Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease [Working Title]
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive chronic disease... more Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive chronic disease that leads to severe visual loss. The prevalence of early AMD accounts for 18% in the population between 65 and 74 years of age and even 30% in subjects older than 74 years. The articles published in the last decade point out to a significant role of oxidative stress in the onset and development of age-related macular degeneration. Generally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the eye during light absorption and physiological metabolic processes. The level of oxidative stress is kept under control by the action of antioxidants and reparative enzymes. Excessive synthesis of ROS leads to increased oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and DNA, causing oxidative damage of cytoplasmic and nuclear cell elements and changes of the extracellular matrix. The accumulation of oxidatively modified compounds in drusen deposits will initiate the onset and development of AMD. The obje...
Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal
Introduction: More than 300 years have passed from the first attempts to use blood for therapeuti... more Introduction: More than 300 years have passed from the first attempts to use blood for therapeutic purposes, to scientifically based postulates of blood use. Each generation of physicians, faced with the need for clinical transfusions to save lives, has contributed to the safety and acceptance of transfusions by tackling the lack of laboratory equipment, legislation and even adequately trained medical staff. To indicate the existing regulations for a significant clinical area of Clinical transfusion medicine as a separate entity. Material and Methods: Online search of the historical and medical development of trans - fusion and international and domestic regulations in the field of transfusion medicine. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases. The search was done on the following keywords: transfusion medicine, regulative, doc - tor's education, history of transfusion . Topic: The first successful human-to-human transfusion directly...
Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal, 2021
Introduction: Hypocalcemia in preterm infants could occurs as early or late. Causes of late onset... more Introduction: Hypocalcemia in preterm infants could occurs as early or late. Causes of late onset of hypocalcaemia: maternal vitamin D deficiency, metabolic syndromes, congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic (transfusion, bicarbonate therapy, phototherapy, antibiotics). Case report: The authors describe the occurrence of late hypocalcemia following transfusion of erythrocytes to the second newborn from a twin pregnancy born prematurely in the 32/33 week of gestation. Mother is diabetic and has hypertension, edema, hypothyroidism, and preeclampsia during pregnancy. Due to the detected pyelectasis in newborn, prophylactic use of cephalexin was introduced. At the end of the first month of life, anemia appear indicating a transfusion. The infant received 50 ml an O+ leukodepleted RBC transfusion. Immediately after transfusion was completed, there is a short-term deterioration of the general condition. Cyanosis, stiffness, trismus, and bradycardia appear within a few seconds. DAT was negati...
Results: Disorder percentages in observed patients were as follows: CRAO 46.4%, CRVO 35.7%, AION ... more Results: Disorder percentages in observed patients were as follows: CRAO 46.4%, CRVO 35.7%, AION 17.9%. CRAO, CRVO and AION patients had the following respective values of the following disorders: hypertension 63.3%, 60.0%; 80.0%; obesity 69.2%, 70.0%, ...
Material and methods: The study included 30 obese individuals (age 1020 years, body mass index (... more Material and methods: The study included 30 obese individuals (age 1020 years, body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) ≥90 percentile). Three of the following five criteria were used for MS diagnosis in children and adolescents: WC≥90 Pct. for age and sex; ...
The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Val... more The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients It is well established that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with highly increased risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. The aim of our study was to test the effect of type and duration of cardiovascular complications on antioxidant parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and manifested cardiovascular complications. Out of 100 subjects included in the study, 69 subjects were type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and 31 age-matched controls. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower antioxidant defense (p<0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications manifested as coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTA) and myocardial infarction experienced in the previous 8 years (AMI). The type 2 diabetics with longer history of diabetes and coronary artery disease had higher fasting glucose values, higher GR activity, but lower TAS and SOD activity (p<0.05). Fasting glucose levels were in negative correlation with SOD and GPx activities in the subgroups of diabetics with severe cardiovascular complications (CAD+AMI, CAD+AMI+ HTA) (p<0.05).
The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Val... more The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients It is well established that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with highly increased risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. The aim of our study was to test the effect of type and duration of cardiovascular complications on antioxidant parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and manifested cardiovascular complications. Out of 100 subjects included in the study, 69 subjects were type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and 31 age-matched controls. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower antioxidant defense (p<0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications ma...
