Lectures 22–5 are devoted to the use of prepositions in combination with case-forms. Lecture 22 a... more Lectures 22–5 are devoted to the use of prepositions in combination with case-forms. Lecture 22 addresses their placement before or (in anastrophe) after the noun, in a noun phrase, in a string of nouns in coordination,or fixed in old combinations. There follow (Lecture 23) some general remarks on the cases governed by prepositions, with special attention to the genitive in Greek, the ablative in Latin, and the accusative in both. Lecture 24 covers the general tendency towards increased use of prepositional expressions, and, on the other hand, the use of certain case-forms without prepositions. Combinations of preposition + adverb, and the occurrence and ordering of strings of more than one preposition/preverb are treated in Lecture 25. The last lecture in this chapter (Lecture 26) is on the meaning — and change of meaning — of individual prepositions. Some general remarks on semantic change are followed by two case-studies (Gk πρό and μετά).
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, ... more With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4),the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor,or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
This chapter begins with the terminology and historical development of the infinitive forms, from... more This chapter begins with the terminology and historical development of the infinitive forms, from a comparative point of view. The chapter then surveys first (Lecture 43) the main uses of the infinitive in constructions, and then (Lecture 44) absolute uses of the infinitive, especially the infinitive for imperative and the historic infinitive. Lecture 45 is devoted to the secondary use of the infinitive as a noun (the substantival infinitive), and to the decline of the infinitive in Greek. In Lecture 46,the chapter discusses the uses of the Latin supine forms (in -tum and -tu) at some length, but passes over the gerund and gerundive on the grounds that the origin of the forms is obscure. Finally, after some general remarks on the participle in all three languages, the chapter concentrates especially on Latin participial formations, future, perfect (passive), and present, including their use as adjectives and nouns. The chapter concludes with brief discussion of the absolute use of p...
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε, etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin,at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types,since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε,etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin, at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε, etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin, at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
This chapter begins (Lectures 25–6) with a few remarks on ancient theories of tense, and a longer... more This chapter begins (Lectures 25–6) with a few remarks on ancient theories of tense, and a longer review of more recent work — especially on Greek and Slavic — on the distinctions between tense, aspect, and Aktionsart, and the associated terminology. The chapter then deals first with uses of the present tense, including the historic present (Lectures 27–8). Turning to the preterite, it discusses at length the tenses and aspects of Greek, addressing in turn the perfect (Lecture 29), the aorist (Lectures 30–1),imperfect, and pluperfect (Lecture 32), and the chapter treats much more briefly the past tenses of Latin and Germanic (Lectures 32–3). The chapter concludes (Lectures 33–6) with discussion of the range of means used to express the future, and of the uses of the various future (and future perfect) forms.
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship,from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
After an introduction to the basic categories of grammatical voice, and the associated terminolog... more After an introduction to the basic categories of grammatical voice, and the associated terminology, this chapter discusses first (Lectures 21–2) differences of meaning between active and middle forms in Greek,with some remarks on active-only and middle-only verbs. In Lecture 23, the chapter passes to Latin and compares certain uses of Latin deponents and passives with those of Greek middles, concluding with some remarks on the endings associated with voice and tense in Greek and Latin. The passive, finally, is discussed first with regard to the various formal ways of expressing it, and then with regard to its use, its patterns of distribution, and its functions. Lecture 25 begins — and this chapter concludes — with discussion of the impersonal passive, and of combinations of infinitive + modal verb in the passive.
The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on ... more The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on the history of the subject, on the forms of the verb attested, and on the use of the personal pronouns. Uses of the 1st,2nd, and 3rd persons, singular and plural, are discussed and illustrated. The end of Lecture 20 and the start of 21 are devoted to impersonal verbs (especially but not only weather verbs).
The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on ... more The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on the history of the subject, on the forms of the verb attested,and on the use of the personal pronouns. Uses of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons, singular and plural, are discussed and illustrated. The end of Lecture 20 and the start of 21 are devoted to impersonal verbs (especially but not only weather verbs).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day.The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
Lectures 22–5 are devoted to the use of prepositions in combination with case-forms. Lecture 22 a... more Lectures 22–5 are devoted to the use of prepositions in combination with case-forms. Lecture 22 addresses their placement before or (in anastrophe) after the noun, in a noun phrase, in a string of nouns in coordination,or fixed in old combinations. There follow (Lecture 23) some general remarks on the cases governed by prepositions, with special attention to the genitive in Greek, the ablative in Latin, and the accusative in both. Lecture 24 covers the general tendency towards increased use of prepositional expressions, and, on the other hand, the use of certain case-forms without prepositions. Combinations of preposition + adverb, and the occurrence and ordering of strings of more than one preposition/preverb are treated in Lecture 25. The last lecture in this chapter (Lecture 26) is on the meaning — and change of meaning — of individual prepositions. Some general remarks on semantic change are followed by two case-studies (Gk πρό and μετά).
