An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Saltwater intrusion has become one of the most concerning issues in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (... more Saltwater intrusion has become one of the most concerning issues in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) due to its increasing impacts on agriculture and food security of Vietnam. Reliable estimation of salinity plays a crucial role to mitigate the impacts of saltwater intrusion. This study developed a hybrid technique that merges satellite imagery with numerical simulations to improve the estimation of salinity in the VMD. The salinity derived from Landsat images and by numerical simulations was fused using the Bayesian inference technique. The results indicate that our technique significantly reduces the uncertainties and improves the accuracy of salinity estimates. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient is 0.73, which is much higher than that of numerical simulation (0.69) and Landsat estimation (0.67). The correlation coefficient between the merged and measured salinity is relatively high (0.75). The variance of the ensemble salinity errors (2.57 ppt2) is lower than that of Landsat estimat...
Groundwater is a critical component of water resources and has become the primary water supply fo... more Groundwater is a critical component of water resources and has become the primary water supply for agricultural and domestic uses in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Widespread groundwater level declines have occurred in the VMD over recent decades, reflecting that extraction rates exceed aquifer recharge in the region. However, the impacts of climate variability on groundwater system dynamics in the VMD remain poorly understood. Here, we explore recent changes in groundwater levels in shallow and deep aquifers from observed wells in the VMD and investigate their relations to the annual precipitation variability and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We show that groundwater level responds to changes in annual precipitation at time scales of approximately 1 year. Moreover, shallow (deep) groundwater in the VMD appears to correlate with the ENSO over intra-annual (inter-annual) time scales. Our findings reveal a critical linkage between groundwater level changes and climate varia...
This paper presents research on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke Natu... more This paper presents research on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke Natural gas–Diesel dual-fuel marine engine at full load. The AVL FIRE R2018a (AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria) simulation software was used to conduct three-dimensional simulations of the combustion process and emission formations inside the engine cylinder in both diesel and dual-fuel mode to analyze the in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics. The simulation results were then compared and showed a good agreement with the measured values reported in the engine’s shop test technical data. The simulation results showed reductions in the in-cylinder pressure and temperature peaks by 1.7% and 6.75%, while NO, soot, CO, and CO2 emissions were reduced up to 96%, 96%, 86%, and 15.9%, respectively, in the dual-fuel mode in comparison with the diesel mode. The results also show better and more uniform combustion at the late stage of the combustions inside the cylinder when opera...
{2}-Metallacryptates are constructed from the self-assembly of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthi... more {2}-Metallacryptates are constructed from the self-assembly of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) ligands and mixtures of indium(iii) chloride and chlorides of monovalent cations.
One-pot reactions of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) (H2L) with Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O and LnC... more One-pot reactions of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) (H2L) with Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O and LnCl3, where Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb, in warm methanol in the presence of Et3N, give stable trinuclear complexes of the composition [LnCo2(L)2(μ1,3-OOCCH3)2X] ("CoLnCo" complexes), where X- = κ2-CH3COO- or Cl-. X-ray structure determinations reveal symmetric trinuclear complexes containing two organic ligands (L2-), two terminal CoII ions, and one central LnIII ion. The organic ligands coordinate equatorially to the two CoII ions via two bidentate (O,S) N-acylthiourea moieties and tridentate to the central Ln ion via the (O,N,O) 2,6-dipicolinoyl moieties. Two acetate bridges established between each of the terminal Co and central Ln ions complete the square-pyramidal coordination spheres of CoII. All products possess an additional chlorido ligand axially coordinated to the lanthanide except the gadolinium(III) and lanthanum(III) complexes, where bidentate acetato ligands are coordinated. Fitting the χmT versus T data of the "CoLaCo" complex gives the axial and rhombic zero-field-splitting parameters D = 24.3(4) cm-1 and E = -1.0(2) cm-1, respectively, and anisotropic Landé values gx,y = 2.81(1) and gz = 2.00 as well as weak antiferromagnetic interactions between two high-spin CoII centers with J = -0.49(2) cm-1. The nature of the magnetic interactions between the LnIII ions and the CoII ions in the "CoLnCo" complexes is deduced by comparing their χMT values to the sum of χMT values of the analogous "CoLaCo" and related "ZnLnZn" complexes. The "CoDyCo" complex reveals an antiferromagnetic interaction, while the remaining "CoLnCo" complexes show ferromagnetic interactions.
