The low temperature (LT) conditions that prevail during winter in subtropical regions of India dr... more The low temperature (LT) conditions that prevail during winter in subtropical regions of India drastically affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. To identify low-temperature-tolerant agronomical acceptable genotypes for immediate deployment as donor parents in the subtropical sugarcane breeding program, 34 sugarcane clones belonging to 7 genetically diverse groups were evaluated under three crop environments, viz., spring planting, winter ratoon and spring ratoon, during 2015–2016 and 2016–2017. In the winter ratoon crop, commercial cane sugar and cane yield were reduced, whereas sucrose % was increased over the spring planted crop and the spring ratoon crop. The wild species and introgressed hybrid groups showed improvement for yield and quality traits in the winter ratoon crop, whereas commercial and near commercial groups showed reduction for these traits over the plant and spring ratoon crops. The tropical cultivars group was the poorest performer irrespective of the traits a...
846-851In the present study attempts have been made to characterize urease expression in slow gro... more 846-851In the present study attempts have been made to characterize urease expression in slow growing Bradyrhizobium strains TAL442 and MO5 which are endosymbionts of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek). It was found that urease activity in vegetative cells of both the strains was inducible unlike their fast growing counterparts. Mode of regulation in TAL442 was governed by presence of ammonia. Urease expression was also detectable in bacteroids of both the strains which was not influenced by presence of external nickel chloride in high concentration, a situation detrimental to the vegetative cells
249-255<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="&qu... more 249-255<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">The cytoplasmic and nuclear genomic diversity in commercially cultivated sugarcane varieties over the world is derived from few basic species clones of Saccharum complex. To impart new cytoplasmic and nuclear genome in sugarcane hybrids, untapped wild species of S. spontaneum (S), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Erianthus arundinaceus (E) and E. bengalense (Eb) were utilized to produce E. arundinaceus × S. spontaneum (ES), S. spontaneum × E. arundinaceus (SE) and S. spontaneum × E. benglense (SEb) hybrids (H). These resulting hybrids were repeatedly used as pistil parent and crossed with commercial sug...
Sugarcane Biotechnology: Challenges and Prospects, 2017
Sugarcane is a C4 grass grown in tropical and subtropical regions, cultivated in 22 million hecta... more Sugarcane is a C4 grass grown in tropical and subtropical regions, cultivated in 22 million hectares in more than 100 countries (FAOSTAT 2008, http://faostatfaoorg/defaultaspx). Major sugar requirement of the world is met by sugarcane. It contributes almost 75% of total sugar produced from all the sugar crops. Sugarcane is also used for generation of biofuel and bagasse as lignocellulosic raw material for paper industries. Sucrose content and cane weight are the key traits determining the income of sugarcane farmers and industries. In general, sugarcane varieties in cultivation are capable to accumulate higher sucrose in the stems to levels more than 50% of the stem dry weight. Ability of sugarcane to produce and store higher concentration of sucrose in the mature internodes has made the crop more suitable for commercial sucrose extraction. In this chapter, we reviewed the work carried out by various sugarcane researchers around the world on sugarcane biotechnology in relation to sucrose enhancement using various molecular approaches and technologies.
Erianthus arundinaceus [Retzius] Jeswiet, a wild relative of sugarcane has a high biomass product... more Erianthus arundinaceus [Retzius] Jeswiet, a wild relative of sugarcane has a high biomass production potential and a reservoir of many genes for superior agronomic traits and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A comparative physiological, anatomical and root transcriptome analysis were carried out to identify the salt-responsive genes and metabolic pathways associated with salt-tolerant E. arundinaceus genotype IND99-907 and salinity-sensitive sugarcane genotype Co 97010. IND99-907 recorded growth of young leaves, higher proline content, higher relative water content, intact root anatomical structures and lower Na+/K+, Ca2+/K+ and Mg2+/K+ ratio as compared to the sugarcane genotype Co 97010. We have generated four de novo transcriptome assemblies between stressed and control root samples of IND99-907 and Co 97010. A total of 649 and 501 differentially expressed genes (FDR<0.01) were identified from the stressed and control libraries of IND99-907 and Co 97010 respectively. ...
