Our policy-oriented research strives to elucidate events in South Asia and formulate strategies that shape public discourse concerning the region in order to promote peace, security, and sustainable development. EFSAS provides strategic in-depth analysis, research, statistical data, policy advice and forecasts related to developments in the fields of politics, international relations, conflict management, human rights, security, diplomacy, strategic affairs and conflict resolution in South Asia. Our core specialization is in the fields of Terrorism, Indo-Pak relations and the Jammu & Kashmir conflict and our greatest strength lies in the application of comparative regional analysis and research.
What drove this surprising electoral outcome and what implications is the election likely to have... more What drove this surprising electoral outcome and what implications is the election likely to have going forward? This paper discusses both the backdrop of the elections and the elections as such. It retraces the approaches to and changes in Modi’s governance models throughout his two first Premierships, which were characterized by generally positive economic performances (that were then heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic) as well as the entrenchment of Hindu-nationalist ideology that alienated national minorities but was immensely popular among India’s Hindu majority. The paper then examines the outcome of the 2024 elections, highlighting the role economic concerns played in determining the outcome of the votes. It specifically zeroes in on the BJP’s lacklustre performance in Uttar Pradesh, India’s core battleground state and a key constituency for the BJP. Lastly, the paper provides a forecast on the election’s ramifications for India, the region, and New Delhi’s international relations over the coming years.
This paper examines how Germany and Italy, two of Europe’s largest economies, have responded to t... more This paper examines how Germany and Italy, two of Europe’s largest economies, have responded to the BRI. Not only are both countries highly influential within the EU economically, their historical approach toward the BRI has also been markedly different. Germany has treated the BRI with scepticism, especially under the current coalition government (Hildebrandt, 2023). Italy, in turn, used to be one of the largest BRI lenders but chose to leave the BRI in 2023, reflecting growing concerns regarding China throughout large parts of the European Union (EU) (Mazzocco & Palazzi, 2023).
The first section of this paper introduces the role of the BRI in Europe, examining investment volumes and destinations as well as the EU’s collective response to the initiative. It then examines the German response to the BRI, which has become more negative over time as China-Germany relations have been hit by heightened economic tensions. Moving on to Italy, this submission outlines Italy’s initial reasons for joining the BRI, China’s objectives in the Mediterranean Sea, and Italy’s ultimate reasons for leaving the BRI.
Firstly, this paper seeks to examine the historical connections between China and successive Afgh... more Firstly, this paper seeks to examine the historical connections between China and successive Afghan governments, whether democratic or insurgent in nature, highlighting their evolution through the years. The withdrawal of American forces followed by the Taliban takeover have inevitably altered the balance of power in the region, leading to the emergence of new and paradoxical alliances. Indeed, despite a tense international context, where international opprobrium is heaped on those who collaborate with the Taliban, China was among the only countries to maintain diplomatic and trade relations with the outfit. Thus, this paper attempts to examine this fragile alliance and the reasons behind this decision. Furthermore, since the Taliban took root in Kabul, China, via its network of State-owned enterprises, has intensified its investment in the mining sector, revealing its genuine interest in the country's natural mining resources. This paper, via examples, will discuss China's investment strategy in Afghanistan, focusing primarily on the country's progressive integration into the Belt and Road Initiative, notably through its flagship project, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). However, while this economic prospect may seem attractive, it does not seem sufficient or convincing enough on its own to explain this surge of interest towards Afghanistan. The final section of this paper therefore aims to answer this question by putting the economic dimension into perspective with the security aspect that this new relationship is offering China.
This paper will therefore examine the role that Chinese propaganda has played in the continued pe... more This paper will therefore examine the role that Chinese propaganda has played in the continued persecution by the Chinese government towards the Uyghurs. It will argue that propaganda serves a defensive function for the Chinese State, by reframing its discriminatory treatment of Uyghurs as counterterrorism. This narrative change grants the Chinese government greater leeway to enact more stringent policies, under the banner of combating extremism, while also freeing Muslim countries of any moral obligation towards the Uyghur community.