One-pot reactions of the catechol-scaffolding aroylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) H2Lcat with mixtures ... more One-pot reactions of the catechol-scaffolding aroylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) H2Lcat with mixtures of CoCl2 and MCl (M+ = Cs+, Rb+, K+, Tl+, or NH4+) or with a Co(NO3)2/TlNO3 mixture lead to the self-assembly of a series of cationic Co(III) metallacryptates of the general formula [M ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}]+ (M+ = Cs+, Rb+, K+, Tl+, or NH4+). Crystalline PF6- salts were obtained after workup with (n-Bu4N)(PF6), and the single-crystal structures of all five metallacryptates have been determined. Depending on the nature of the guest cations, the directional interactions between guest cations and the metallacryptand {Co2(Lcat)3} are either weak coordination contacts or hydrogen bonds. The bonding mode and the size of the guest ions slightly influence the molecular skeleton of the host molecule. These small structural variations also exist in solution and could be detected by means of 59Co NMR spectroscopy, which is shown to be a unique tool for an easy characterization of such compounds. 59Co NMR chemical shifts are extraordinarily sensitive to the guest cation in the metallacryptates, and time-arrayed 59Co NMR experiments show that cation-exchange processes in biphasic organic/aqueous systems can be studied in detail. This leads to insights into the relative rates of cation exchange, as well as the relative conditional distribution coefficients of such Co(III) metallacryptates between the aqueous and organic phases. Thus, the extent and the relative rate of the NH4+ ion exchange in [NH4 ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}](PF6) by Cs+ and K+ ions across the organic/aqueous phase boundary at room temperature have been studied by in situ 59Co NMR experiments. Preliminary 59Co NMR experiments show that the K+ ion in [K ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}](PF6) can be removed by its competitive complexation with the highly potassium-selective [2.2.2]cryptand, to give a transient 59Co NMR signal of the relatively unstable "empty" {Co2(Lcat)3} complex, which slowly decomposes in solution.
The combined operation of optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) is essentia... more The combined operation of optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) is essential for image stability during self-motion. Retinal slip signals, which provide neural substrate for OKR and VOR plasticity, are delivered to the inferior olive. Although it has been assumed that the neural circuitry and mechanisms underlying OKR and VOR plasticity are shared, differential role of the inferior olive in the plasticity of OKR and VOR has not been clearly established. To investigate the differential effect of inferior olive lesion on OKR and VOR plasticity, we examined the change of OKR and VOR gains after gain-up and gain-down VOR training. The results demonstrated that inferior olive-lesion differentially affected cerebellum-dependent motor learning. In control mice, OKR gain increased after both gain-up and gain-down VOR training, and VOR gain increased after gain-up VOR training and decreased after gain-down VOR training. In inferior olive-lesioned mice, OKR gain decreased after both gain-up and gain-down VOR training, and while VOR gain did not significantly change after gain-up VOR training, VOR gain decreased after gain-down VOR training. We suggest that multiple mechanisms of plasticity are differentially involved in VOR and OKR adaptation, and gain-up and gain-down VOR learning rely on different plasticity mechanisms.
The reaction of isophthaloylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea), H2L1, with UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O and NEt3 as ... more The reaction of isophthaloylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea), H2L1, with UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O and NEt3 as a supporting base gives a tetranuclear, anionic complex of the composition [{UO2(L1)}4(OAc)2]2-, in which the uranyl ions are S, O-chelate bonded. Each two of them are additionally linked by an acetato ligand. Similar reactions of various uranyl starting materials (uranyl acetate, uranyl nitrate, (NBu4)2[UO2Cl4]) with corresponding pyridine-centered ligands (pyridine-2,6-dicarbonylbis( N, N-dialkylthioureas), H2L2) yield mononuclear, neutral compounds, in which the thiourea derivatives are coordinated as S, N, N, N, S-five-dentate chelators. The equatorial coordination spheres of the formed hexagonal bipyramidal complexes [UO2(L2)(solv)] are completed by solvent ligands (H2O, MeOH, or DMF). Attempted reactions without a supporting base result in decomposition of the organic ligands and the formation of hexanuclear uranyl complexes with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato ligands, while the use of an excess of base results in condensation and the formation of dinuclear [{UO2(L2)(μ-OMe)}2]2- complexes. A stable complex of the composition [UO2(L3)] results from reactions of common uranyl starting materials with 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarbonylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea) (H2L3). The equatorial coordination sphere of the neutral, hexagonal bipyramidal complex is occupied by an SN4S donor atom set, which is provided by the hexadentate organic ligand. While the uranium complexes with {L1}2- and {L2}2- are labile and rapidly decompose in acidic solutions, [UO2(L3)] is stable over a wide pH range, and the ligand readily extracts uranyl ions from aqueous solutions into organic solvents.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Construction jobsites remain among the most dangerous workplaces, with fatalities, accidents and ... more Construction jobsites remain among the most dangerous workplaces, with fatalities, accidents and injuries still plaguing the industry. Safety education is critical in fostering graduates capable of ensuring safe construction work; however, current learner assessment methods in pedagogy fail to ascertain the possession of safety knowledge and skills as they would be required in practice. This article aims to address this problem by proposing context-based learner assessment in construction safety education. A novel assessment system is developed and deployed with final-year construction management students, with learner testing through visualization-enhanced safety theory questions, site inspection scenario questions and job safety analysis review questions. The cognitive impact of the assessment approach is investigated through the NASA task load index, and its effectiveness is verified through educator and learner trials. Results demonstrate that the proposed system has significant potential as an innovative assessment tool for safety education.
