Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 2019
The herd prevalence of BTB in cattle in Tanzania ranges from 0.2 to 13.2%, and M. bovis has also ... more The herd prevalence of BTB in cattle in Tanzania ranges from 0.2 to 13.2%, and M. bovis has also been isolated from a range of wildlife species and from humans. Despite the apparent current low prevalence of M. bovis in cattle in the country, there are known foci of infection and a large variety of M. bovis strains circulating in the population. This large variety of strains is assumed to be the consequence of the extensive and unrestricted traditional pastoral migratory movement of cattle in rural areas and, more recently, the establishment of M. bovis-infected wildlife reservoirs. Hitherto, the control and eradication of BTB infection in Tanzania have been impeded by the complexity of the traditional husbandry practices and the lack of application of the test-and-slaughter policy as the disease is considered to have little impact on livestock economics in Tanzania. However, because of its BTB-positive status, the country is subject to the international restrictions on trade with M. bovis-infected animals and animal products, and this has a negative impact on potential income from this source. In addition, given the zoonotic implications of BTB for people who are exposed to the infection, critical assessment of the situation is required, and the current policies governing the control of the diseases should be reassessed.
Tanzania launched its first National Action Plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2017 ... more Tanzania launched its first National Action Plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2017 to reduce the burden of AMR in the country and contribute to the global response. We aimed to analyze the implementation of the NAP on AMR in Tanzania using the governance framework. In-depth interviews were conducted with human and animal health practitioners and national-level policy actors. We adapted Chua’s AMR governance framework to analyze the development and implementation of the NAP in Tanzania. Implementation of the NAP has realized several achievements, including: (i) the establishment of a functioning Multi-Sectoral Coordinating Committee for coordinating the implementation of AMR activities; (ii) existence of governance structure; (iii) establishment of human and animal surveillance sites; (iv) creation of AMR awareness in the community and (v) availability of guidelines at the health facility level to ensure AMR stewardship. However, some dimensions of the governance areas,...
Background The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to dise... more Background The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-re...
Background One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple discipli... more Background One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing proximity between humans, livestock, and wildlife, and its role in the transmission dynamics of mycobacterial infections, necessitates an OH approach in the surveillance of zoonotic diseases. The challenge remains as humans, livestock, and wildlife share resources and interact at various interfaces. Therefore, this review explores the potential of the OH approach to understand the impact of mycobacterial infections in Tanzania in terms of lessons learnt and future perspectives. Materials and methods Available literature on OH and mycobacterial infections in Tanzania was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles on mycobacterial infections in Tanzania, published between 1997 to 2017, were retrieved to explore the information on OH and mycobacterial infections. Main body The studies...
In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, where wildlife and livestock interaction is ... more In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, where wildlife and livestock interaction is intense, greater potential for intra- and interspecies disease transmission is expected. We assessed the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) residing on the valley floor of the crater in the NCA. Apparently healthy animals were randomly selected from herds in nine sites of the Ngorongoro Crater. Syncerus caffer buffalo herds were located using very high-frequency radio-aided rangers positioned in various observation points around the crater in the NCA. A total of 102 African buffalo from 16 herds were immobilized from the ground using a cocktail of 4-10 mg etorphine hydrochloride (M99) and 60-150 mg azaperone tartrate. The M99 was reversed using 10-25 mg diprenorphine hydrochloride depending on age of animals. An interferon gamma assay was performed on harvested plasma samples using sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 102 animals sampled,...
The aim of this study was to assess and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) ge... more The aim of this study was to assess and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotypic diversity in Tanzania, as well as in neighbouring East and other several African countries. We used spoligotyping to identify a total of 293 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates (one isolate per patient) collected in the Bunda, Dar es Salaam, Ngorongoro and Serengeti areas in Tanzania. The results were compared with results in the SITVIT2 international database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. Genotyping and phylogeographical analyses highlighted the predominance of the CAS, T, EAI, and LAM MTBC lineages in Tanzania. The three most frequent Spoligotype International Types (SITs) were: SIT21/CAS1-Kili (n = 76; 25.94%), SIT59/LAM11-ZWE (n = 22; 7.51%), and SIT126/EAI5 tentatively reclassified as EAI3-TZA (n = 18; 6.14%). Furthermore, three SITs were newly created in this study (SIT4056/EAI5 n = 2, SIT4057/T1 n = 1, and SIT4058/EAI5 n = 1). We noted that the East-African-Indian ...
