The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of a temporary three-un... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of a temporary three-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) made of a new polymeric material obtained by an additive technique (3DPP) using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system, comparing the prosthesis to the respective outcomes of temporary polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) FDPs obtained by a subtractive technique (milling). Methods: Three-unit FDPs were 3D printed using a polymeric material (n = 20) or milled using polymethylmethacrylate (n = 20). After thermocycling at 5000 cycles at extreme temperatures of 5 °C and 55 °C in distilled water, each specimen was subjected to a compression test on a universal testing machine at a rate of 0.5 mm/min until failure occurred, recording the value in newtons (N). Results: There were statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.005) between the PMMA material (2104.7 N; SD = 178.97 N) and 3DPP (1000.8 N; SD = 196.4 N). Conclusions: The fracture ...
Digitalization is the first step involving a digital restorative dentistry workflow. Although the... more Digitalization is the first step involving a digital restorative dentistry workflow. Although the digitalization process was initially confined to CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) dental procedures, nowadays a much wider range of dental procedures have been revolutionized by their ongoing digitalization. Digitalization consists basically of converting any physical 2D or 3D volume into an electronic information language codified in terms of only two possible digits (0 or 1) normally contained in an informatic file.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of definitive zirconia ... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of definitive zirconia dioxide restorations obtained using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system. Methods: Two groups of ten samples were analyzed for each material (n: 20), the first group was Zolid Gen X Amann Girrbach (ZGX) and the second group was Cercon HT Dentsply Sirona (CDS). The restorations were designed with identical parameters and milled with a CAD/CAM system. Each specimen was load tested at a speed of 0.5 mm/min with a direction parallel to the major axis of the tooth and with an initial preload of 10N until fracture using a universal testing machine (Universal/Tensile Testing Machine, Autograph AGS-X Series) equipped with a 20 kN load cell. The results obtained were recorded in Newtons (N), using software connected to the testing machine. Results: Statistically significant differences were found, and the fracture toughness of the monolithic zirconia crowns was lower in the ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of temporary restoratio... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of temporary restorations made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), graphene-modified PMMA (GRA), acetal resin (AR) and polysulfone (PS) obtained by a subtractive technique (milling) using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system of a three-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). Methods: Four groups of ten samples were fabricated for each material. Each specimen was characterized by a compression test on a universal testing machine, all specimens were loaded to fracture and the value in Newtons (N) was recorded by software connected to the testing machine. The fracture mode was evaluated on all samples using a stereomicroscope. Results: There were statistically significant differences (p value < 0.005) between PMMA and the other three materials (PMMA: 1302.71 N; GRA: 1990.02 N; RA: 1796.20 N; PS: 2234.97). PMMA presented a significantly lower value than the other materials, and PS showed the hig...
Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of three CAD/... more Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of three CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) ceramic materials. Materials and Methods: The materials evaluated were CEREC Blocs (Dentsply Sirona), Initial LRF (GC) and Amber Mill (HASS Corp). All the samples (n=30) were subjected to simulated brushing (100,000 cycles). The wear was assessed by superimposing pre- and post-brushing scans obtained with an intraoral optical scanner (CEREC Primescan; Dentsply Sirona, Germany), which was then imported into the OraCheck 5.0 software (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). Results: The CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested showed no statistically significant differences in terms of the average volumetric wear (p-= 0.455). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the ceramic materials have a good behavior under simulated brushing, without significant volumetric alterations.
Objectives. To evaluate microleakage and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) and to assess correl... more Objectives. To evaluate microleakage and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) and to assess correlation between AMD and microleakage with four resin luting cements.Material and Methods. 20 extracted human third molars were prepared for full-coverage crowns. 20 zirconia copings were made (LAVA, 3M ESPE) and cemented. Specimens were randomly allocated for each used type of cement into 4 groups, RelyX® (Rx), Multilink® (Mk), PANAVIA 2.1® (P), and Maxcem® (Mx) and immersed in 10% safranin for 72 hours. 20x magnification lenses were used to observe microleakage areas (μm2) and images software was used to measure AMD areas (μm). Discrepancy and microleakage between the cements were compared with one-way ANOVA test with confidence interval of 95%.Results. Rx Group showed microleakage has lowest value and AMD has highest value. P Group showed microleakage has the highest value and Mk Group presented AMD has lowest value. There were no significative differences between the cements. There were...