Hawala | From Ancient Remittance Transfer System to Terrorist Financing Method, 2024
First, explaining how much, approximately, terrorist activities cost, this paper will discuss som... more First, explaining how much, approximately, terrorist activities cost, this paper will discuss some of the methods terrorist organizations use to fundraise and move considerable amounts of money needed to finance their activities, eventually focusing on the use of the Hawala system. This is an ancient money transfer method that has been discovered to be a preferred path to move funds while keeping secrecy on the sender, receiver, and sum of money involved in the transaction, in such a manner that prevents financial authorities from retrieving information or obstructing the cash flow. Although the Hawala system has old roots and is mostly used by migrants to send remittances to their families in their countries of origin, the discretion allowed by this system has not been ignored by illicit organizations and terrorist groups. This paper will go through proven cases of terrorist groups using this system, considering Al-Qaeda, ISIS, the Taliban, and terrorist organizations in Jammu & Kashmir. These examples will explain how Hawala is a very common and practical tool for terrorist financing. Finally, a reflection will be made on the effects of regulations and restrictions on the Hawala system imposed by governments, which, with the intent of cutting funds to terrorist organizations, also limit the freedom of honest migrants to employ it as a very useful remittance system.
China's Evolving Relationship with the Taliban, 2023
This paper examines the scope and nature of the expanding Chinese investments in Afghanistan and ... more This paper examines the scope and nature of the expanding Chinese investments in Afghanistan and the evolving strategic China-Taliban relationship. Initially, the paper maps Afghanistan’s natural mineral wealth and the exploitation strategies developed by Afghan and non-Afghan actors since the outbreak of the Afghan civil war in 1978. The paper then discusses China’s strategic approach towards the Taliban and the Afghan republican government between 1996 and 2001, finding that China developed a two-pronged strategy that ensured communication with the Karzai and Ghani governments while providing China with access to the Taliban once the republican government collapsed in August 2021. The paper then moves to discuss the Taliban’s current resource management strategies, the role of Chinese investments, and the challenges facing these investments. Lastly, the paper highlights considerations for Western policymakers.
This paper examines the history of the BRICS, its functioning, and its recent expansion to discus... more This paper examines the history of the BRICS, its functioning, and its recent expansion to discuss the overall importance of the 2023 announcement. Initially, the paper traces the BRICS’ emergence in the early 2000s and discusses the institutionalization of the New Development Bank (NDB), the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), and the broader push for local currency use. While noting the partial strategic convergences between the original members, the paper here highlights that bilateral tensions between the original member States, most notably China and India, have limited cooperation on high-level political issues. Moving on to the group’s expansion, the paper posits that the expansion marks a crucial signaling step but fragments the grouping further in practice, thus likely diminishing its capacity to create a coherent alternative order to US hegemony.
This paper provides an overview of the contemporary trends and developments in EU-India relations... more This paper provides an overview of the contemporary trends and developments in EU-India relations, focusing on recent advancements and remaining challenges that have shaped the bilateral partnership. The paper initially traces the historical backdrop of EU-India ties before zeroing in on two components of the relationship: (1) the trade and investment connectivity and (2) EU-India security cooperation on counterterrorism and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). Analyzing the progress made so far as well as the factors constraining closer cooperation, the paper then develops a series of policy recommendations for European and Indian policymakers before concluding.
This paper discusses the history and contemporary developments of bilateral technology cooperatio... more This paper discusses the history and contemporary developments of bilateral technology cooperation and especially focuses on the emergence of frameworks allowing for the transfer of technologies and defense systems from India to the US. The paper initially outlines the historical trajectory from the 1960s to the late 1990s before discussing the frameworks shaping contemporary transfer models. Before concluding, the paper discusses some remaining challenges and makes some key policy recommendations.
Australia and India | From Estrangement to Convergence, 2023
In a time of heightened geopolitical competition, Australia has emerged as a major partner for In... more In a time of heightened geopolitical competition, Australia has emerged as a major partner for India. While this does not necessarily indicate alignment in a traditional sense, it reflects a shift in India’s security posture in the face of an increasingly assertive China. This paper analyzes the drivers, frameworks, and impacts of the bilateral relationship between Australia and India. It initially traces the relationship until the early 2000s and examines the factors shaping the relative strategic estrangement between both countries up until that point. The paper then moves to elaborating the drivers of strategic convergence before discussing the four major pillars of bilateral collaboration: (1) institutional engagement and diplomatic frameworks, (2) economic ties, (3) maritime security cooperation, and (4) wider security and defense cooperation. The last section concludes the paper and reflects on the progress made so far and the challenges to be addressed in the coming years.