With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, ... more With the briefest nod at terms ancient and modern for ‘verb’, indeclinable words are introduced, beginning with ten lectures on prepositions [here divided into two parts]. After notes on terminology and recent bibliography,the chapter sketches (Lectures 17–18) a summary inventory of ‘true prepositions’ and ‘improper prepositions’ (or ‘prepositional adverbs’) in Greek and Latin, distinguishing inherited and secondary forms of various types (with an excursus on words for ‘about’). Turning to the use of the true prepositions, the chapter comments briefly on their original use as adverbs (Lecture 18), before giving a detailed account of their use as preverbs in compound verbs. This includes discussion of tmesis (formal separation from/union with the verb, Lecture 19), semantic effects of fusion of preverb and verb (Lecture 20), verbs which occur only with — or never with — preverbs, and other sources of apparent instances of preverb + verb (Lecture 21).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4),the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor,or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
This chapter begins with the terminology and historical development of the infinitive forms, from... more This chapter begins with the terminology and historical development of the infinitive forms, from a comparative point of view. The chapter then surveys first (Lecture 43) the main uses of the infinitive in constructions, and then (Lecture 44) absolute uses of the infinitive, especially the infinitive for imperative and the historic infinitive. Lecture 45 is devoted to the secondary use of the infinitive as a noun (the substantival infinitive), and to the decline of the infinitive in Greek. In Lecture 46,the chapter discusses the uses of the Latin supine forms (in -tum and -tu) at some length, but passes over the gerund and gerundive on the grounds that the origin of the forms is obscure. Finally, after some general remarks on the participle in all three languages, the chapter concentrates especially on Latin participial formations, future, perfect (passive), and present, including their use as adjectives and nouns. The chapter concludes with brief discussion of the absolute use of p...
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε, etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin,at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types,since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε,etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin, at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) wit... more After the briefest introduction, this chapter on the moods of the verb begins (Lectures 36–7) with the imperative (including the ‘future’ imperative) in commands and prohibitions. The chapter then discusses in turn the modal particles in Greek (□ν, κε, etc.), and uses of the indicative in all three languages (Lecture 38); the subjunctive and optative in Greek (Lectures 39–40); and the subjunctive in Latin, at considerable length (Lectures 41–2), and, much more briefly, Germanic (Lecture 42).
This chapter begins (Lectures 25–6) with a few remarks on ancient theories of tense, and a longer... more This chapter begins (Lectures 25–6) with a few remarks on ancient theories of tense, and a longer review of more recent work — especially on Greek and Slavic — on the distinctions between tense, aspect, and Aktionsart, and the associated terminology. The chapter then deals first with uses of the present tense, including the historic present (Lectures 27–8). Turning to the preterite, it discusses at length the tenses and aspects of Greek, addressing in turn the perfect (Lecture 29), the aorist (Lectures 30–1),imperfect, and pluperfect (Lecture 32), and the chapter treats much more briefly the past tenses of Latin and Germanic (Lectures 32–3). The chapter concludes (Lectures 33–6) with discussion of the range of means used to express the future, and of the uses of the various future (and future perfect) forms.
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship,from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day. The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
After an introduction to the basic categories of grammatical voice, and the associated terminolog... more After an introduction to the basic categories of grammatical voice, and the associated terminology, this chapter discusses first (Lectures 21–2) differences of meaning between active and middle forms in Greek,with some remarks on active-only and middle-only verbs. In Lecture 23, the chapter passes to Latin and compares certain uses of Latin deponents and passives with those of Greek middles, concluding with some remarks on the endings associated with voice and tense in Greek and Latin. The passive, finally, is discussed first with regard to the various formal ways of expressing it, and then with regard to its use, its patterns of distribution, and its functions. Lecture 25 begins — and this chapter concludes — with discussion of the impersonal passive, and of combinations of infinitive + modal verb in the passive.
The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on ... more The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on the history of the subject, on the forms of the verb attested, and on the use of the personal pronouns. Uses of the 1st,2nd, and 3rd persons, singular and plural, are discussed and illustrated. The end of Lecture 20 and the start of 21 are devoted to impersonal verbs (especially but not only weather verbs).
The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on ... more The two-and-a-half lectures on the personal forms of the verb begin with some general remarks on the history of the subject, on the forms of the verb attested,and on the use of the personal pronouns. Uses of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd persons, singular and plural, are discussed and illustrated. The end of Lecture 20 and the start of 21 are devoted to impersonal verbs (especially but not only weather verbs).
This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the his... more This chapter begins (here divided into two parts) with a review of the place of syntax in the history of linguistics and classical scholarship, from antiquity to Wackernagel's own day.The scope of syntax is defined. Comparative syntax is introduced (Lectures 1–2) as being of three different types, since syntactic similarities between languages can arise because the languages are of the same type, or by inheritance from a common ancestor, or by borrowing (syntactic interference). A summary outline is given of the study of syntax in Greece and Rome (Lectures 3–4), the Byzantine and Middle Ages, the 18th and 19th centuries — especially Gottfried Hermann — (Lectures 5–6), and the period since. Special attention is paid (Lectures 6–7) to recent studies distinguishing different periods and varieties of Greek (from Homer to modern Greek) and Latin (from Plautus to the Romance languages). On Germanic syntax, Jacob Grimm has pride of place (Lecture 8).
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