The virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) was adopted to identify CHIKV-interacting bands present in C6/36 cell membrane and identity of the protein was established by mass spectrometry. The role of this protein as a putative CHIKV receptor on C6/36 cells was confirmed by infection inhibition assay. Cell surface localization of the identified protein was studied by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) on nonpermeabilized cells and by flow cytometry. Interaction between this protein and CHIKV was confirmed by co-immunoprecipation (Co-IP) and Western blotting. The effect of depletion of the identified protein by quercetin was demonstrated by infection inhibition assay. Results: A 70-kDa protein was identified as a CHIKV-interacting protein by VOPBA. MALDI-TOF analysis followed by homology search revealed that this protein could be heat sho...
Dengue is emerging as a serious global health problem. Estimating the economic burden of dengue i... more Dengue is emerging as a serious global health problem. Estimating the economic burden of dengue is crucial to inform policy-makers of the disease's societal impact and may assist in implementing appropriate control strategies. However, developing such studies is ...
Of all the kinds of mosquito-borne viral encephalitides, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most i... more Of all the kinds of mosquito-borne viral encephalitides, Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important viral infection as it causes irreversible neuropsychiatric sequelae in the paediatric population mostly below 15 years of age. The disease, caused by a flavivirus, the Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), is transmitted by an array of more than a dozen species of mosquitoes, mainly belonging to Culex vishnui subgroup comprising Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. vishnui, all of these prefer breeding in flooded rice fields. The JE virus prevalent in most Asian countries including India, is highly endemic to southern states particularly Tamil Nadu. The JE infection has been endemic to Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu for several decades in past. Although much information is available on biology and ecology of the principal vector, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, absolutely nothing is known as to its critical density (CD) and vectorial capacity (VC) which are the basic requ...
In the ongoing fight against vectors of human diseases, disease endemic countries (DECs) may soon... more In the ongoing fight against vectors of human diseases, disease endemic countries (DECs) may soon benefit from innova- tive control strategies involving modified insect vectors. For instance, three promising methods (viz. RIDL® (Release of Insects with a Dominant Lethal), Wolbachia infection, and refractory mosquito technology) are being developed by researchers around the world to combat Aedes aegypti, the primary mosquito vector of viral fevers such as dengue (serotypes 1-4), chikungunya and yellow fever. Some of these techniques are already being extended to other vectors such as Aedes albopictus (the secondary vector of these diseases) and Anopheles mosquito species that transmit malaria. To enable DECs to take advantage of these promising methods, initiatives are underway that relate to biosafety, risk assessment and management, and ethical-social-cultural (ESC) aspects to consider prior to and during the possible deployment of these technologies as part of an integrated vector control programme. This is a brief overview of the objectives and timelines of some of the initiatives being championed by international institutions, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Grand Challenges in Global Health (GCGH) initiative co-sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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