Women's Response to Army Training L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. V... more Women's Response to Army Training L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. Vogel & D. M. Kowal To cite this article: L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. Vogel & D. M. Kowal (1977) Women's Response to Army Training, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 5:6, 32-37, DOI: 10.1080/00913847.1977.11710587 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1977.11710587
<p>This chapter reviews characteristics of expertise common to all domains as a context for... more <p>This chapter reviews characteristics of expertise common to all domains as a context for the expertise needed by military personnel. However, the value of expertise in job performance is of particular value in the military due to the exposure of individuals to physical harm combined with time-pressured requirements to manage and apply advanced, highly complex technologies. The need, nature, and value of military expertise and decision making are discussed in general terms of tactical, operational, and strategic decision making centered on the readiness of military units and personnel to perform their missions successfully. Cognitive qualities needed for military expertise are considered, including the emerging issue of cognitive readiness required for both regular and irregular military operations. The chapter suggests that military expertise is similar to expertise elsewhere, but the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity, and lethality of the environment in which military decisions are often made significantly affect its character, preparation, and requirements in ways discussed in the chapter.</p>
: Military biomedical scientists must quantify how biological and behavioral phenomena influence ... more : Military biomedical scientists must quantify how biological and behavioral phenomena influence operational capability and military effectiveness. To this end, four 82d Airborne Division FDC teams were tested in simulated, sustained combat operations. Role players interacted from scripts describing mission demands matched across time. Biomedical data were also obtained. All teams performed intense workload operations, without shifts. Teams 1 and 4 anticipated a single 86 h challenge; they discontinued after 48 and 45 h. Teams 2 and 3 experienced two 38 h challenges separated by 34 h rest; however, a Team 3 member withdrew after 6 h (second challenge). Accuracy for on-call missions against preplanned targets suffered in Teams 1 and 4. After 36 h, much preplanned target processing was never completed, not even for priority targets. In the second challenges, Teams 2 and 3 showed reduced preplanning efficiency after 24-36 h. Verbal communication units decreased during lulls; larger tas...
: Two groups of highly trained and motivated military personnel were deprived of sleep while sust... more : Two groups of highly trained and motivated military personnel were deprived of sleep while sustaining performance of their assigned military tasks in a laboratory simulation; one team (I) was sleep deprived for 48 hours while the second team (II) was deprived of sleep deprived for 48 hours while the second team (II) was deprived of sleep for two consective 39 h periods separated by a 33 h rest interval. Six-hour urine samples were collected on a 24 h basis after an appropriate control period for each team. During sleep deprivation subjects were required to perform their assigned military tasks on a sustained basis for the duration of the scenario. Results indicated that their anticipation and perception of the experimental situation affected the common urinary indices of stress.
Compared with the nonmilitary population, military men had less body fat and higher aerobic capac... more Compared with the nonmilitary population, military men had less body fat and higher aerobic capacities, but similar blood pressure and stress tests. Both groups need this type of screening before fitness programs.
Abstract : The development of accurate predictors of performance capacity must consider psycholog... more Abstract : The development of accurate predictors of performance capacity must consider psychological as well as physiological variables. This study attempted to validate the contributions of both of these factors in the prediction of endurance performance. Seven male and female subjects were assessed for their actual maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) on a treadmill and their predicted max VO2 using a submaximal heart rate test on a bicycle ergometer. A number of psychological instruments were also administered to assess characteristics and psychological states believed to be associated with performance on a distance run test. On the basis of a step wise multiple regression analysis, it was determined that psychological variables accounted for a significant portion of the variance beyond that provided by purely physiological indices. (Author)
Abstract : The present research evaluated aspects of physical work capacity, background, and psyc... more Abstract : The present research evaluated aspects of physical work capacity, background, and psychological coping strategies and their relationship to criterion military task performance and attrition from basic training. It attempted to develop a selection instrument that could be utilized as part of a pre-training screening device to optimize both personnel selection and subsequent occupational assignment and training in the U.S. Armed Forces. Thirteen hundred men and women recruits were measured at the beginning of recruit training; subsequent discriminant analysis of graduates and dropouts demonstrated significant differences on five variables, including physical self comparison, reports of physical ailments, ability to cope with situational stress, body composition and age and correctly classified 30% of the dropouts. When these variables were subjected to a stepwise multiple regression, a predictive validity of .50 and .04 was observed for female and male dropouts respectively. The results support the usefulness and efficacy of a multivariate test device for the identification of dropouts and the prediction of selected task performance prior to training.