Construction safety education plays a crucial role in improving the safety performance in the con... more Construction safety education plays a crucial role in improving the safety performance in the construction industry. Many research works have successfully adopted computerized three-dimensional model-based virtual reality (3D-VR) to provide students with adequate safety knowledge and skills before they enter construction sites. Despite the advantages of improving learning outcomes, 3D-VR has limitations not only in reflecting real-world visibility but also in consuming significant energy and requiring strict user--device compatibility. Therefore, this research methodology was initiated with a thorough investigation of VR application in construction safety education. On the basis of a literature review, the study subsequently analyzes the energy-consumption problems of conventional VR systems. Initial findings motivate the development of an energy-efficient learning system (the interactive constructive safety education (eCSE)) using Web-based panoramic virtual photoreality technology...
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule cr... more An entry from the Cambridge Structural Database, the world's repository for small molecule crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the CCDC and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Saltwater intrusion has become one of the most concerning issues in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (... more Saltwater intrusion has become one of the most concerning issues in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) due to its increasing impacts on agriculture and food security of Vietnam. Reliable estimation of salinity plays a crucial role to mitigate the impacts of saltwater intrusion. This study developed a hybrid technique that merges satellite imagery with numerical simulations to improve the estimation of salinity in the VMD. The salinity derived from Landsat images and by numerical simulations was fused using the Bayesian inference technique. The results indicate that our technique significantly reduces the uncertainties and improves the accuracy of salinity estimates. The Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient is 0.73, which is much higher than that of numerical simulation (0.69) and Landsat estimation (0.67). The correlation coefficient between the merged and measured salinity is relatively high (0.75). The variance of the ensemble salinity errors (2.57 ppt2) is lower than that of Landsat estimat...
Groundwater is a critical component of water resources and has become the primary water supply fo... more Groundwater is a critical component of water resources and has become the primary water supply for agricultural and domestic uses in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Widespread groundwater level declines have occurred in the VMD over recent decades, reflecting that extraction rates exceed aquifer recharge in the region. However, the impacts of climate variability on groundwater system dynamics in the VMD remain poorly understood. Here, we explore recent changes in groundwater levels in shallow and deep aquifers from observed wells in the VMD and investigate their relations to the annual precipitation variability and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). We show that groundwater level responds to changes in annual precipitation at time scales of approximately 1 year. Moreover, shallow (deep) groundwater in the VMD appears to correlate with the ENSO over intra-annual (inter-annual) time scales. Our findings reveal a critical linkage between groundwater level changes and climate varia...
This paper presents research on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke Natu... more This paper presents research on the combustion and emission characteristics of a four-stroke Natural gas–Diesel dual-fuel marine engine at full load. The AVL FIRE R2018a (AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria) simulation software was used to conduct three-dimensional simulations of the combustion process and emission formations inside the engine cylinder in both diesel and dual-fuel mode to analyze the in-cylinder pressure, temperature, and emission characteristics. The simulation results were then compared and showed a good agreement with the measured values reported in the engine’s shop test technical data. The simulation results showed reductions in the in-cylinder pressure and temperature peaks by 1.7% and 6.75%, while NO, soot, CO, and CO2 emissions were reduced up to 96%, 96%, 86%, and 15.9%, respectively, in the dual-fuel mode in comparison with the diesel mode. The results also show better and more uniform combustion at the late stage of the combustions inside the cylinder when opera...