Hyaluronidase (hyalase) has been routinely incorporated with etorphine HCl (M99) during immobiliz... more Hyaluronidase (hyalase) has been routinely incorporated with etorphine HCl (M99) during immobilization of herbivores particularly those with thick skin to enhance drug absorption and decrease the induction time. This study evaluated retrospectively the usefulness of hyalase for immobilizing African elephants. Two protocols, one containing M99 (mean total dose 12.8±2.26mg; range 10-15mg) and hyalase (total dose 2500IU) and another M99 alone (mean total dose 12.7±1.84mg; range 10-15mg) were evaluated for first immobilization signs and induction time. Each treatment group consisted of twenty health adult elephants with equal sexes. Results showed the mean induction time were shorter in females than males immobilized using M99 mixed with hyalase or M99 alone but not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the mean time for the two parameters in the two treatment groups regardless of sex were not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test 184.0; p=0.66). Irrespective of the...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tu... more For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis has remained a global health problem. The global burden of tuberculosis has increased, particularly in the Southern African region, mainly due to HIV, and inadequate health systems which has in turn given rise to emergent drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has also emerged as a significant disease with the tendency for inter-species spread. The extent of interspecies BTB transmission both in urban and rural communities has not been adequately assessed. The phenomenon is of particular importance in rural communities where people share habitats with livestock and wildlife (particularly in areas near national parks and game reserves). Aerosol and oral intake are the major routes of transmission from diseased to healthy individuals, with health care workers often contracting infection nosocomially. Although TB control has increasingly been achieved...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-... more Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-income countries, of which 7% is attributable to zoonoses and 13% to recently emerging diseases from animals. One of the strategic approaches for effective surveillance, monitoring and control of infectious diseases compromising health in both humans and animals could be through a combination of multiple disciplines. The approach can be achieved through a joint effort from stakeholders comprising health professionals (medical and veterinary), social, economic, agricultural, environmental and other interested parties. With resource scarcity in terms of number of staff, skills and facility in low-income countries, participatory multi- sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches in limiting the burden of zoonotic diseases could be worthwhile. We review challenging issues that may limit the ‘One Health’ approach for infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania with a focus on Health Policy and...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little ha... more Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little has been done regarding the zoonotic importance of the disease and raising awareness of the community to prevent the disease. Bovine tuberculosis is a potential zoonotic disease that can infect a variety of hosts, including humans. The presence of multiple hosts including wild animals, inefficient diagnostic techniques, absence of defined national controls and eradication programs could impede the control of bovine TB. In Tanzania, the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in animals is mostly carried out by tuberculin skin testing, meat inspection in abattoirs and only rarely using bacteriological techniques. The estimated prevalence of BTB in animals in Tanzania varies and ranges across regions from 0.2% to 13.3%, which is likely to be an underestimate if not confirmed by bacteriology or molecular techniques. Mycobacterium bovis has been detected and isolated from different animal species and...
