IntroductionComputer-based tutors generally focus on teaching domain specific cognitive skills, s... more IntroductionComputer-based tutors generally focus on teaching domain specific cognitive skills, such asperforming subtractions in algebra or finding the forces on a body in Newtonian physics.However, a key factor that influences the quality of learning is what cognitive processes aretriggered when the student learns. Tutoring is more effective when it encourages cognitiveprocesses that stimulate learning and discourages counterproductive cognitive processes.We have
ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that user characteristics can have a significant impact on ... more ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that user characteristics can have a significant impact on visualization effectiveness, suggesting that visualizations could be designed to better fit each user's specific needs. Most studies to date, however, have looked at static visualizations. Studies considering interactive visualizations have only looked at a limited number of user characteristics, and consider either low-level tasks (e.g., value retrieval), or high-level tasks (in particular: discovery), but not both. This paper contributes to this line of work by looking at the impact of a large set of user characteristics on user performance with interactive visualizations, for both low and high-level tasks. We focus on interactive visualizations that support decision making, exemplified by a visualization known as Value Charts. We include in the study two versions of ValueCharts that differ in terms of layout, to ascertain whether layout mediates the impact of individual differences and could be considered as a form of personalization. Our key findings are that (i) performance with low and high-level tasks is affected by different user characteristics, and (ii) users with low visual working memory perform better with a horizontal layout. We discuss how these findings can inform the provision of personalized support to visualization processing.
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '06, 2006
Abstract In this paper we describe research on using eye-tracking data for on-line assessment of ... more Abstract In this paper we describe research on using eye-tracking data for on-line assessment of user meta-cognitive behavior during the interaction with an intelligent learning environment. We describe the probabilistic user model that processes this ...
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '03, 2003
We present a probabilistic model, based on Dynamic Decision Networks, to assess user affect from ... more We present a probabilistic model, based on Dynamic Decision Networks, to assess user affect from possible causes of emotional arousal. The model relies on the OCC cognitive theory of emotions and is designed to assess student affect during the interaction with an educational game. A key element of applying the OCC theory to assess user affect is knowledge of user
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '11, 2011
This workshop addresses a wide range of issues concerning eye gaze: recognizing user&... more This workshop addresses a wide range of issues concerning eye gaze: recognizing user's gaze, generating gaze behaviors in conversational humanoids, analyzing human attentional behaviors during interacting with IUIs, and evaluation of gaze-based IUIs. Through a comprehensive discussion, the workshop aims at bringing together researchers with different backgrounds, and establishing an interdisciplinary research community in "attention aware interactive systems".
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces - AVI '08, 2008
ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe a user study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two dif... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe a user study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two different data visualization techniques developed for describing complex environmental changes in an interactive system designed to foster awareness in sustainable development. While ...
Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, 2002
... Bayesian networks have been extensively used to build user models representing user's kn... more ... Bayesian networks have been extensively used to build user models representing user's knowledge and ... A preliminary Bayesian model of effective collab-orative interaction has been proposed ... effective collaboration, but we cannot structure and constrain the game interface as ...
New Perspectives on Affect and Learning Technologies, 2011
In this chapter, we present an approach to modeling user affect that combines explicit informatio... more In this chapter, we present an approach to modeling user affect that combines explicit information on both causes of emotional reaction (expressed in terms of cognitive appraisal theory) and effects of such reactions (detected via philological sensors). One advantage of this approach is that using both sources increases model accuracy. As second advantage is that, by assessing not only which
... by educational games. The affective model proposed in [1] relies on a probabilistic approach,... more ... by educational games. The affective model proposed in [1] relies on a probabilistic approach, but it uses only evidence on the effects of emotional arousal, not on its causes. For this reason, the model can assess only intensity and valence (ie, whether the emotion is positive or ...
ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss approaches and results from the field of User-Adaptive Interfa... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss approaches and results from the field of User-Adaptive Interfaces that we believe can help advance the research on virtual butlers in general, and for the elderly in particular. We list principles underlying the design of effective mixed-initiative interactions that call for formal approaches to dealing both with the uncertainty on modeling relevant cognitive states of the user (e.g., goals, beliefs, preferences), as well as with the tradeoff between costs and benefits of the agent's actions under uncertainty. We also discuss the need for virtual butlers to understand the affective states of their users, and to what extent they need to be transparent by providing means for their users to understand the rationale underlying their adaptive interventions.
We present further developments in our work on using data from real users to build a probabilisti... more We present further developments in our work on using data from real users to build a probabilistic model of user affect based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) and designed to detect multiple emotions. We present analysis and solutions for inaccuracies ...