{2}-Metallacryptates are constructed from the self-assembly of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthi... more {2}-Metallacryptates are constructed from the self-assembly of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) ligands and mixtures of indium(iii) chloride and chlorides of monovalent cations.
One-pot reactions of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) (H2L) with Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O and LnC... more One-pot reactions of 2,6-dipicolinoylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) (H2L) with Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O and LnCl3, where Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb, in warm methanol in the presence of Et3N, give stable trinuclear complexes of the composition [LnCo2(L)2(μ1,3-OOCCH3)2X] ("CoLnCo" complexes), where X- = κ2-CH3COO- or Cl-. X-ray structure determinations reveal symmetric trinuclear complexes containing two organic ligands (L2-), two terminal CoII ions, and one central LnIII ion. The organic ligands coordinate equatorially to the two CoII ions via two bidentate (O,S) N-acylthiourea moieties and tridentate to the central Ln ion via the (O,N,O) 2,6-dipicolinoyl moieties. Two acetate bridges established between each of the terminal Co and central Ln ions complete the square-pyramidal coordination spheres of CoII. All products possess an additional chlorido ligand axially coordinated to the lanthanide except the gadolinium(III) and lanthanum(III) complexes, where bidentate acetato ligands are coordinated. Fitting the χmT versus T data of the "CoLaCo" complex gives the axial and rhombic zero-field-splitting parameters D = 24.3(4) cm-1 and E = -1.0(2) cm-1, respectively, and anisotropic Landé values gx,y = 2.81(1) and gz = 2.00 as well as weak antiferromagnetic interactions between two high-spin CoII centers with J = -0.49(2) cm-1. The nature of the magnetic interactions between the LnIII ions and the CoII ions in the "CoLnCo" complexes is deduced by comparing their χMT values to the sum of χMT values of the analogous "CoLaCo" and related "ZnLnZn" complexes. The "CoDyCo" complex reveals an antiferromagnetic interaction, while the remaining "CoLnCo" complexes show ferromagnetic interactions.
One-pot reactions of the catechol-scaffolding aroylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) H2Lcat with mixtures ... more One-pot reactions of the catechol-scaffolding aroylbis(N,N-diethylthiourea) H2Lcat with mixtures of CoCl2 and MCl (M+ = Cs+, Rb+, K+, Tl+, or NH4+) or with a Co(NO3)2/TlNO3 mixture lead to the self-assembly of a series of cationic Co(III) metallacryptates of the general formula [M ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}]+ (M+ = Cs+, Rb+, K+, Tl+, or NH4+). Crystalline PF6- salts were obtained after workup with (n-Bu4N)(PF6), and the single-crystal structures of all five metallacryptates have been determined. Depending on the nature of the guest cations, the directional interactions between guest cations and the metallacryptand {Co2(Lcat)3} are either weak coordination contacts or hydrogen bonds. The bonding mode and the size of the guest ions slightly influence the molecular skeleton of the host molecule. These small structural variations also exist in solution and could be detected by means of 59Co NMR spectroscopy, which is shown to be a unique tool for an easy characterization of such compounds. 59Co NMR chemical shifts are extraordinarily sensitive to the guest cation in the metallacryptates, and time-arrayed 59Co NMR experiments show that cation-exchange processes in biphasic organic/aqueous systems can be studied in detail. This leads to insights into the relative rates of cation exchange, as well as the relative conditional distribution coefficients of such Co(III) metallacryptates between the aqueous and organic phases. Thus, the extent and the relative rate of the NH4+ ion exchange in [NH4 ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}](PF6) by Cs+ and K+ ions across the organic/aqueous phase boundary at room temperature have been studied by in situ 59Co NMR experiments. Preliminary 59Co NMR experiments show that the K+ ion in [K ⊂ {Co2(Lcat)3}](PF6) can be removed by its competitive complexation with the highly potassium-selective [2.2.2]cryptand, to give a transient 59Co NMR signal of the relatively unstable "empty" {Co2(Lcat)3} complex, which slowly decomposes in solution.
