Six mixed breed horses of varying ages accidentally consumed strychnine-laced barley. Onset and s... more Six mixed breed horses of varying ages accidentally consumed strychnine-laced barley. Onset and severity of clinical signs were associated with age and sex of the horse. Of the 6 horses, 5 exhibited clinical signs and 2 died. Under field conditions xylazine proved to be beneficial in treating strychnine poisoning. Two horses were treated with a combination of pentobarbital, diazepam, and
The objective of this study was to characterize an outbreak of anthrax among animals in North Dak... more The objective of this study was to characterize an outbreak of anthrax among animals in North Dakota in 2005, and determine characteristics and clinical signs associated with the disease. A total of 243 animals (183 cattle, 32 bison, 11 horses, 11 elk, five sheep and one deer) were diagnosed with anthrax at the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University, Fargo. Anthrax cases were defined as animals with typical clinical signs and positive results of laboratory culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Data for the study were obtained from veterinary laboratory records and questionnaires mailed to producers of affected animals. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12 of 2005. The cases were located in 16 of 53 counties, specifically in eastern North Dakota, with Ransom, Lamoure and Barnes counties reporting most (71%) of the cases. The number of animals affected per premise varied from one to 40. The first cases were reported in bison. Males from ...
A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-l... more A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3,...
Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-y... more Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-year period to assess the impacts of routine management decisions on reproductive performance in beef herds. Upon completion of pregnancy examination, the PregCard was completed by indicating the number of females evaluated, number non-pregnant, female age (cows, heifers, or both), number and age (yearling, mature, or mixed) of bulls used, breeding season dates, and whether groups were exposed to artificial insemination. Data were reported by 8 clinics and included 242,967 females in 1,782 groups. Number of females/bull and breeding season were calculated for each group. Each group was also assigned to categories for females/bull, breeding group size, breeding season length, and age class of breeding bulls. Groups consisting of only cows had greater (P less than or equal to 0.01) reported pregnancy rates compared with groups consisting of only heifers (90.1% and 86.6%, respectively). Repo...
Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals... more Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota. Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors. Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following ...
A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-l... more A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3,...
Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-y... more Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-year period to assess the impacts of routine management decisions on reproductive performance in beef herds. Upon completion of pregnancy examination, the PregCard was completed by indicating the number of females evaluated, number non-pregnant, female age (cows, heifers, or both), number and age (yearling, mature, or mixed) of bulls used, breeding season dates, and whether groups were exposed to artificial insemination. Data were reported by 8 clinics and included 242,967 females in 1,782 groups. Number of females/bull and breeding season were calculated for each group. Each group was also assigned to categories for females/bull, breeding group size, breeding season length, and age class of breeding bulls. Groups consisting of only cows had greater (P less than or equal to 0.01) reported pregnancy rates compared with groups consisting of only heifers (90.1% and 86.6%, respectively). Repo...
Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals... more Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota. Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors. Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following ...
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 2007
The objective of this study was to develop a reliable Taqman® 5′ Nuclease Assay for genotyping sh... more The objective of this study was to develop a reliable Taqman® 5′ Nuclease Assay for genotyping sheep for scrapie susceptibility. The sheep prion gene contains 2 single nucleotide olymorphisms (SNPs) that may mediate resistance to classical scrapie, one at codon 136, alanine (A) or valine (V), and another at codon 171, arginine (R) or glutamine (Q). The R allele appears to confer resistance to classical scrapie, with the AA136 RR171 genotype the most resistant to scrapie and QR171 only rarely infected in the US sheep population. The Assays by Design® protocol was used for development of probes and rimers for codon 136 and Primer Express® for codon 171. Commercially available kits were used to isolate genomic DNA from blood or muscle. For validation, 70 SNP determinations for each codon were compared to commercial testing with an error rate of less than 1%. Then, 935 samples from blood ( n = 818) and muscle ( n = 117) were tested for both codons with 928 successful determinations and ...
Development of an assay to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion gene for the ge... more Development of an assay to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion gene for the genetic diagnosis of relative susceptibility to classical scrapie in sheep
Animal mortality losses are a normal part of livestock and poultry production facilities. Produce... more Animal mortality losses are a normal part of livestock and poultry production facilities. Producers may have losses due to disease, accidents, inter-animal competition or natural disasters such as flooding. They need to think about mortality manage-ment before a death occurs to avoid having problems after the fact. The producer is responsible for disposing of these mortalities within 48 hours in an environ-mentally acceptable manner. Safe disposal of carcasses is an important issue for day-to-day, routine management of livestock and poultry mortalities to prevent disease transmission and to protect air and water quality. Therefore, carcass disposal remains one of the major problems facing livestock and poultry producers. Owners and operators of animal feeding operations (AFOs) have several options for disposing mortalities, including rendering, incineration, burial and composting. Each option has a set of advantages and disadvantages that must be considered during planning for and p...