Aim: To study the metabolic changes in roots of a drought tolerant wild relative of sugarcane Eri... more Aim: To study the metabolic changes in roots of a drought tolerant wild relative of sugarcane Erianthus arundinaceus clone (IND 04-1335) and a commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 99004. Methodology: Setts of Erianthus arundinaceus (IND 04-1335) and a commercial variety Co 99004 were planted in medium size pots in replication. After 45 days of planting, drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation. The corresponding control pots were maintained under continuous irrigation. On 26th day of drought, stress morphological and physiological traits such as leaf drying, canopy temperature, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence were recorded. Root samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis using GC-MS. Results: After 26 days of drought exposure, IND 04-1335 were found to be tolerant without any drought induced morphological symptoms. The comparative metabolite profiling identified a total of 143 metabolites in the control and drought exposed roots. Hierarchical clu...
Sugarcane is a major source of sucrose in India. Sucrose accumulation is a key physiological mech... more Sugarcane is a major source of sucrose in India. Sucrose accumulation is a key physiological mechanism controlled by the activity of invertase enzymes. High activity of invertase enzymes at cane maturity and during post-harvest period reduces the sucrose yield and recovery. This study, report the activity profile of sugarcane soluble acid invertase (SAI) and its effect on sucrose yield at cane maturity and post-harvest period. Differential activity of SAI activity in High (Co 11015) and low (BO 91) sugar tropical sugarcane cultivars resulted in significant rise of reducing sugars accumulation and reduction in sucrose yield. Among the two cultivars, BO 91 was found to be more susceptible for sucrose deterioration as compared to Co 11015. Significant increase in SAI activity to the fold of 4.45, 4.81, 2.95 and 3.52 at 0hr, 24hr, 48hr and 72 hr after harvest was observed in BO 91 as compared to Co 11015. Reducing sugar accumulation was significantly increased from 0 hr to 48 hr after h...
Eight acid tolerant strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from soybean plants grown on acid soils in... more Eight acid tolerant strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from soybean plants grown on acid soils in Madhya Pradesh, India, were examined for their ability to survive in soil and YEMB at low pH levels. All the tested isolates survived in acidic (pH 4 -6) conditions and their survival capacity was higher in soil than in nutrient medium at same levels of low pH. Variation among different strains showed that there is potential to improve strain performance under stress conditions. Further, symbiotic effectiveness of these strains was determined under the polyhouse conditions in sterilized soil (pH 4.5). Highest and lowest symbiotic characters, dry matter production and nitrogen improvement per plant were observed in PSR001 and NSR008 inoculated plants, respectively. All the examined isolates showed considerable variability in their symbiotic performance. The strain found to be more tolerant to stress were more effective N2 fixers in symbiosis with soybean in acid-soil conditions.
A promising midlate maturing clone, Co 0212 was developed from Co 7201 x ISH 106 at Sugarcane Bre... more A promising midlate maturing clone, Co 0212 was developed from Co 7201 x ISH 106 at Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Coimbatore. Performance of Co 0212 was evaluated in different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu under Coordinated Agronomic Evaluation (CAE) programme in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) at 18 locations from 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 in two plant and one ratoon crops along with standard varieties Co 86032 and CoC 22. The clone Co 0212 registered an overall mean cane yield of 148.3 t/ha and commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield of 18.95 t/ha compared to best standard variety Co 86032 with cane yield of 129.5 t/ha and CCS yield of 16.11 t/ha. It recorded 14.52% increased cane yield over Co 86032 while the increase in CCS yield was 17.62%. Co 0212 is moderately resistant to red rot and smut diseases and tolerant to drought and salinity stresses. The clone has medium thick canes with erect growing habit and is of non-lodging nature. The clone can...