Summary Background: It has been reported that obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, insu... more Summary Background: It has been reported that obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk but also with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly all over the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the value of liver enzymes: AST, ALT and γGT in a group of obese students in order to establish their correlation to anthropometric parameters such as: BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), HC (hip circumference), and WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) compared to non-obese students who comprised the control group (CG). Methods: In this study, 238 students from the University of Novi Sad of both sexes (126 men and 112 women) with a mean age of 22.32 ± 1.85 years were included. According to the body mass index (BMI) lower and higher than 25 kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) lower and higher than 94 cm (80 cm for females) the whole group of 238 students was divided i...
Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is a consequence of both increased production of free radica... more Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is a consequence of both increased production of free radicals and reduced capacity of antioxidative defense. Prolonged hyperglycemia is the major factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes which can lead to cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to test the parameters of antioxidative defense in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 117 type 2 diabetics with and without cardiovascular complications were examined in order to find out the influence of hyperglycemia, type and duration of complications and duration of diabetes on the extent of disorder of antioxidative parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status (TAS). Compared to healthy control subjects, type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications (CVC) had significantly lower SOD (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001), GSH-Px (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001), GR ( P = 0.0002) and TAS values (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001). In type 2 diabetic subjects with CVC, males had significantly lower SOD (778.7+/-103.2 U/gHb, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) and GR activities (52.2+/-8.9 U/L, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) compared to females (839.3+/-94.9 U/gHb; 58.5+/-9.1 U/L). Significant and positive correlation was found between glucose levels and SOD (r = 0.375 for P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) and GSH-Px (r = 0.384, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05 ) activity in the group of complications-free diabetics, while significant negative correlation between glucose and GSH-Px values (r = -0.382, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) was found in the group of type 2 diabetics with coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension (HTA) and with CAD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (r = -0.860 P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05), and highly negative correlation between glucose and SOD levels (r = -0.590, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) in the group of diabetic subjects with CAD, AMI and HTA. Likewise, there was highly significant negative correlation of SOD (r = -0.949, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) and TAS (r = -0.393 for P = 0.038) with duration of diabetes in the group of diabetics with CAD and HTA. Our results confirm the hypothesis that there is reduced antioxidative defense in type 2 diabetics with prominent cardiovascular complications, which negatively…
Importance of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant System in Health and Disease [Working Title]
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive chronic disease... more Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, degenerative and progressive chronic disease that leads to severe visual loss. The prevalence of early AMD accounts for 18% in the population between 65 and 74 years of age and even 30% in subjects older than 74 years. The articles published in the last decade point out to a significant role of oxidative stress in the onset and development of age-related macular degeneration. Generally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in the eye during light absorption and physiological metabolic processes. The level of oxidative stress is kept under control by the action of antioxidants and reparative enzymes. Excessive synthesis of ROS leads to increased oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and DNA, causing oxidative damage of cytoplasmic and nuclear cell elements and changes of the extracellular matrix. The accumulation of oxidatively modified compounds in drusen deposits will initiate the onset and development of AMD. The obje...
Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal
Introduction: More than 300 years have passed from the first attempts to use blood for therapeuti... more Introduction: More than 300 years have passed from the first attempts to use blood for therapeutic purposes, to scientifically based postulates of blood use. Each generation of physicians, faced with the need for clinical transfusions to save lives, has contributed to the safety and acceptance of transfusions by tackling the lack of laboratory equipment, legislation and even adequately trained medical staff. To indicate the existing regulations for a significant clinical area of Clinical transfusion medicine as a separate entity. Material and Methods: Online search of the historical and medical development of trans - fusion and international and domestic regulations in the field of transfusion medicine. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Scopus databases. The search was done on the following keywords: transfusion medicine, regulative, doc - tor's education, history of transfusion . Topic: The first successful human-to-human transfusion directly...
Hospital Pharmacology - International Multidisciplinary Journal, 2021
Introduction: Hypocalcemia in preterm infants could occurs as early or late. Causes of late onset... more Introduction: Hypocalcemia in preterm infants could occurs as early or late. Causes of late onset of hypocalcaemia: maternal vitamin D deficiency, metabolic syndromes, congenital abnormalities, iatrogenic (transfusion, bicarbonate therapy, phototherapy, antibiotics). Case report: The authors describe the occurrence of late hypocalcemia following transfusion of erythrocytes to the second newborn from a twin pregnancy born prematurely in the 32/33 week of gestation. Mother is diabetic and has hypertension, edema, hypothyroidism, and preeclampsia during pregnancy. Due to the detected pyelectasis in newborn, prophylactic use of cephalexin was introduced. At the end of the first month of life, anemia appear indicating a transfusion. The infant received 50 ml an O+ leukodepleted RBC transfusion. Immediately after transfusion was completed, there is a short-term deterioration of the general condition. Cyanosis, stiffness, trismus, and bradycardia appear within a few seconds. DAT was negati...