Tuberculosis in Animals: An African Perspective, 2019
The herd prevalence of BTB in cattle in Tanzania ranges from 0.2 to 13.2%, and M. bovis has also ... more The herd prevalence of BTB in cattle in Tanzania ranges from 0.2 to 13.2%, and M. bovis has also been isolated from a range of wildlife species and from humans. Despite the apparent current low prevalence of M. bovis in cattle in the country, there are known foci of infection and a large variety of M. bovis strains circulating in the population. This large variety of strains is assumed to be the consequence of the extensive and unrestricted traditional pastoral migratory movement of cattle in rural areas and, more recently, the establishment of M. bovis-infected wildlife reservoirs. Hitherto, the control and eradication of BTB infection in Tanzania have been impeded by the complexity of the traditional husbandry practices and the lack of application of the test-and-slaughter policy as the disease is considered to have little impact on livestock economics in Tanzania. However, because of its BTB-positive status, the country is subject to the international restrictions on trade with M. bovis-infected animals and animal products, and this has a negative impact on potential income from this source. In addition, given the zoonotic implications of BTB for people who are exposed to the infection, critical assessment of the situation is required, and the current policies governing the control of the diseases should be reassessed.
Tanzania launched its first National Action Plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2017 ... more Tanzania launched its first National Action Plan (NAP) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in 2017 to reduce the burden of AMR in the country and contribute to the global response. We aimed to analyze the implementation of the NAP on AMR in Tanzania using the governance framework. In-depth interviews were conducted with human and animal health practitioners and national-level policy actors. We adapted Chua’s AMR governance framework to analyze the development and implementation of the NAP in Tanzania. Implementation of the NAP has realized several achievements, including: (i) the establishment of a functioning Multi-Sectoral Coordinating Committee for coordinating the implementation of AMR activities; (ii) existence of governance structure; (iii) establishment of human and animal surveillance sites; (iv) creation of AMR awareness in the community and (v) availability of guidelines at the health facility level to ensure AMR stewardship. However, some dimensions of the governance areas,...
Background The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to dise... more Background The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) present a challenge to disease control in East Africa. Resistance to beta-lactams, which are by far the most used antibiotics worldwide and include the penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams and carbapenems, is reducing options for effective control of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The World Health Organization, Food and Agricultural Organization and the World Organization for Animal Health have all advocated surveillance of AMR using an integrated One Health approach. Regional consortia also have strengthened collaboration to address the AMR problem through surveillance, training and research in a holistic and multisectoral approach. This review paper contains collective information on risk factors for transmission, clinical relevance and diversity of resistance genes relating to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and Methicillin-re...
Background One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple discipli... more Background One Health (OH) is an integrated approach, formed inclusive of using multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for humans, animals, and the environment. The increasing proximity between humans, livestock, and wildlife, and its role in the transmission dynamics of mycobacterial infections, necessitates an OH approach in the surveillance of zoonotic diseases. The challenge remains as humans, livestock, and wildlife share resources and interact at various interfaces. Therefore, this review explores the potential of the OH approach to understand the impact of mycobacterial infections in Tanzania in terms of lessons learnt and future perspectives. Materials and methods Available literature on OH and mycobacterial infections in Tanzania was searched in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Articles on mycobacterial infections in Tanzania, published between 1997 to 2017, were retrieved to explore the information on OH and mycobacterial infections. Main body The studies...
In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, where wildlife and livestock interaction is ... more In the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania, where wildlife and livestock interaction is intense, greater potential for intra- and interspecies disease transmission is expected. We assessed the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) residing on the valley floor of the crater in the NCA. Apparently healthy animals were randomly selected from herds in nine sites of the Ngorongoro Crater. Syncerus caffer buffalo herds were located using very high-frequency radio-aided rangers positioned in various observation points around the crater in the NCA. A total of 102 African buffalo from 16 herds were immobilized from the ground using a cocktail of 4-10 mg etorphine hydrochloride (M99) and 60-150 mg azaperone tartrate. The M99 was reversed using 10-25 mg diprenorphine hydrochloride depending on age of animals. An interferon gamma assay was performed on harvested plasma samples using sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 102 animals sampled,...