Isolation and screening of indigenous isolate with Lepidopteran toxic cry1 gene through polymeras... more Isolation and screening of indigenous isolate with Lepidopteran toxic cry1 gene through polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of cry1 gene positive isolate in the collection. PCR results with specific primers for the cry1 toxin gene families revealed that the isolate SBI-KK 27 possessed cry1A, cry1C, cry1D, cry1E, cry1I, cry2A and vip3B genes of which the partial sequence of cry1D and cry1E from this isolate was found to be novel holotype crystal toxin reported for the first time from India.
In this study the symbiotic interactive effect of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with... more In this study the symbiotic interactive effect of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with six soybean cultivars were evaluated under fi eld conditions. The rhizobial strains ASR011, USDA123 and CB1809 respectively showed hostcultivar specifi city with JS335, Lee and Bragg. B. japonicum ASR011 recorded the highest nodulation and nitrogenase activity with all the studied cultivars. Generally, plants inoculated with strain ASR011 produced higher plant dry matter accumulation and seed yield over all other cultivars. On the basis of analysis of correlation coeffi cients, it was found that plant dry matter accumulation emerged as best criterion for selection of most effective legume-Rhizobium associations for given physical and biological conditions.
An experiment was conducted to measure the change in the concentration of biochemical compounds v... more An experiment was conducted to measure the change in the concentration of biochemical compounds viz., total phenol, flavanol and ortho-dihydric phenol and cell permeability parameter viz. electrolyte leakage in resistant (H00-256, HC-3) and susceptible (HC-1, HC-5& L-550) chickpea genotypes at six different intervals viz. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of inoculation. The total phenols, flavenols and orthodihydric phenols were higher in resistant compared to susceptible genotypes at all the comparable intervals. The concentrations of total phenols and flavenol showed an increase between two to four days of inoculation, while ortho-dihydric phenol increased up to sixth day followed by decline. The cell membrane permeability increased continuously after inoculation at all the intervalsbut the electrolyte leakageswere higher in susceptible genotypes.
A promising sugarcane early maturing clone Co 06022 was selected from the cross GU 92-275 x Co 86... more A promising sugarcane early maturing clone Co 06022 was selected from the cross GU 92-275 x Co 86249 at ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR SBI), Coimbatore. This clone registered higher mean performance for cane and sugar yield in two plant and one ratoon crops compared to standard varieties under AICRP(S) in Peninsular zone during 2010-2012. Co 06022 exhibited superior performance for cane yield and sugar yield in AICRP(S) of Tamil Nadu at Coimbatore and Pugalur locations. Based on superior performance of Co 06022 in Tamil Nadu centres, evaluation trials along with standard varieties (CoC 24 and TNAU Si 7) were conducted in fifteen locations that represent different agro-climatic regions of the state under Adaptive Research Trial (ART) programme in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) during 2014-2016. The clone Co 06022 recorded an overall mean cane yield of 135.8 t ha-1 with commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield of 17.68 t ha-1 compared to the best standa...
Advances in Plant Transgenics: Methods and Applications, 2019
The use of plants for the production of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), plant-made vaccines (P... more The use of plants for the production of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), plant-made vaccines (PMVs) and plant-made substances of industrial interests through transgenic approach is the sole objective of plant molecular (PM) farming, and it holds great promises in the plant industry. PM farming is advantageous in terms of saving production costs, large-scale production of drugs, animal and human virus-free products, easier storage and transportation of drugs and oral applicability (e.g. edible vaccines). Plant system also offers different platforms, viz. seed-, leaf-, stem-, root- and whole plant-based production in transgenic lines. The other systems such as bacterial, microbial eukaryotes, mammalian cells, insect cells and transgenic animals are expensive. Therefore, transgenic plants have been the subject of considerable attention as new generation bioreactors with respect to their advantages, such as the safety of recombinant proteins (antibodies, enzymes, vaccines, growth fact...