Abstract : Women entering the Army are exposed to considerable physical stress due to the intense... more Abstract : Women entering the Army are exposed to considerable physical stress due to the intense physical training program encountered. Four hundred women recruits, aged 18-29, participated in a prospective study to (1) determine the incidence and nature of injuries they would sustain as the result of a vigorous, supervised training program and (2) identify the predisposing factors that may be related to their occurrence. The data demonstrated that 54% (215) women sustained reportable injuries resulted in an average training time loss of 13 days. Fourty-one percent of these injuries resulted in major profiles and limited all participation in physical training. Significant injuries were: tibial stress fractures in 45, chrondomalacia of the patella (CMP) in 21, hip or neck of the femur stress fractures in 20, sprains in 12, achilles tendonitis in 10 calcaneous, metatarsal stress fractures in 8, and fascial or anterior compartment strains in 6. The injury data wre correleated with prior fitness measures, documenting that a major cause of injury in women can be attributed to the lack of conditioning, greater body weight and body fat and limited leg strength. It was concluded that susceptibility to these potential orthopedic and medical conditions could be identified prior to beginning training and minimized through proper screening and remedial action to initiating a vigorous physical training program. (Author)
Abstract : Four runners and six non-runners were studied during various exercise tests in order t... more Abstract : Four runners and six non-runners were studied during various exercise tests in order to compare venous lactate accumulation. Subjects were studied on three occasions while walking on a treadmill with increases in grade at 1, 3 and 5 minute intervals. Based upon the results of these tests, each subject performed for 30 minutes, at an individually selected workload which was just above the level at which venous lactate began to increase exponentially. During the incremental work tests, lactate accumulation was delayed, both in terms of relative and absolute workload, in trained Runners. Lactate accumulation was altered by the different time intervals during the incremental tests. During the 30 minute walk, both Runners and Nonrunners showed similar lactate accumulation during the first five minutes of exercise. Between 5 and 10 minutes, Runners had a mean decrease while Nonrunners had a mean increase. This suggests that the accumulation of venous lactate is reversible during steady state exercise in trained individuals.
Abstract : Present research evaluated aspects of task performance, physical work capacity, biogra... more Abstract : Present research evaluated aspects of task performance, physical work capacity, biographical data, and psychological coping strategies, to determine their relationship to attrition and retention of personnel during a stressful training program. It attempted to develop a selection instrument that could be utilized as part of a pre-training screening device to optimize both personnel selection and subsequent occupational assignment and training in the US Armed Forces. Thirteen hundred men and women recruits were measured at the beginning of a recruit training period. Subsequent discriminant analysis of graduates and drop outs demonstrated significant differences on five variables correctly classifying 30% of the drop outs. These variables included physical self- comparison, reports of physical ailments (HOS), ability to cope with situational stress (RTLP), body composition and age. When these variables were subjected to a stepwise multiple regression, a predictive validity of .50 and .04 was observed for female and male dropouts respectively. Likewise, the use of multiple regression for the prediction of criterion task performances resulted in significant multiple Rs ranging from .45 to .67 using strength measurement alone. The results suggest that even with reasonable limitations of the multivariate model, in terms of cost effectiveness, it may be a useful tool for the identification of female dropouts and the prediction of task performance in a stressful training environment.
During their first 2 years of training at the U.S. Military Academy, 11 male and 7 female cadets ... more During their first 2 years of training at the U.S. Military Academy, 11 male and 7 female cadets were studied on five occasions. VO2 max (1/min), lean body mass and body weight increased significantly in both groups. Percent body fat was significantly reduced only after the first summer of training and then returned to initial values. VO2 max (ml/kg.min) did not change in males during the study. However, females increased significantly after the initial 6 weeks of training (44.2 to 48.8 ml/kg.min). They remained at this level through the second summer of training. However, by the end of their second academic year, females' values dropped to 45.9 ml/kg.min. Maximal isometric strength measured 30-40% higher in males than in females. During the last year of training, arm and shoulder strength increased 10.2% in males, but was unchanged in females. Our results suggest that even extended military training did not enable females to significantly narrow the difference with male cadets ...
Abstract: A device for muscular strength measurement designed for possible use in the AFEES is pr... more Abstract: A device for muscular strength measurement designed for possible use in the AFEES is presented. Muscle groups involving the upper body, legs and trunk were selected for measurement as being most representative of the functional muscle groups most ...