The aim of this study was to assess and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) ge... more The aim of this study was to assess and characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) genotypic diversity in Tanzania, as well as in neighbouring East and other several African countries. We used spoligotyping to identify a total of 293 M. tuberculosis clinical isolates (one isolate per patient) collected in the Bunda, Dar es Salaam, Ngorongoro and Serengeti areas in Tanzania. The results were compared with results in the SITVIT2 international database of the Pasteur Institute of Guadeloupe. Genotyping and phylogeographical analyses highlighted the predominance of the CAS, T, EAI, and LAM MTBC lineages in Tanzania. The three most frequent Spoligotype International Types (SITs) were: SIT21/CAS1-Kili (n = 76; 25.94%), SIT59/LAM11-ZWE (n = 22; 7.51%), and SIT126/EAI5 tentatively reclassified as EAI3-TZA (n = 18; 6.14%). Furthermore, three SITs were newly created in this study (SIT4056/EAI5 n = 2, SIT4057/T1 n = 1, and SIT4058/EAI5 n = 1). We noted that the East-African-Indian ...
Hyaluronidase (hyalase) has been routinely incorporated with etorphine HCl (M99) during immobiliz... more Hyaluronidase (hyalase) has been routinely incorporated with etorphine HCl (M99) during immobilization of herbivores particularly those with thick skin to enhance drug absorption and decrease the induction time. This study evaluated retrospectively the usefulness of hyalase for immobilizing African elephants. Two protocols, one containing M99 (mean total dose 12.8±2.26mg; range 10-15mg) and hyalase (total dose 2500IU) and another M99 alone (mean total dose 12.7±1.84mg; range 10-15mg) were evaluated for first immobilization signs and induction time. Each treatment group consisted of twenty health adult elephants with equal sexes. Results showed the mean induction time were shorter in females than males immobilized using M99 mixed with hyalase or M99 alone but not statistically significant (P>0.05). Similarly, the mean time for the two parameters in the two treatment groups regardless of sex were not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U test 184.0; p=0.66). Irrespective of the...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tu... more For centuries, tuberculosis, which is a chronic infection caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis has remained a global health problem. The global burden of tuberculosis has increased, particularly in the Southern African region, mainly due to HIV, and inadequate health systems which has in turn given rise to emergent drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) strains. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has also emerged as a significant disease with the tendency for inter-species spread. The extent of interspecies BTB transmission both in urban and rural communities has not been adequately assessed. The phenomenon is of particular importance in rural communities where people share habitats with livestock and wildlife (particularly in areas near national parks and game reserves). Aerosol and oral intake are the major routes of transmission from diseased to healthy individuals, with health care workers often contracting infection nosocomially. Although TB control has increasingly been achieved...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-... more Infectious diseases account for nearly 40% of the burden of human mortality and morbidity in low-income countries, of which 7% is attributable to zoonoses and 13% to recently emerging diseases from animals. One of the strategic approaches for effective surveillance, monitoring and control of infectious diseases compromising health in both humans and animals could be through a combination of multiple disciplines. The approach can be achieved through a joint effort from stakeholders comprising health professionals (medical and veterinary), social, economic, agricultural, environmental and other interested parties. With resource scarcity in terms of number of staff, skills and facility in low-income countries, participatory multi- sectoral and multidisciplinary approaches in limiting the burden of zoonotic diseases could be worthwhile. We review challenging issues that may limit the ‘One Health’ approach for infectious diseases surveillance in Tanzania with a focus on Health Policy and...
Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2012
Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little ha... more Despite the apparent public health concern about Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) in Tanzania, little has been done regarding the zoonotic importance of the disease and raising awareness of the community to prevent the disease. Bovine tuberculosis is a potential zoonotic disease that can infect a variety of hosts, including humans. The presence of multiple hosts including wild animals, inefficient diagnostic techniques, absence of defined national controls and eradication programs could impede the control of bovine TB. In Tanzania, the diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in animals is mostly carried out by tuberculin skin testing, meat inspection in abattoirs and only rarely using bacteriological techniques. The estimated prevalence of BTB in animals in Tanzania varies and ranges across regions from 0.2% to 13.3%, which is likely to be an underestimate if not confirmed by bacteriology or molecular techniques. Mycobacterium bovis has been detected and isolated from different animal species and...
Uploads
Papers by Bugwesa Katale