This paper studies the progress and challenges of India’s engagement with three key littoral Indi... more This paper studies the progress and challenges of India’s engagement with three key littoral Indian Ocean States: the Maldives, Madagascar, and Mauritius. After briefly elaborating on China’s emerging role in the IOR, the paper summarizes the general framework India has employed under Prime Minister Modi in its interaction with the region. The paper then examines how this blueprint has been applied in the three case study countries, what specific local contexts shape the effectiveness of this engagement until now, and what limitations remain in the respective bilateral relationships. The paper finds that although India’s growing diplomatic presence has created some positive outcomes, the Indian presence is partially contentious and shaped by a variety of factors that make developments contingent on specific local contexts. Carefully navigating these contexts and respective concerns will be paramount in order to ensure India’s long-term role as an alternative to China.
This paper retraces the supply chain trajectories that have led to the contemporary reliance on T... more This paper retraces the supply chain trajectories that have led to the contemporary reliance on Taiwanese manufacturing and some key equipment firms before exploring the prospects of India’s attempt to establish itself as an offshoring destination. After briefly discussing how East Asia has emerged as a key space for chip manufacturing, the paper examines how increased geopolitical tensions have led to the development of sanctions regimes by the US vis-à-vis China and acceleration of offshoring incentives. The paper then zeroes in on the ISM, discussing both the progress made by the ISM as well as its challenges.
This paper seeks to assess the effects of the NSP on South Korea’s relationships with ASEAN and I... more This paper seeks to assess the effects of the NSP on South Korea’s relationships with ASEAN and India. The paper initially examines the strategic constraints generated by South Korea’s position in Northeast Asia. After discussing the NSP’s policy objectives, the paper then assesses the NSP’s effects in Southeast Asia and India. The analysis shows that the NSP has been less prevalent in India, where structural issues and the ROK’s prioritization of ASEAN have restricted a more significant expansion of the relationship. The paper finds that the NSP ultimately marks a continued attempt by South Korea to hedge between China and the US. While this creates political space for Seoul in non-traditional security domains, Seoul’s inability to respond to more contentious security challenges, especially regarding China, prevents the NSP from marking a significant reformulation of South Korean foreign policy.
This paper examines the prospects facing the BRI ten years after its launch. Following an elabora... more This paper examines the prospects facing the BRI ten years after its launch. Following an elaboration on the BRI’s policy objectives, it discusses the initiative’s financing mechanisms and prevalent concerns regarding financial, social, and environmental sustainability. It then moves on to examine how Chinese financing practices have been rearticulated in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and an increased upscaling of the BRI’s size. Today, the BRI finds itself at a crossroads, with financing models increasingly focusing on advanced economies and transparency and sustainability concerns prevailing.
In 2022, Afghanistan suffered a turbulent year in the aftermath of the Taliban’s
armed takeover i... more In 2022, Afghanistan suffered a turbulent year in the aftermath of the Taliban’s armed takeover in August 2021. The security situation is still volatile. The country is affected by extensive humanitarian and economic crises. A repressive and unrecognised Taliban regime is bent on enforcing its interpretation of Sharia law. The Afghan people will not be consulted or allowed to express their views. Local media is being suppressed. There is no significant resistance that currently could threaten the Taliban regime – and no appetite from any quarter for a return to fighting. Women are now prevented from working, receiving education or otherwise engaging in society in any meaningful way. In 2023 we should expect more of the same.
This paper will first discuss the concept of ‘War on Terror’ from a theoretical perspective, argu... more This paper will first discuss the concept of ‘War on Terror’ from a theoretical perspective, arguing that it presented numerous definitional challenges, which ultimately lead to inconsistent, ineffective and discrepant counter-terrorism policies. It will further demonstrate how the phrase has been used as a carte blanche for US military intervention in sovereign States. Here, a discussion on the legal aspects and principles of proportionality of the war on terror will take place and the examples of Afghanistan and Iraq will be used. Subsequently, the paper will highlight how the military gains that America’s war on terror have produced pale in comparison to the damage they have inflicted, including financial costs, human casualties and long-lasting humanitarian disasters. Importantly, the failure of the war on terror has given oxygen and space to the proliferation of more extremist groups, further destabilizing these regions and prompting more violence. The paper will also discuss how the US’ war on terror has not only led to the deaths of millions of innocent lives and destruction of several countries, but also set a precedent for other countries to use this dangerous rhetoric in justifying their actions against a perceived threat.