The low temperature (LT) conditions that prevail during winter in subtropical regions of India dr... more The low temperature (LT) conditions that prevail during winter in subtropical regions of India drastically affect the growth and yield of sugarcane. To identify low-temperature-tolerant agronomical acceptable genotypes for immediate deployment as donor parents in the subtropical sugarcane breeding program, 34 sugarcane clones belonging to 7 genetically diverse groups were evaluated under three crop environments, viz., spring planting, winter ratoon and spring ratoon, during 2015–2016 and 2016–2017. In the winter ratoon crop, commercial cane sugar and cane yield were reduced, whereas sucrose % was increased over the spring planted crop and the spring ratoon crop. The wild species and introgressed hybrid groups showed improvement for yield and quality traits in the winter ratoon crop, whereas commercial and near commercial groups showed reduction for these traits over the plant and spring ratoon crops. The tropical cultivars group was the poorest performer irrespective of the traits a...
846-851In the present study attempts have been made to characterize urease expression in slow gro... more 846-851In the present study attempts have been made to characterize urease expression in slow growing Bradyrhizobium strains TAL442 and MO5 which are endosymbionts of green gram (Vigna radiata (L.)Wilczek). It was found that urease activity in vegetative cells of both the strains was inducible unlike their fast growing counterparts. Mode of regulation in TAL442 was governed by presence of ammonia. Urease expression was also detectable in bacteroids of both the strains which was not influenced by presence of external nickel chloride in high concentration, a situation detrimental to the vegetative cells
249-255<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="&qu... more 249-255<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman","serif";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-in;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">The cytoplasmic and nuclear genomic diversity in commercially cultivated sugarcane varieties over the world is derived from few basic species clones of Saccharum complex. To impart new cytoplasmic and nuclear genome in sugarcane hybrids, untapped wild species of S. spontaneum (S), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Erianthus arundinaceus (E) and E. bengalense (Eb) were utilized to produce E. arundinaceus × S. spontaneum (ES), S. spontaneum × E. arundinaceus (SE) and S. spontaneum × E. benglense (SEb) hybrids (H). These resulting hybrids were repeatedly used as pistil parent and crossed with commercial sug...
Sugarcane Biotechnology: Challenges and Prospects, 2017
Sugarcane is a C4 grass grown in tropical and subtropical regions, cultivated in 22 million hecta... more Sugarcane is a C4 grass grown in tropical and subtropical regions, cultivated in 22 million hectares in more than 100 countries (FAOSTAT 2008, http://faostatfaoorg/defaultaspx). Major sugar requirement of the world is met by sugarcane. It contributes almost 75% of total sugar produced from all the sugar crops. Sugarcane is also used for generation of biofuel and bagasse as lignocellulosic raw material for paper industries. Sucrose content and cane weight are the key traits determining the income of sugarcane farmers and industries. In general, sugarcane varieties in cultivation are capable to accumulate higher sucrose in the stems to levels more than 50% of the stem dry weight. Ability of sugarcane to produce and store higher concentration of sucrose in the mature internodes has made the crop more suitable for commercial sucrose extraction. In this chapter, we reviewed the work carried out by various sugarcane researchers around the world on sugarcane biotechnology in relation to sucrose enhancement using various molecular approaches and technologies.
Erianthus arundinaceus [Retzius] Jeswiet, a wild relative of sugarcane has a high biomass product... more Erianthus arundinaceus [Retzius] Jeswiet, a wild relative of sugarcane has a high biomass production potential and a reservoir of many genes for superior agronomic traits and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. A comparative physiological, anatomical and root transcriptome analysis were carried out to identify the salt-responsive genes and metabolic pathways associated with salt-tolerant E. arundinaceus genotype IND99-907 and salinity-sensitive sugarcane genotype Co 97010. IND99-907 recorded growth of young leaves, higher proline content, higher relative water content, intact root anatomical structures and lower Na+/K+, Ca2+/K+ and Mg2+/K+ ratio as compared to the sugarcane genotype Co 97010. We have generated four de novo transcriptome assemblies between stressed and control root samples of IND99-907 and Co 97010. A total of 649 and 501 differentially expressed genes (FDR<0.01) were identified from the stressed and control libraries of IND99-907 and Co 97010 respectively. ...
