South American Journal of Herpetology, Apr 1, 2014
ABSTRACT We describe a new species of Siphlophis from the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Ande... more ABSTRACT We describe a new species of Siphlophis from the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, in the provinces of Azuay, Tungurahua, and Zamora Chinchipe. This is the third species of Siphlophis known from Ecuador and the seventh species in the genus. The new species of Siphlophis is distinguished from all other Siphlophis by characters of external morphology and coloration. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of molecular characters places it in Siphlophis and strongly supports our assessment that the species is new and valid. A key to the species of Siphlophis is provided.
A new species of Dipsas Laurenti, 1768, from Central Panama is described based on molecular analy... more A new species of Dipsas Laurenti, 1768, from Central Panama is described based on molecular analyses, hemipenial morphology, and external characters. This is the sixth species of Dipsas to be described for the country; the snake has been suspected to exist since 1977 and has not been thoroughly studied until now. Additionally, morphological comparations including scale counts are done with other species within the genus, and the current geographic distribution of Dipsas temporalis (Werner, 1909), the sister species, is updated. Finally, a key to the species of Dipsas currently known from Middle America is presented.
<p>A. Northwest coast of Guanacaste showing location of Golfo de Papagayo and beaches near ... more <p>A. Northwest coast of Guanacaste showing location of Golfo de Papagayo and beaches near the offshore area where sea snakes were collected (shown in gray). B. Inset showing location of Costa Rica in Central America with arrow pointing to the area of study offshore at Guanacaste.</p
<p>Vertical bars quantify daily rainfall and illustrate the period of drought roughly from ... more <p>Vertical bars quantify daily rainfall and illustrate the period of drought roughly from December 2016 to May 2017. For presentation, we calculated the mean daily rainfall (mm) from CMORPH data [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>] of two grid values represented by boxes and the area shown on the inset map. The black dots represent GPS locations where sea snakes were collected. The area shown in grey represents land, and the ocean is shown in white. Note that land as well as sea is represented in part of the right-hand grid.</p
<p>The photograph illustrates how rainstorms over the ocean can produce patchy opportunitie... more <p>The photograph illustrates how rainstorms over the ocean can produce patchy opportunities for pelagic snakes to drink fresh water. Photograph by H.B. Lillywhite.</p
<p>Data points represent salinity of water measured on each day that snakes were collected,... more <p>Data points represent salinity of water measured on each day that snakes were collected, and the vertical dashed line indicates the onset of wet-season rainfall.</p
<p>Data are displayed as means ± SEM. Sample sizes can be determined from <a href="... more <p>Data are displayed as means ± SEM. Sample sizes can be determined from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>. The variation in amount of water drunk was not significant across the span of daily measurements (ANOVA, F<sub>6, 40</sub>, P = 0.255).</p
<p>These percentages are plotted in relation to the beginning of the very first storms of t... more <p>These percentages are plotted in relation to the beginning of the very first storms of the wet season that produced heavy rainfall over the ocean where snakes were collected. The cloud symbols represent heavy rainfall that was observed directly over the ocean during the afternoon or evening beginning just before the third day of sampling. The small numbers next to each data point represent the numbers of snakes in each sample. The upper graph illustrates the daily rainfall as determined from NOAA CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH) Global Precipitation Analyses Version 0.x [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>]. The CMORPH data likely do not reflect accurately the precipitation that was observed because of the low spatial resolution relative to the area of water where we collected snakes (see Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g002" target="_blank">2</a>). The right-hand grid cell includes land area as well as ocean, hence the small amount of rainfall on Day 1 likely reflects precipitation we observed over land but not the ocean, and therefore not accessible to <i>H</i>. <i>platurus</i>. Following the advent of significant precipitation that we observed over the ocean (cloud symbols), the linear decline in number of snakes drinking fresh water in the laboratory was significant (dashed line in lower graph; Y = 85.819–8.7729X, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.851, <i>P</i> = 0.0031).</p
South American Journal of Herpetology, Apr 1, 2014
ABSTRACT We describe a new species of Siphlophis from the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Ande... more ABSTRACT We describe a new species of Siphlophis from the Amazonian slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes, in the provinces of Azuay, Tungurahua, and Zamora Chinchipe. This is the third species of Siphlophis known from Ecuador and the seventh species in the genus. The new species of Siphlophis is distinguished from all other Siphlophis by characters of external morphology and coloration. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of molecular characters places it in Siphlophis and strongly supports our assessment that the species is new and valid. A key to the species of Siphlophis is provided.