The article is structured as follows. The first chapter will introduce the concept of hydro-hegem... more The article is structured as follows. The first chapter will introduce the concept of hydro-hegemony (HH) as a means of conceptualizing how interstate relations can play out in the management of cross-boundary waterways. The article then analyzes the role of the BRS for the riparian countries and the wider region before examining how the BRS features in China’s and India’s respective energy transition strategies. This includes an analysis of how both China and India have sought to ‘capture’ the BRS’s resource potential. Lastly, this submission assesses how this (attempted) capture implicates mechanisms for riparian institution-building processes and what prospects may look like going forward.
December 2022 marks the completion of the Taliban’s first full year as the de facto rulers of Afg... more December 2022 marks the completion of the Taliban’s first full year as the de facto rulers of Afghanistan following the fall of Kabul to the group in August 2021. In many ways, the month has become emblematic of some of the broader policy issues that continue to face the Taliban regime. The anti-Taliban insurgency of the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) has continued, undermining the Taliban’s domestic and already highly limited international legitimacy. Since taking power, the Taliban’s relationship with its largest benefactor – Pakistan - has seemingly deteriorated, especially due to the Taliban’s continued support for the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which effectively enables the TTP’s cross-border attacks. Lastly, the regime’s egregious human rights record has maintained its isolation on the global stage, in the process further limiting the prospects of de jure international legitimacy and cutting off the country from international aid.
This paper examines the development and trajectory of the India-Japan strategic relationship, ini... more This paper examines the development and trajectory of the India-Japan strategic relationship, initially discussing the notion of the FOIP and the role of the Quad. The paper then examines the bilateral relationship outside of the Quad, focusing on (1) relevant diplomatic agreements, (2) trade relations, and (3) defense and security cooperation. The last section arrives at some conclusions on the present and future prospects of the partnership.
What drove this surprising electoral outcome and what implications is the election likely to have... more What drove this surprising electoral outcome and what implications is the election likely to have going forward? This paper discusses both the backdrop of the elections and the elections as such. It retraces the approaches to and changes in Modi’s governance models throughout his two first Premierships, which were characterized by generally positive economic performances (that were then heavily disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic) as well as the entrenchment of Hindu-nationalist ideology that alienated national minorities but was immensely popular among India’s Hindu majority. The paper then examines the outcome of the 2024 elections, highlighting the role economic concerns played in determining the outcome of the votes. It specifically zeroes in on the BJP’s lacklustre performance in Uttar Pradesh, India’s core battleground state and a key constituency for the BJP. Lastly, the paper provides a forecast on the election’s ramifications for India, the region, and New Delhi’s international relations over the coming years.
This paper examines how Germany and Italy, two of Europe’s largest economies, have responded to t... more This paper examines how Germany and Italy, two of Europe’s largest economies, have responded to the BRI. Not only are both countries highly influential within the EU economically, their historical approach toward the BRI has also been markedly different. Germany has treated the BRI with scepticism, especially under the current coalition government (Hildebrandt, 2023). Italy, in turn, used to be one of the largest BRI lenders but chose to leave the BRI in 2023, reflecting growing concerns regarding China throughout large parts of the European Union (EU) (Mazzocco & Palazzi, 2023).
The first section of this paper introduces the role of the BRI in Europe, examining investment volumes and destinations as well as the EU’s collective response to the initiative. It then examines the German response to the BRI, which has become more negative over time as China-Germany relations have been hit by heightened economic tensions. Moving on to Italy, this submission outlines Italy’s initial reasons for joining the BRI, China’s objectives in the Mediterranean Sea, and Italy’s ultimate reasons for leaving the BRI.