Aim: To study the metabolic changes in roots of a drought tolerant wild relative of sugarcane Eri... more Aim: To study the metabolic changes in roots of a drought tolerant wild relative of sugarcane Erianthus arundinaceus clone (IND 04-1335) and a commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 99004. Methodology: Setts of Erianthus arundinaceus (IND 04-1335) and a commercial variety Co 99004 were planted in medium size pots in replication. After 45 days of planting, drought stress was imposed by withholding irrigation. The corresponding control pots were maintained under continuous irrigation. On 26th day of drought, stress morphological and physiological traits such as leaf drying, canopy temperature, leaf relative water content and chlorophyll fluorescence were recorded. Root samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis using GC-MS. Results: After 26 days of drought exposure, IND 04-1335 were found to be tolerant without any drought induced morphological symptoms. The comparative metabolite profiling identified a total of 143 metabolites in the control and drought exposed roots. Hierarchical clu...
Sugarcane is a major source of sucrose in India. Sucrose accumulation is a key physiological mech... more Sugarcane is a major source of sucrose in India. Sucrose accumulation is a key physiological mechanism controlled by the activity of invertase enzymes. High activity of invertase enzymes at cane maturity and during post-harvest period reduces the sucrose yield and recovery. This study, report the activity profile of sugarcane soluble acid invertase (SAI) and its effect on sucrose yield at cane maturity and post-harvest period. Differential activity of SAI activity in High (Co 11015) and low (BO 91) sugar tropical sugarcane cultivars resulted in significant rise of reducing sugars accumulation and reduction in sucrose yield. Among the two cultivars, BO 91 was found to be more susceptible for sucrose deterioration as compared to Co 11015. Significant increase in SAI activity to the fold of 4.45, 4.81, 2.95 and 3.52 at 0hr, 24hr, 48hr and 72 hr after harvest was observed in BO 91 as compared to Co 11015. Reducing sugar accumulation was significantly increased from 0 hr to 48 hr after h...
Eight acid tolerant strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from soybean plants grown on acid soils in... more Eight acid tolerant strains of Bradyrhizobium isolated from soybean plants grown on acid soils in Madhya Pradesh, India, were examined for their ability to survive in soil and YEMB at low pH levels. All the tested isolates survived in acidic (pH 4 -6) conditions and their survival capacity was higher in soil than in nutrient medium at same levels of low pH. Variation among different strains showed that there is potential to improve strain performance under stress conditions. Further, symbiotic effectiveness of these strains was determined under the polyhouse conditions in sterilized soil (pH 4.5). Highest and lowest symbiotic characters, dry matter production and nitrogen improvement per plant were observed in PSR001 and NSR008 inoculated plants, respectively. All the examined isolates showed considerable variability in their symbiotic performance. The strain found to be more tolerant to stress were more effective N2 fixers in symbiosis with soybean in acid-soil conditions.
A promising midlate maturing clone, Co 0212 was developed from Co 7201 x ISH 106 at Sugarcane Bre... more A promising midlate maturing clone, Co 0212 was developed from Co 7201 x ISH 106 at Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Coimbatore. Performance of Co 0212 was evaluated in different agroclimatic regions of Tamil Nadu under Coordinated Agronomic Evaluation (CAE) programme in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) at 18 locations from 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 in two plant and one ratoon crops along with standard varieties Co 86032 and CoC 22. The clone Co 0212 registered an overall mean cane yield of 148.3 t/ha and commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield of 18.95 t/ha compared to best standard variety Co 86032 with cane yield of 129.5 t/ha and CCS yield of 16.11 t/ha. It recorded 14.52% increased cane yield over Co 86032 while the increase in CCS yield was 17.62%. Co 0212 is moderately resistant to red rot and smut diseases and tolerant to drought and salinity stresses. The clone has medium thick canes with erect growing habit and is of non-lodging nature. The clone can...