Tras de la exploración, diagnóstico y planificación de un tratamiento para prótesis parcial fija,... more Tras de la exploración, diagnóstico y planificación de un tratamiento para prótesis parcial fija, su ejecución requiere que los dientes pilares sean preparados para recibir las restauraciones. Las preparaciones deben realizarse siguiendo ciertos principios mecánicos, es-téticos y biológicos que aseguren el éxito a largo plazo de la prótesis, sin afectar al tejido pulpar en el caso de dientes vitales, preservando el remanente biológico dentario, manteniendo la salud de los tejidos periodon-tales y restaurando la forma y la función perdidas. Se han propuesto varios diseños de preparaciones dentales, tanto para las paredes axiales como para la zona de terminación cervical
Background: The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is one of the most important parameters to ... more Background: The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is one of the most important parameters to consider for diagnosis and treatment planning in a prosthetic rehabilitation. Various methods to determine it have been proposed throughout the scientific literature, without establishing a universally accepted method. Various factors, such as the differences in the biotype and phenotypic characteristics of the patients in certain populations, could generate variations in the measurements obtained. Objective: This study aimed to validate a method of evaluation and determination of VDO in subjects belonging to a particular population. Methods: 142 individuals belonging to an Ecuadorian population with healthy and complete dentition were evaluated. The VDO was recorded by taking a distance from the gingival margin zenith of the upper canine to the gingival margin zenith of the ipsilateral lower canine. Results: The results obtained were consistent among the evaluated subjects, determining ...
The objective of the study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of four composite materials for CA... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of four composite materials for CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) systems. The materials evaluated were: Cerasmart (CER), Shofu Block HC (SBH), Tetric CAD (TEC) and Brava (BRA). All the samples (n = 40) were subjected to simulated brushing (100,000 cycles). Wear was evaluated by superimposing pre-and post-brushing scans obtained with an intraoral optical scanner (CEREC Primescan; Dentsply Sirona, Germany), which were subsequently imported into the OraCheck software 5.0 (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). The data were analyzed by ANOVA test and Tukey’s HSD test was used for multiple comparisons. Cerasmart showed the least wear after brushing. All the tested materials exhibited mass loss.
As 3D printing, computer-aided machining, and optical scanners keep improving and are becoming mo... more As 3D printing, computer-aided machining, and optical scanners keep improving and are becoming more accessible, design software is rapidly becoming the next frontier in digital dentistry. Rapid prototyping technologies in dentistry were initially operated with generic software that was not specifically designed for dental applications. This was very inefficient and a limiting factor for digitalization of dentistry. The arrival of specialized software for different dental applications has made digital dentistry a reality by making it efficient and bringing it to its full potential. This chapter addresses the different types of software that has been developed for restorative dentistry. This includes software for fixed, removable, and implant prosthodontics as well as software for treatment planning.
This study aims to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of three commercial res... more This study aims to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of three commercial resin-based materials available for computer-aid design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-processed indirect dental restoration: LavaTM Ultimate Restorative (LU), 3M ESPE; Brilliant Crios (BC), COLTENE and CerasmartTM (CS), GC Dental Product. The three types of resin-based composite CAD/CAM materials were physically and mechanically tested under two conditions: directly as received by the manufacturer (AR) and after storage under immersion in artificial saliva (AS) for 30 days. A global approximation to microstructure and mechanical behaviour was evaluated: density, hardness and nanohardness, nanoelastic modulus, flexural strength, fracture toughness, fracture surfaces, and microstructures and fractography. Moreover, their structural and chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were investigated. As a result, LU exhibited...