Women's Response to Army Training L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. V... more Women's Response to Army Training L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. Vogel & D. M. Kowal To cite this article: L. F. Tomasi, J. A. Peterson, Maj (P) G. P. Pettit, J. V. Vogel & D. M. Kowal (1977) Women's Response to Army Training, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 5:6, 32-37, DOI: 10.1080/00913847.1977.11710587 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1977.11710587
<p>This chapter reviews characteristics of expertise common to all domains as a context for... more <p>This chapter reviews characteristics of expertise common to all domains as a context for the expertise needed by military personnel. However, the value of expertise in job performance is of particular value in the military due to the exposure of individuals to physical harm combined with time-pressured requirements to manage and apply advanced, highly complex technologies. The need, nature, and value of military expertise and decision making are discussed in general terms of tactical, operational, and strategic decision making centered on the readiness of military units and personnel to perform their missions successfully. Cognitive qualities needed for military expertise are considered, including the emerging issue of cognitive readiness required for both regular and irregular military operations. The chapter suggests that military expertise is similar to expertise elsewhere, but the volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity, and lethality of the environment in which military decisions are often made significantly affect its character, preparation, and requirements in ways discussed in the chapter.</p>
: Military biomedical scientists must quantify how biological and behavioral phenomena influence ... more : Military biomedical scientists must quantify how biological and behavioral phenomena influence operational capability and military effectiveness. To this end, four 82d Airborne Division FDC teams were tested in simulated, sustained combat operations. Role players interacted from scripts describing mission demands matched across time. Biomedical data were also obtained. All teams performed intense workload operations, without shifts. Teams 1 and 4 anticipated a single 86 h challenge; they discontinued after 48 and 45 h. Teams 2 and 3 experienced two 38 h challenges separated by 34 h rest; however, a Team 3 member withdrew after 6 h (second challenge). Accuracy for on-call missions against preplanned targets suffered in Teams 1 and 4. After 36 h, much preplanned target processing was never completed, not even for priority targets. In the second challenges, Teams 2 and 3 showed reduced preplanning efficiency after 24-36 h. Verbal communication units decreased during lulls; larger tas...
: Two groups of highly trained and motivated military personnel were deprived of sleep while sust... more : Two groups of highly trained and motivated military personnel were deprived of sleep while sustaining performance of their assigned military tasks in a laboratory simulation; one team (I) was sleep deprived for 48 hours while the second team (II) was deprived of sleep deprived for 48 hours while the second team (II) was deprived of sleep for two consective 39 h periods separated by a 33 h rest interval. Six-hour urine samples were collected on a 24 h basis after an appropriate control period for each team. During sleep deprivation subjects were required to perform their assigned military tasks on a sustained basis for the duration of the scenario. Results indicated that their anticipation and perception of the experimental situation affected the common urinary indices of stress.
Compared with the nonmilitary population, military men had less body fat and higher aerobic capac... more Compared with the nonmilitary population, military men had less body fat and higher aerobic capacities, but similar blood pressure and stress tests. Both groups need this type of screening before fitness programs.
Abstract : The development of accurate predictors of performance capacity must consider psycholog... more Abstract : The development of accurate predictors of performance capacity must consider psychological as well as physiological variables. This study attempted to validate the contributions of both of these factors in the prediction of endurance performance. Seven male and female subjects were assessed for their actual maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) on a treadmill and their predicted max VO2 using a submaximal heart rate test on a bicycle ergometer. A number of psychological instruments were also administered to assess characteristics and psychological states believed to be associated with performance on a distance run test. On the basis of a step wise multiple regression analysis, it was determined that psychological variables accounted for a significant portion of the variance beyond that provided by purely physiological indices. (Author)
Abstract : The present research evaluated aspects of physical work capacity, background, and psyc... more Abstract : The present research evaluated aspects of physical work capacity, background, and psychological coping strategies and their relationship to criterion military task performance and attrition from basic training. It attempted to develop a selection instrument that could be utilized as part of a pre-training screening device to optimize both personnel selection and subsequent occupational assignment and training in the U.S. Armed Forces. Thirteen hundred men and women recruits were measured at the beginning of recruit training; subsequent discriminant analysis of graduates and dropouts demonstrated significant differences on five variables, including physical self comparison, reports of physical ailments, ability to cope with situational stress, body composition and age and correctly classified 30% of the dropouts. When these variables were subjected to a stepwise multiple regression, a predictive validity of .50 and .04 was observed for female and male dropouts respectively. The results support the usefulness and efficacy of a multivariate test device for the identification of dropouts and the prediction of selected task performance prior to training.