Isolation and screening of indigenous isolate with Lepidopteran toxic cry1 gene through polymeras... more Isolation and screening of indigenous isolate with Lepidopteran toxic cry1 gene through polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of cry1 gene positive isolate in the collection. PCR results with specific primers for the cry1 toxin gene families revealed that the isolate SBI-KK 27 possessed cry1A, cry1C, cry1D, cry1E, cry1I, cry2A and vip3B genes of which the partial sequence of cry1D and cry1E from this isolate was found to be novel holotype crystal toxin reported for the first time from India.
In this study the symbiotic interactive effect of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with... more In this study the symbiotic interactive effect of different Bradyrhizobium japonicum strains with six soybean cultivars were evaluated under fi eld conditions. The rhizobial strains ASR011, USDA123 and CB1809 respectively showed hostcultivar specifi city with JS335, Lee and Bragg. B. japonicum ASR011 recorded the highest nodulation and nitrogenase activity with all the studied cultivars. Generally, plants inoculated with strain ASR011 produced higher plant dry matter accumulation and seed yield over all other cultivars. On the basis of analysis of correlation coeffi cients, it was found that plant dry matter accumulation emerged as best criterion for selection of most effective legume-Rhizobium associations for given physical and biological conditions.
An experiment was conducted to measure the change in the concentration of biochemical compounds v... more An experiment was conducted to measure the change in the concentration of biochemical compounds viz., total phenol, flavanol and ortho-dihydric phenol and cell permeability parameter viz. electrolyte leakage in resistant (H00-256, HC-3) and susceptible (HC-1, HC-5& L-550) chickpea genotypes at six different intervals viz. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days of inoculation. The total phenols, flavenols and orthodihydric phenols were higher in resistant compared to susceptible genotypes at all the comparable intervals. The concentrations of total phenols and flavenol showed an increase between two to four days of inoculation, while ortho-dihydric phenol increased up to sixth day followed by decline. The cell membrane permeability increased continuously after inoculation at all the intervalsbut the electrolyte leakageswere higher in susceptible genotypes.
A promising sugarcane early maturing clone Co 06022 was selected from the cross GU 92-275 x Co 86... more A promising sugarcane early maturing clone Co 06022 was selected from the cross GU 92-275 x Co 86249 at ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (ICAR SBI), Coimbatore. This clone registered higher mean performance for cane and sugar yield in two plant and one ratoon crops compared to standard varieties under AICRP(S) in Peninsular zone during 2010-2012. Co 06022 exhibited superior performance for cane yield and sugar yield in AICRP(S) of Tamil Nadu at Coimbatore and Pugalur locations. Based on superior performance of Co 06022 in Tamil Nadu centres, evaluation trials along with standard varieties (CoC 24 and TNAU Si 7) were conducted in fifteen locations that represent different agro-climatic regions of the state under Adaptive Research Trial (ART) programme in collaboration with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) during 2014-2016. The clone Co 06022 recorded an overall mean cane yield of 135.8 t ha-1 with commercial cane sugar (CCS) yield of 17.68 t ha-1 compared to the best standa...
Advances in Plant Transgenics: Methods and Applications, 2019
The use of plants for the production of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), plant-made vaccines (P... more The use of plants for the production of plant-made pharmaceuticals (PMPs), plant-made vaccines (PMVs) and plant-made substances of industrial interests through transgenic approach is the sole objective of plant molecular (PM) farming, and it holds great promises in the plant industry. PM farming is advantageous in terms of saving production costs, large-scale production of drugs, animal and human virus-free products, easier storage and transportation of drugs and oral applicability (e.g. edible vaccines). Plant system also offers different platforms, viz. seed-, leaf-, stem-, root- and whole plant-based production in transgenic lines. The other systems such as bacterial, microbial eukaryotes, mammalian cells, insect cells and transgenic animals are expensive. Therefore, transgenic plants have been the subject of considerable attention as new generation bioreactors with respect to their advantages, such as the safety of recombinant proteins (antibodies, enzymes, vaccines, growth fact...
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