Firstly, this paper seeks to examine the historical connections between China and successive Afgh... more Firstly, this paper seeks to examine the historical connections between China and successive Afghan governments, whether democratic or insurgent in nature, highlighting their evolution through the years. The withdrawal of American forces followed by the Taliban takeover have inevitably altered the balance of power in the region, leading to the emergence of new and paradoxical alliances. Indeed, despite a tense international context, where international opprobrium is heaped on those who collaborate with the Taliban, China was among the only countries to maintain diplomatic and trade relations with the outfit. Thus, this paper attempts to examine this fragile alliance and the reasons behind this decision. Furthermore, since the Taliban took root in Kabul, China, via its network of State-owned enterprises, has intensified its investment in the mining sector, revealing its genuine interest in the country's natural mining resources. This paper, via examples, will discuss China's investment strategy in Afghanistan, focusing primarily on the country's progressive integration into the Belt and Road Initiative, notably through its flagship project, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). However, while this economic prospect may seem attractive, it does not seem sufficient or convincing enough on its own to explain this surge of interest towards Afghanistan. The final section of this paper therefore aims to answer this question by putting the economic dimension into perspective with the security aspect that this new relationship is offering China.
This paper will therefore examine the role that Chinese propaganda has played in the continued pe... more This paper will therefore examine the role that Chinese propaganda has played in the continued persecution by the Chinese government towards the Uyghurs. It will argue that propaganda serves a defensive function for the Chinese State, by reframing its discriminatory treatment of Uyghurs as counterterrorism. This narrative change grants the Chinese government greater leeway to enact more stringent policies, under the banner of combating extremism, while also freeing Muslim countries of any moral obligation towards the Uyghur community.
Hawala | From Ancient Remittance Transfer System to Terrorist Financing Method, 2024
First, explaining how much, approximately, terrorist activities cost, this paper will discuss som... more First, explaining how much, approximately, terrorist activities cost, this paper will discuss some of the methods terrorist organizations use to fundraise and move considerable amounts of money needed to finance their activities, eventually focusing on the use of the Hawala system. This is an ancient money transfer method that has been discovered to be a preferred path to move funds while keeping secrecy on the sender, receiver, and sum of money involved in the transaction, in such a manner that prevents financial authorities from retrieving information or obstructing the cash flow. Although the Hawala system has old roots and is mostly used by migrants to send remittances to their families in their countries of origin, the discretion allowed by this system has not been ignored by illicit organizations and terrorist groups. This paper will go through proven cases of terrorist groups using this system, considering Al-Qaeda, ISIS, the Taliban, and terrorist organizations in Jammu & Kashmir. These examples will explain how Hawala is a very common and practical tool for terrorist financing. Finally, a reflection will be made on the effects of regulations and restrictions on the Hawala system imposed by governments, which, with the intent of cutting funds to terrorist organizations, also limit the freedom of honest migrants to employ it as a very useful remittance system.
China's Evolving Relationship with the Taliban, 2023
This paper examines the scope and nature of the expanding Chinese investments in Afghanistan and ... more This paper examines the scope and nature of the expanding Chinese investments in Afghanistan and the evolving strategic China-Taliban relationship. Initially, the paper maps Afghanistan’s natural mineral wealth and the exploitation strategies developed by Afghan and non-Afghan actors since the outbreak of the Afghan civil war in 1978. The paper then discusses China’s strategic approach towards the Taliban and the Afghan republican government between 1996 and 2001, finding that China developed a two-pronged strategy that ensured communication with the Karzai and Ghani governments while providing China with access to the Taliban once the republican government collapsed in August 2021. The paper then moves to discuss the Taliban’s current resource management strategies, the role of Chinese investments, and the challenges facing these investments. Lastly, the paper highlights considerations for Western policymakers.
This paper examines the history of the BRICS, its functioning, and its recent expansion to discus... more This paper examines the history of the BRICS, its functioning, and its recent expansion to discuss the overall importance of the 2023 announcement. Initially, the paper traces the BRICS’ emergence in the early 2000s and discusses the institutionalization of the New Development Bank (NDB), the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), and the broader push for local currency use. While noting the partial strategic convergences between the original members, the paper here highlights that bilateral tensions between the original member States, most notably China and India, have limited cooperation on high-level political issues. Moving on to the group’s expansion, the paper posits that the expansion marks a crucial signaling step but fragments the grouping further in practice, thus likely diminishing its capacity to create a coherent alternative order to US hegemony.