Workflow in fixed prosthesis requires a strict compliance of the exploration, diagnosis and treat... more Workflow in fixed prosthesis requires a strict compliance of the exploration, diagnosis and treatment plan processes. Execution of this plan begins with the dental preparations and the impressions to obtain the working models. New technologies to design and machine fixed prosthesis are giving way to a higher frequency of digital impressions through intraoral scanners (IOS). It is expected that the use of these scanners generates an absolute digitalization in the fixed prosthodontics protocol. This review of the literature aims to provide knowledge by collecting the findings of several studies on dental prostheses manufactured from intraoral digital impressions. Likewise, it aims to describe the different IOS systems used; in addition to its advantages and disadvantages over conventional impressions for the manufacture of prosthetic restorations. The results of this review provide data on each of the systems currently available. The possibilities of use in the realization of partial restorations, crowns and bridges are viable using impressions by intraoral scanners
Abstract In the production of dental restorations, there are, currently, two main types of materi... more Abstract In the production of dental restorations, there are, currently, two main types of materials: ceramics and resin composites. These latter kinds are typically suggested because of their quick fabrication, easy reparation and increased crossed link density compared with conventional light-cured materials. However, it is not clear for the specialist what is the best option among the many commercially available materials for each precise clinical case. For that reason, this work aims to clarify the real mechanical performance of resin-based composites for indirect dental restorations obtained by material removal processes and their most suitable application. Two kinds of resin CAD/CAM blocks were selected: LavaTM Ultimate and CerasmartTM, which were tested under two conditions: in the as received by the manufacturer state and after storage in artificial saliva during 30 days. The mechanical properties of both materials were analysed (density, hardness, flexural strength, fracture toughness) but also the influence on the degradation of the mechanical performance due to the contact with the saliva. Results indicate a better mechanical performance of the Lava Ultimate material in the as-received condition, despite its coarser microstructure. However, Cerasmart shows a stabilised microstructure with a smaller degradation of the mechanical properties in contact with the artificial saliva; in other words, improved durability inside the mouth.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of a temporary three-un... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of a temporary three-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) made of a new polymeric material obtained by an additive technique (3DPP) using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system, comparing the prosthesis to the respective outcomes of temporary polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) FDPs obtained by a subtractive technique (milling). Methods: Three-unit FDPs were 3D printed using a polymeric material (n = 20) or milled using polymethylmethacrylate (n = 20). After thermocycling at 5000 cycles at extreme temperatures of 5 °C and 55 °C in distilled water, each specimen was subjected to a compression test on a universal testing machine at a rate of 0.5 mm/min until failure occurred, recording the value in newtons (N). Results: There were statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.005) between the PMMA material (2104.7 N; SD = 178.97 N) and 3DPP (1000.8 N; SD = 196.4 N). Conclusions: The fracture ...
Digitalization is the first step involving a digital restorative dentistry workflow. Although the... more Digitalization is the first step involving a digital restorative dentistry workflow. Although the digitalization process was initially confined to CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) dental procedures, nowadays a much wider range of dental procedures have been revolutionized by their ongoing digitalization. Digitalization consists basically of converting any physical 2D or 3D volume into an electronic information language codified in terms of only two possible digits (0 or 1) normally contained in an informatic file.
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of definitive zirconia ... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of definitive zirconia dioxide restorations obtained using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system. Methods: Two groups of ten samples were analyzed for each material (n: 20), the first group was Zolid Gen X Amann Girrbach (ZGX) and the second group was Cercon HT Dentsply Sirona (CDS). The restorations were designed with identical parameters and milled with a CAD/CAM system. Each specimen was load tested at a speed of 0.5 mm/min with a direction parallel to the major axis of the tooth and with an initial preload of 10N until fracture using a universal testing machine (Universal/Tensile Testing Machine, Autograph AGS-X Series) equipped with a 20 kN load cell. The results obtained were recorded in Newtons (N), using software connected to the testing machine. Results: Statistically significant differences were found, and the fracture toughness of the monolithic zirconia crowns was lower in the ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of temporary restoratio... more The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of temporary restorations made of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), graphene-modified PMMA (GRA), acetal resin (AR) and polysulfone (PS) obtained by a subtractive technique (milling) using a computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) system of a three-unit fixed dental prosthesis (FDP). Methods: Four groups of ten samples were fabricated for each material. Each specimen was characterized by a compression test on a universal testing machine, all specimens were loaded to fracture and the value in Newtons (N) was recorded by software connected to the testing machine. The fracture mode was evaluated on all samples using a stereomicroscope. Results: There were statistically significant differences (p value < 0.005) between PMMA and the other three materials (PMMA: 1302.71 N; GRA: 1990.02 N; RA: 1796.20 N; PS: 2234.97). PMMA presented a significantly lower value than the other materials, and PS showed the hig...
Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of three CAD/... more Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of three CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) ceramic materials. Materials and Methods: The materials evaluated were CEREC Blocs (Dentsply Sirona), Initial LRF (GC) and Amber Mill (HASS Corp). All the samples (n=30) were subjected to simulated brushing (100,000 cycles). The wear was assessed by superimposing pre- and post-brushing scans obtained with an intraoral optical scanner (CEREC Primescan; Dentsply Sirona, Germany), which was then imported into the OraCheck 5.0 software (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). Results: The CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested showed no statistically significant differences in terms of the average volumetric wear (p-= 0.455). Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that the ceramic materials have a good behavior under simulated brushing, without significant volumetric alterations.
Objectives. To evaluate microleakage and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) and to assess correl... more Objectives. To evaluate microleakage and absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD) and to assess correlation between AMD and microleakage with four resin luting cements.Material and Methods. 20 extracted human third molars were prepared for full-coverage crowns. 20 zirconia copings were made (LAVA, 3M ESPE) and cemented. Specimens were randomly allocated for each used type of cement into 4 groups, RelyX® (Rx), Multilink® (Mk), PANAVIA 2.1® (P), and Maxcem® (Mx) and immersed in 10% safranin for 72 hours. 20x magnification lenses were used to observe microleakage areas (μm2) and images software was used to measure AMD areas (μm). Discrepancy and microleakage between the cements were compared with one-way ANOVA test with confidence interval of 95%.Results. Rx Group showed microleakage has lowest value and AMD has highest value. P Group showed microleakage has the highest value and Mk Group presented AMD has lowest value. There were no significative differences between the cements. There were...
Tras de la exploración, diagnóstico y planificación de un tratamiento para prótesis parcial fija,... more Tras de la exploración, diagnóstico y planificación de un tratamiento para prótesis parcial fija, su ejecución requiere que los dientes pilares sean preparados para recibir las restauraciones. Las preparaciones deben realizarse siguiendo ciertos principios mecánicos, es-téticos y biológicos que aseguren el éxito a largo plazo de la prótesis, sin afectar al tejido pulpar en el caso de dientes vitales, preservando el remanente biológico dentario, manteniendo la salud de los tejidos periodon-tales y restaurando la forma y la función perdidas. Se han propuesto varios diseños de preparaciones dentales, tanto para las paredes axiales como para la zona de terminación cervical
Background: The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is one of the most important parameters to ... more Background: The vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO) is one of the most important parameters to consider for diagnosis and treatment planning in a prosthetic rehabilitation. Various methods to determine it have been proposed throughout the scientific literature, without establishing a universally accepted method. Various factors, such as the differences in the biotype and phenotypic characteristics of the patients in certain populations, could generate variations in the measurements obtained. Objective: This study aimed to validate a method of evaluation and determination of VDO in subjects belonging to a particular population. Methods: 142 individuals belonging to an Ecuadorian population with healthy and complete dentition were evaluated. The VDO was recorded by taking a distance from the gingival margin zenith of the upper canine to the gingival margin zenith of the ipsilateral lower canine. Results: The results obtained were consistent among the evaluated subjects, determining ...