Abstract : Women entering the Army are exposed to considerable physical stress due to the intense... more Abstract : Women entering the Army are exposed to considerable physical stress due to the intense physical training program encountered. Four hundred women recruits, aged 18-29, participated in a prospective study to (1) determine the incidence and nature of injuries they would sustain as the result of a vigorous, supervised training program and (2) identify the predisposing factors that may be related to their occurrence. The data demonstrated that 54% (215) women sustained reportable injuries resulted in an average training time loss of 13 days. Fourty-one percent of these injuries resulted in major profiles and limited all participation in physical training. Significant injuries were: tibial stress fractures in 45, chrondomalacia of the patella (CMP) in 21, hip or neck of the femur stress fractures in 20, sprains in 12, achilles tendonitis in 10 calcaneous, metatarsal stress fractures in 8, and fascial or anterior compartment strains in 6. The injury data wre correleated with prior fitness measures, documenting that a major cause of injury in women can be attributed to the lack of conditioning, greater body weight and body fat and limited leg strength. It was concluded that susceptibility to these potential orthopedic and medical conditions could be identified prior to beginning training and minimized through proper screening and remedial action to initiating a vigorous physical training program. (Author)
Abstract : Four runners and six non-runners were studied during various exercise tests in order t... more Abstract : Four runners and six non-runners were studied during various exercise tests in order to compare venous lactate accumulation. Subjects were studied on three occasions while walking on a treadmill with increases in grade at 1, 3 and 5 minute intervals. Based upon the results of these tests, each subject performed for 30 minutes, at an individually selected workload which was just above the level at which venous lactate began to increase exponentially. During the incremental work tests, lactate accumulation was delayed, both in terms of relative and absolute workload, in trained Runners. Lactate accumulation was altered by the different time intervals during the incremental tests. During the 30 minute walk, both Runners and Nonrunners showed similar lactate accumulation during the first five minutes of exercise. Between 5 and 10 minutes, Runners had a mean decrease while Nonrunners had a mean increase. This suggests that the accumulation of venous lactate is reversible during steady state exercise in trained individuals.
Abstract : Present research evaluated aspects of task performance, physical work capacity, biogra... more Abstract : Present research evaluated aspects of task performance, physical work capacity, biographical data, and psychological coping strategies, to determine their relationship to attrition and retention of personnel during a stressful training program. It attempted to develop a selection instrument that could be utilized as part of a pre-training screening device to optimize both personnel selection and subsequent occupational assignment and training in the US Armed Forces. Thirteen hundred men and women recruits were measured at the beginning of a recruit training period. Subsequent discriminant analysis of graduates and drop outs demonstrated significant differences on five variables correctly classifying 30% of the drop outs. These variables included physical self- comparison, reports of physical ailments (HOS), ability to cope with situational stress (RTLP), body composition and age. When these variables were subjected to a stepwise multiple regression, a predictive validity of .50 and .04 was observed for female and male dropouts respectively. Likewise, the use of multiple regression for the prediction of criterion task performances resulted in significant multiple Rs ranging from .45 to .67 using strength measurement alone. The results suggest that even with reasonable limitations of the multivariate model, in terms of cost effectiveness, it may be a useful tool for the identification of female dropouts and the prediction of task performance in a stressful training environment.
During their first 2 years of training at the U.S. Military Academy, 11 male and 7 female cadets ... more During their first 2 years of training at the U.S. Military Academy, 11 male and 7 female cadets were studied on five occasions. VO2 max (1/min), lean body mass and body weight increased significantly in both groups. Percent body fat was significantly reduced only after the first summer of training and then returned to initial values. VO2 max (ml/kg.min) did not change in males during the study. However, females increased significantly after the initial 6 weeks of training (44.2 to 48.8 ml/kg.min). They remained at this level through the second summer of training. However, by the end of their second academic year, females' values dropped to 45.9 ml/kg.min. Maximal isometric strength measured 30-40% higher in males than in females. During the last year of training, arm and shoulder strength increased 10.2% in males, but was unchanged in females. Our results suggest that even extended military training did not enable females to significantly narrow the difference with male cadets ...
Abstract: A device for muscular strength measurement designed for possible use in the AFEES is pr... more Abstract: A device for muscular strength measurement designed for possible use in the AFEES is presented. Muscle groups involving the upper body, legs and trunk were selected for measurement as being most representative of the functional muscle groups most ...
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