Results: Disorder percentages in observed patients were as follows: CRAO 46.4%, CRVO 35.7%, AION ... more Results: Disorder percentages in observed patients were as follows: CRAO 46.4%, CRVO 35.7%, AION 17.9%. CRAO, CRVO and AION patients had the following respective values of the following disorders: hypertension 63.3%, 60.0%; 80.0%; obesity 69.2%, 70.0%, ...
Material and methods: The study included 30 obese individuals (age 1020 years, body mass index (... more Material and methods: The study included 30 obese individuals (age 1020 years, body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) ≥90 percentile). Three of the following five criteria were used for MS diagnosis in children and adolescents: WC≥90 Pct. for age and sex; ...
The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Val... more The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients It is well established that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with highly increased risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. The aim of our study was to test the effect of type and duration of cardiovascular complications on antioxidant parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and manifested cardiovascular complications. Out of 100 subjects included in the study, 69 subjects were type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and 31 age-matched controls. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower antioxidant defense (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications manifested as coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTA) and myocardial infarction experienced in the previous 8 years (AMI). The type 2 diabetics with longer history of diabetes and coronary artery disease had higher fasting glucose values, higher GR activity, but lower TAS and SOD activity (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05). Fasting glucose levels were in negative correlation with SOD and GPx activities in the subgroups of diabetics with severe cardiovascular complications (CAD+AMI, CAD+AMI+ HTA) (p&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05).
The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Val... more The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients It is well established that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with highly increased risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. The aim of our study was to test the effect of type and duration of cardiovascular complications on antioxidant parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and manifested cardiovascular complications. Out of 100 subjects included in the study, 69 subjects were type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and 31 age-matched controls. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower antioxidant defense (p<0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications ma...
Summary Background: It has been reported that obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, insu... more Summary Background: It has been reported that obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk but also with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents is increasing rapidly all over the world. The aim of this study was to analyze the value of liver enzymes: AST, ALT and γGT in a group of obese students in order to establish their correlation to anthropometric parameters such as: BMI (body mass index), WC (waist circumference), HC (hip circumference), and WHR (waist-to-hip ratio) compared to non-obese students who comprised the control group (CG). Methods: In this study, 238 students from the University of Novi Sad of both sexes (126 men and 112 women) with a mean age of 22.32 ± 1.85 years were included. According to the body mass index (BMI) lower and higher than 25 kg/m2 and waist circumference (WC) lower and higher than 94 cm (80 cm for females) the whole group of 238 students was divided i...
Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is a consequence of both increased production of free radica... more Diabetes-associated oxidative stress is a consequence of both increased production of free radicals and reduced capacity of antioxidative defense. Prolonged hyperglycemia is the major factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in diabetes which can lead to cardiovascular complications. The aim of this study was to test the parameters of antioxidative defense in type 2 diabetic patients. A total of 117 type 2 diabetics with and without cardiovascular complications were examined in order to find out the influence of hyperglycemia, type and duration of complications and duration of diabetes on the extent of disorder of antioxidative parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status (TAS). Compared to healthy control subjects, type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications (CVC) had significantly lower SOD (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001), GSH-Px (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001), GR ( P = 0.0002) and TAS values (P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.0001). In type 2 diabetic subjects with CVC, males had significantly lower SOD (778.7+/-103.2 U/gHb, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.01) and GR activities (52.2+/-8.9 U/L, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.001) compared to females (839.3+/-94.9 U/gHb; 58.5+/-9.1 U/L). Significant and positive correlation was found between glucose levels and SOD (r = 0.375 for P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) and GSH-Px (r = 0.384, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05 ) activity in the group of complications-free diabetics, while significant negative correlation between glucose and GSH-Px values (r = -0.382, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) was found in the group of type 2 diabetics with coronary artery disease (CAD) and hypertension (HTA) and with CAD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (r = -0.860 P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05), and highly negative correlation between glucose and SOD levels (r = -0.590, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) in the group of diabetic subjects with CAD, AMI and HTA. Likewise, there was highly significant negative correlation of SOD (r = -0.949, P&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;0.05) and TAS (r = -0.393 for P = 0.038) with duration of diabetes in the group of diabetics with CAD and HTA. Our results confirm the hypothesis that there is reduced antioxidative defense in type 2 diabetics with prominent cardiovascular complications, which negatively…
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