The objective of the study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of four composite materials for CA... more The objective of the study was to evaluate the volumetric wear of four composite materials for CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing) systems. The materials evaluated were: Cerasmart (CER), Shofu Block HC (SBH), Tetric CAD (TEC) and Brava (BRA). All the samples (n = 40) were subjected to simulated brushing (100,000 cycles). Wear was evaluated by superimposing pre-and post-brushing scans obtained with an intraoral optical scanner (CEREC Primescan; Dentsply Sirona, Germany), which were subsequently imported into the OraCheck software 5.0 (Dentsply Sirona, Germany). The data were analyzed by ANOVA test and Tukey’s HSD test was used for multiple comparisons. Cerasmart showed the least wear after brushing. All the tested materials exhibited mass loss.
As 3D printing, computer-aided machining, and optical scanners keep improving and are becoming mo... more As 3D printing, computer-aided machining, and optical scanners keep improving and are becoming more accessible, design software is rapidly becoming the next frontier in digital dentistry. Rapid prototyping technologies in dentistry were initially operated with generic software that was not specifically designed for dental applications. This was very inefficient and a limiting factor for digitalization of dentistry. The arrival of specialized software for different dental applications has made digital dentistry a reality by making it efficient and bringing it to its full potential. This chapter addresses the different types of software that has been developed for restorative dentistry. This includes software for fixed, removable, and implant prosthodontics as well as software for treatment planning.
This study aims to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of three commercial res... more This study aims to evaluate the microstructural and mechanical properties of three commercial resin-based materials available for computer-aid design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-processed indirect dental restoration: LavaTM Ultimate Restorative (LU), 3M ESPE; Brilliant Crios (BC), COLTENE and CerasmartTM (CS), GC Dental Product. The three types of resin-based composite CAD/CAM materials were physically and mechanically tested under two conditions: directly as received by the manufacturer (AR) and after storage under immersion in artificial saliva (AS) for 30 days. A global approximation to microstructure and mechanical behaviour was evaluated: density, hardness and nanohardness, nanoelastic modulus, flexural strength, fracture toughness, fracture surfaces, and microstructures and fractography. Moreover, their structural and chemical composition using X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were investigated. As a result, LU exhibited...
Workflow in fixed prosthesis requires a strict compliance of the exploration, diagnosis and treat... more Workflow in fixed prosthesis requires a strict compliance of the exploration, diagnosis and treatment plan processes. Execution of this plan begins with the dental preparations and the impressions to obtain the working models. New technologies to design and machine fixed prosthesis are giving way to a higher frequency of digital impressions through intraoral scanners (IOS). It is expected that the use of these scanners generates an absolute digitalization in the fixed prosthodontics protocol. This review of the literature aims to provide knowledge by collecting the findings of several studies on dental prostheses manufactured from intraoral digital impressions. Likewise, it aims to describe the different IOS systems used; in addition to its advantages and disadvantages over conventional impressions for the manufacture of prosthetic restorations. The results of this review provide data on each of the systems currently available. The possibilities of use in the realization of partial restorations, crowns and bridges are viable using impressions by intraoral scanners
Abstract In the production of dental restorations, there are, currently, two main types of materi... more Abstract In the production of dental restorations, there are, currently, two main types of materials: ceramics and resin composites. These latter kinds are typically suggested because of their quick fabrication, easy reparation and increased crossed link density compared with conventional light-cured materials. However, it is not clear for the specialist what is the best option among the many commercially available materials for each precise clinical case. For that reason, this work aims to clarify the real mechanical performance of resin-based composites for indirect dental restorations obtained by material removal processes and their most suitable application. Two kinds of resin CAD/CAM blocks were selected: LavaTM Ultimate and CerasmartTM, which were tested under two conditions: in the as received by the manufacturer state and after storage in artificial saliva during 30 days. The mechanical properties of both materials were analysed (density, hardness, flexural strength, fracture toughness) but also the influence on the degradation of the mechanical performance due to the contact with the saliva. Results indicate a better mechanical performance of the Lava Ultimate material in the as-received condition, despite its coarser microstructure. However, Cerasmart shows a stabilised microstructure with a smaller degradation of the mechanical properties in contact with the artificial saliva; in other words, improved durability inside the mouth.
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Papers by Cristian Abad Coronel