A new species of Dipsas Laurenti, 1768, from Central Panama is described based on molecular analy... more A new species of Dipsas Laurenti, 1768, from Central Panama is described based on molecular analyses, hemipenial morphology, and external characters. This is the sixth species of Dipsas to be described for the country; the snake has been suspected to exist since 1977 and has not been thoroughly studied until now. Additionally, morphological comparations including scale counts are done with other species within the genus, and the current geographic distribution of Dipsas temporalis (Werner, 1909), the sister species, is updated. Finally, a key to the species of Dipsas currently known from Middle America is presented.
<p>A. Northwest coast of Guanacaste showing location of Golfo de Papagayo and beaches near ... more <p>A. Northwest coast of Guanacaste showing location of Golfo de Papagayo and beaches near the offshore area where sea snakes were collected (shown in gray). B. Inset showing location of Costa Rica in Central America with arrow pointing to the area of study offshore at Guanacaste.</p
<p>Vertical bars quantify daily rainfall and illustrate the period of drought roughly from ... more <p>Vertical bars quantify daily rainfall and illustrate the period of drought roughly from December 2016 to May 2017. For presentation, we calculated the mean daily rainfall (mm) from CMORPH data [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>] of two grid values represented by boxes and the area shown on the inset map. The black dots represent GPS locations where sea snakes were collected. The area shown in grey represents land, and the ocean is shown in white. Note that land as well as sea is represented in part of the right-hand grid.</p
<p>The photograph illustrates how rainstorms over the ocean can produce patchy opportunitie... more <p>The photograph illustrates how rainstorms over the ocean can produce patchy opportunities for pelagic snakes to drink fresh water. Photograph by H.B. Lillywhite.</p
<p>Data points represent salinity of water measured on each day that snakes were collected,... more <p>Data points represent salinity of water measured on each day that snakes were collected, and the vertical dashed line indicates the onset of wet-season rainfall.</p
<p>Data are displayed as means ± SEM. Sample sizes can be determined from <a href="... more <p>Data are displayed as means ± SEM. Sample sizes can be determined from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>. The variation in amount of water drunk was not significant across the span of daily measurements (ANOVA, F<sub>6, 40</sub>, P = 0.255).</p
<p>These percentages are plotted in relation to the beginning of the very first storms of t... more <p>These percentages are plotted in relation to the beginning of the very first storms of the wet season that produced heavy rainfall over the ocean where snakes were collected. The cloud symbols represent heavy rainfall that was observed directly over the ocean during the afternoon or evening beginning just before the third day of sampling. The small numbers next to each data point represent the numbers of snakes in each sample. The upper graph illustrates the daily rainfall as determined from NOAA CPC Morphing Technique (CMORPH) Global Precipitation Analyses Version 0.x [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.ref019" target="_blank">19</a>]. The CMORPH data likely do not reflect accurately the precipitation that was observed because of the low spatial resolution relative to the area of water where we collected snakes (see Figs <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g001" target="_blank">1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0212099#pone.0212099.g002" target="_blank">2</a>). The right-hand grid cell includes land area as well as ocean, hence the small amount of rainfall on Day 1 likely reflects precipitation we observed over land but not the ocean, and therefore not accessible to <i>H</i>. <i>platurus</i>. Following the advent of significant precipitation that we observed over the ocean (cloud symbols), the linear decline in number of snakes drinking fresh water in the laboratory was significant (dashed line in lower graph; Y = 85.819–8.7729X, <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.851, <i>P</i> = 0.0031).</p
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