Six mixed breed horses of varying ages accidentally consumed strychnine-laced barley. Onset and s... more Six mixed breed horses of varying ages accidentally consumed strychnine-laced barley. Onset and severity of clinical signs were associated with age and sex of the horse. Of the 6 horses, 5 exhibited clinical signs and 2 died. Under field conditions xylazine proved to be beneficial in treating strychnine poisoning. Two horses were treated with a combination of pentobarbital, diazepam, and
The objective of this study was to characterize an outbreak of anthrax among animals in North Dak... more The objective of this study was to characterize an outbreak of anthrax among animals in North Dakota in 2005, and determine characteristics and clinical signs associated with the disease. A total of 243 animals (183 cattle, 32 bison, 11 horses, 11 elk, five sheep and one deer) were diagnosed with anthrax at the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University, Fargo. Anthrax cases were defined as animals with typical clinical signs and positive results of laboratory culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Data for the study were obtained from veterinary laboratory records and questionnaires mailed to producers of affected animals. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12 of 2005. The cases were located in 16 of 53 counties, specifically in eastern North Dakota, with Ransom, Lamoure and Barnes counties reporting most (71%) of the cases. The number of animals affected per premise varied from one to 40. The first cases were reported in bison. Males from ...
A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-l... more A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3,...
Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-y... more Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-year period to assess the impacts of routine management decisions on reproductive performance in beef herds. Upon completion of pregnancy examination, the PregCard was completed by indicating the number of females evaluated, number non-pregnant, female age (cows, heifers, or both), number and age (yearling, mature, or mixed) of bulls used, breeding season dates, and whether groups were exposed to artificial insemination. Data were reported by 8 clinics and included 242,967 females in 1,782 groups. Number of females/bull and breeding season were calculated for each group. Each group was also assigned to categories for females/bull, breeding group size, breeding season length, and age class of breeding bulls. Groups consisting of only cows had greater (P less than or equal to 0.01) reported pregnancy rates compared with groups consisting of only heifers (90.1% and 86.6%, respectively). Repo...
Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals... more Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota. Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors. Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following ...
A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-l... more A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3,...
Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-y... more Summary data from pregnancy examinations were submitted by participating veterinarians over a 2-year period to assess the impacts of routine management decisions on reproductive performance in beef herds. Upon completion of pregnancy examination, the PregCard was completed by indicating the number of females evaluated, number non-pregnant, female age (cows, heifers, or both), number and age (yearling, mature, or mixed) of bulls used, breeding season dates, and whether groups were exposed to artificial insemination. Data were reported by 8 clinics and included 242,967 females in 1,782 groups. Number of females/bull and breeding season were calculated for each group. Each group was also assigned to categories for females/bull, breeding group size, breeding season length, and age class of breeding bulls. Groups consisting of only cows had greater (P less than or equal to 0.01) reported pregnancy rates compared with groups consisting of only heifers (90.1% and 86.6%, respectively). Repo...
Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals... more Objective. We identified the risk factors associated with the anthrax outbreak of 2005 in animals in North Dakota. Methods. Medical records of the 2005 anthrax outbreak were obtained from the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University. Additional data were obtained from the North Dakota state veterinarian's office, and supplemental questionnaires were administered to producers. The data obtained included ecological and environmental factors, animal health factors, and management factors. Results. Anthrax occurred from July 1 to October 12, 2005. The cases were located in eastern North Dakota around the Red River Basin. Ransom, LaMoure, and Barnes counties reported most cases (71%). Species affected included cattle, bison, horses, sheep, elk, deer, pigs, and llamas. The predominant symptom was sudden death (38%) followed by bleeding from orifices (17%). Chi-square analysis indicated significant differences between case and control premises on the following ...
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 2007
The objective of this study was to develop a reliable Taqman® 5′ Nuclease Assay for genotyping sh... more The objective of this study was to develop a reliable Taqman® 5′ Nuclease Assay for genotyping sheep for scrapie susceptibility. The sheep prion gene contains 2 single nucleotide olymorphisms (SNPs) that may mediate resistance to classical scrapie, one at codon 136, alanine (A) or valine (V), and another at codon 171, arginine (R) or glutamine (Q). The R allele appears to confer resistance to classical scrapie, with the AA136 RR171 genotype the most resistant to scrapie and QR171 only rarely infected in the US sheep population. The Assays by Design® protocol was used for development of probes and rimers for codon 136 and Primer Express® for codon 171. Commercially available kits were used to isolate genomic DNA from blood or muscle. For validation, 70 SNP determinations for each codon were compared to commercial testing with an error rate of less than 1%. Then, 935 samples from blood ( n = 818) and muscle ( n = 117) were tested for both codons with 928 successful determinations and ...
Development of an assay to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion gene for the ge... more Development of an assay to determine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the prion gene for the genetic diagnosis of relative susceptibility to classical scrapie in sheep
Animal mortality losses are a normal part of livestock and poultry production facilities. Produce... more Animal mortality losses are a normal part of livestock and poultry production facilities. Producers may have losses due to disease, accidents, inter-animal competition or natural disasters such as flooding. They need to think about mortality manage-ment before a death occurs to avoid having problems after the fact. The producer is responsible for disposing of these mortalities within 48 hours in an environ-mentally acceptable manner. Safe disposal of carcasses is an important issue for day-to-day, routine management of livestock and poultry mortalities to prevent disease transmission and to protect air and water quality. Therefore, carcass disposal remains one of the major problems facing livestock and poultry producers. Owners and operators of animal feeding operations (AFOs) have several options for disposing mortalities, including rendering, incineration, burial and composting. Each option has a set of advantages and disadvantages that must be considered during planning for and p...
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