IntroductionComputer-based tutors generally focus on teaching domain specific cognitive skills, s... more IntroductionComputer-based tutors generally focus on teaching domain specific cognitive skills, such asperforming subtractions in algebra or finding the forces on a body in Newtonian physics.However, a key factor that influences the quality of learning is what cognitive processes aretriggered when the student learns. Tutoring is more effective when it encourages cognitiveprocesses that stimulate learning and discourages counterproductive cognitive processes.We have
ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that user characteristics can have a significant impact on ... more ABSTRACT There is increasing evidence that user characteristics can have a significant impact on visualization effectiveness, suggesting that visualizations could be designed to better fit each user's specific needs. Most studies to date, however, have looked at static visualizations. Studies considering interactive visualizations have only looked at a limited number of user characteristics, and consider either low-level tasks (e.g., value retrieval), or high-level tasks (in particular: discovery), but not both. This paper contributes to this line of work by looking at the impact of a large set of user characteristics on user performance with interactive visualizations, for both low and high-level tasks. We focus on interactive visualizations that support decision making, exemplified by a visualization known as Value Charts. We include in the study two versions of ValueCharts that differ in terms of layout, to ascertain whether layout mediates the impact of individual differences and could be considered as a form of personalization. Our key findings are that (i) performance with low and high-level tasks is affected by different user characteristics, and (ii) users with low visual working memory perform better with a horizontal layout. We discuss how these findings can inform the provision of personalized support to visualization processing.
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '06, 2006
Abstract In this paper we describe research on using eye-tracking data for on-line assessment of ... more Abstract In this paper we describe research on using eye-tracking data for on-line assessment of user meta-cognitive behavior during the interaction with an intelligent learning environment. We describe the probabilistic user model that processes this ...
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '03, 2003
We present a probabilistic model, based on Dynamic Decision Networks, to assess user affect from ... more We present a probabilistic model, based on Dynamic Decision Networks, to assess user affect from possible causes of emotional arousal. The model relies on the OCC cognitive theory of emotions and is designed to assess student affect during the interaction with an educational game. A key element of applying the OCC theory to assess user affect is knowledge of user
Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces - IUI '11, 2011
This workshop addresses a wide range of issues concerning eye gaze: recognizing user&... more This workshop addresses a wide range of issues concerning eye gaze: recognizing user's gaze, generating gaze behaviors in conversational humanoids, analyzing human attentional behaviors during interacting with IUIs, and evaluation of gaze-based IUIs. Through a comprehensive discussion, the workshop aims at bringing together researchers with different backgrounds, and establishing an interdisciplinary research community in "attention aware interactive systems".
Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces - AVI '08, 2008
ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe a user study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two dif... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe a user study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of two different data visualization techniques developed for describing complex environmental changes in an interactive system designed to foster awareness in sustainable development. While ...
Multiagent Systems, Artificial Societies, and Simulated Organizations, 2002
... Bayesian networks have been extensively used to build user models representing user's kn... more ... Bayesian networks have been extensively used to build user models representing user's knowledge and ... A preliminary Bayesian model of effective collab-orative interaction has been proposed ... effective collaboration, but we cannot structure and constrain the game interface as ...
New Perspectives on Affect and Learning Technologies, 2011
In this chapter, we present an approach to modeling user affect that combines explicit informatio... more In this chapter, we present an approach to modeling user affect that combines explicit information on both causes of emotional reaction (expressed in terms of cognitive appraisal theory) and effects of such reactions (detected via philological sensors). One advantage of this approach is that using both sources increases model accuracy. As second advantage is that, by assessing not only which
... by educational games. The affective model proposed in [1] relies on a probabilistic approach,... more ... by educational games. The affective model proposed in [1] relies on a probabilistic approach, but it uses only evidence on the effects of emotional arousal, not on its causes. For this reason, the model can assess only intensity and valence (ie, whether the emotion is positive or ...
ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss approaches and results from the field of User-Adaptive Interfa... more ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss approaches and results from the field of User-Adaptive Interfaces that we believe can help advance the research on virtual butlers in general, and for the elderly in particular. We list principles underlying the design of effective mixed-initiative interactions that call for formal approaches to dealing both with the uncertainty on modeling relevant cognitive states of the user (e.g., goals, beliefs, preferences), as well as with the tradeoff between costs and benefits of the agent's actions under uncertainty. We also discuss the need for virtual butlers to understand the affective states of their users, and to what extent they need to be transparent by providing means for their users to understand the rationale underlying their adaptive interventions.
We present further developments in our work on using data from real users to build a probabilisti... more We present further developments in our work on using data from real users to build a probabilistic model of user affect based on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) and designed to detect multiple emotions. We present analysis and solutions for inaccuracies ...
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Papers by Cristina Conati