The combined operation of optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) is essentia... more The combined operation of optokinetic reflex (OKR) and vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) is essential for image stability during self-motion. Retinal slip signals, which provide neural substrate for OKR and VOR plasticity, are delivered to the inferior olive. Although it has been assumed that the neural circuitry and mechanisms underlying OKR and VOR plasticity are shared, differential role of the inferior olive in the plasticity of OKR and VOR has not been clearly established. To investigate the differential effect of inferior olive lesion on OKR and VOR plasticity, we examined the change of OKR and VOR gains after gain-up and gain-down VOR training. The results demonstrated that inferior olive-lesion differentially affected cerebellum-dependent motor learning. In control mice, OKR gain increased after both gain-up and gain-down VOR training, and VOR gain increased after gain-up VOR training and decreased after gain-down VOR training. In inferior olive-lesioned mice, OKR gain decreased after both gain-up and gain-down VOR training, and while VOR gain did not significantly change after gain-up VOR training, VOR gain decreased after gain-down VOR training. We suggest that multiple mechanisms of plasticity are differentially involved in VOR and OKR adaptation, and gain-up and gain-down VOR learning rely on different plasticity mechanisms.
The reaction of isophthaloylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea), H2L1, with UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O and NEt3 as ... more The reaction of isophthaloylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea), H2L1, with UO2(CH3COO)2·2H2O and NEt3 as a supporting base gives a tetranuclear, anionic complex of the composition [{UO2(L1)}4(OAc)2]2-, in which the uranyl ions are S, O-chelate bonded. Each two of them are additionally linked by an acetato ligand. Similar reactions of various uranyl starting materials (uranyl acetate, uranyl nitrate, (NBu4)2[UO2Cl4]) with corresponding pyridine-centered ligands (pyridine-2,6-dicarbonylbis( N, N-dialkylthioureas), H2L2) yield mononuclear, neutral compounds, in which the thiourea derivatives are coordinated as S, N, N, N, S-five-dentate chelators. The equatorial coordination spheres of the formed hexagonal bipyramidal complexes [UO2(L2)(solv)] are completed by solvent ligands (H2O, MeOH, or DMF). Attempted reactions without a supporting base result in decomposition of the organic ligands and the formation of hexanuclear uranyl complexes with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylato ligands, while the use of an excess of base results in condensation and the formation of dinuclear [{UO2(L2)(μ-OMe)}2]2- complexes. A stable complex of the composition [UO2(L3)] results from reactions of common uranyl starting materials with 2,2'-bipyridine-6,6'-dicarbonylbis( N, N-diethylthiourea) (H2L3). The equatorial coordination sphere of the neutral, hexagonal bipyramidal complex is occupied by an SN4S donor atom set, which is provided by the hexadentate organic ligand. While the uranium complexes with {L1}2- and {L2}2- are labile and rapidly decompose in acidic solutions, [UO2(L3)] is stable over a wide pH range, and the ligand readily extracts uranyl ions from aqueous solutions into organic solvents.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Construction jobsites remain among the most dangerous workplaces, with fatalities, accidents and ... more Construction jobsites remain among the most dangerous workplaces, with fatalities, accidents and injuries still plaguing the industry. Safety education is critical in fostering graduates capable of ensuring safe construction work; however, current learner assessment methods in pedagogy fail to ascertain the possession of safety knowledge and skills as they would be required in practice. This article aims to address this problem by proposing context-based learner assessment in construction safety education. A novel assessment system is developed and deployed with final-year construction management students, with learner testing through visualization-enhanced safety theory questions, site inspection scenario questions and job safety analysis review questions. The cognitive impact of the assessment approach is investigated through the NASA task load index, and its effectiveness is verified through educator and learner trials. Results demonstrate that the proposed system has significant potential as an innovative assessment tool for safety education.
Construction safety education plays a crucial role in improving the safety performance in the con... more Construction safety education plays a crucial role in improving the safety performance in the construction industry. Many research works have successfully adopted computerized three-dimensional model-based virtual reality (3D-VR) to provide students with adequate safety knowledge and skills before they enter construction sites. Despite the advantages of improving learning outcomes, 3D-VR has limitations not only in reflecting real-world visibility but also in consuming significant energy and requiring strict user--device compatibility. Therefore, this research methodology was initiated with a thorough investigation of VR application in construction safety education. On the basis of a literature review, the study subsequently analyzes the energy-consumption problems of conventional VR systems. Initial findings motivate the development of an energy-efficient learning system (the interactive constructive safety education (eCSE)) using Web-based panoramic virtual photoreality technology...
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