This paper provides an overview of the contemporary trends and developments in EU-India relations... more This paper provides an overview of the contemporary trends and developments in EU-India relations, focusing on recent advancements and remaining challenges that have shaped the bilateral partnership. The paper initially traces the historical backdrop of EU-India ties before zeroing in on two components of the relationship: (1) the trade and investment connectivity and (2) EU-India security cooperation on counterterrorism and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). Analyzing the progress made so far as well as the factors constraining closer cooperation, the paper then develops a series of policy recommendations for European and Indian policymakers before concluding.
This paper discusses the history and contemporary developments of bilateral technology cooperatio... more This paper discusses the history and contemporary developments of bilateral technology cooperation and especially focuses on the emergence of frameworks allowing for the transfer of technologies and defense systems from India to the US. The paper initially outlines the historical trajectory from the 1960s to the late 1990s before discussing the frameworks shaping contemporary transfer models. Before concluding, the paper discusses some remaining challenges and makes some key policy recommendations.
Australia and India | From Estrangement to Convergence, 2023
In a time of heightened geopolitical competition, Australia has emerged as a major partner for In... more In a time of heightened geopolitical competition, Australia has emerged as a major partner for India. While this does not necessarily indicate alignment in a traditional sense, it reflects a shift in India’s security posture in the face of an increasingly assertive China. This paper analyzes the drivers, frameworks, and impacts of the bilateral relationship between Australia and India. It initially traces the relationship until the early 2000s and examines the factors shaping the relative strategic estrangement between both countries up until that point. The paper then moves to elaborating the drivers of strategic convergence before discussing the four major pillars of bilateral collaboration: (1) institutional engagement and diplomatic frameworks, (2) economic ties, (3) maritime security cooperation, and (4) wider security and defense cooperation. The last section concludes the paper and reflects on the progress made so far and the challenges to be addressed in the coming years.
This paper studies the progress and challenges of India’s engagement with three key littoral Indi... more This paper studies the progress and challenges of India’s engagement with three key littoral Indian Ocean States: the Maldives, Madagascar, and Mauritius. After briefly elaborating on China’s emerging role in the IOR, the paper summarizes the general framework India has employed under Prime Minister Modi in its interaction with the region. The paper then examines how this blueprint has been applied in the three case study countries, what specific local contexts shape the effectiveness of this engagement until now, and what limitations remain in the respective bilateral relationships. The paper finds that although India’s growing diplomatic presence has created some positive outcomes, the Indian presence is partially contentious and shaped by a variety of factors that make developments contingent on specific local contexts. Carefully navigating these contexts and respective concerns will be paramount in order to ensure India’s long-term role as an alternative to China.
This paper retraces the supply chain trajectories that have led to the contemporary reliance on T... more This paper retraces the supply chain trajectories that have led to the contemporary reliance on Taiwanese manufacturing and some key equipment firms before exploring the prospects of India’s attempt to establish itself as an offshoring destination. After briefly discussing how East Asia has emerged as a key space for chip manufacturing, the paper examines how increased geopolitical tensions have led to the development of sanctions regimes by the US vis-à-vis China and acceleration of offshoring incentives. The paper then zeroes in on the ISM, discussing both the progress made by the ISM as well as its challenges.
This paper seeks to assess the effects of the NSP on South Korea’s relationships with ASEAN and I... more This paper seeks to assess the effects of the NSP on South Korea’s relationships with ASEAN and India. The paper initially examines the strategic constraints generated by South Korea’s position in Northeast Asia. After discussing the NSP’s policy objectives, the paper then assesses the NSP’s effects in Southeast Asia and India. The analysis shows that the NSP has been less prevalent in India, where structural issues and the ROK’s prioritization of ASEAN have restricted a more significant expansion of the relationship. The paper finds that the NSP ultimately marks a continued attempt by South Korea to hedge between China and the US. While this creates political space for Seoul in non-traditional security domains, Seoul’s inability to respond to more contentious security challenges, especially regarding China, prevents the NSP from marking a significant reformulation of South Korean foreign policy.
This paper examines the prospects facing the BRI ten years after its launch. Following an elabora... more This paper examines the prospects facing the BRI ten years after its launch. Following an elaboration on the BRI’s policy objectives, it discusses the initiative’s financing mechanisms and prevalent concerns regarding financial, social, and environmental sustainability. It then moves on to examine how Chinese financing practices have been rearticulated in reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and an increased upscaling of the BRI’s size. Today, the BRI finds itself at a crossroads, with financing models increasingly focusing on advanced economies and transparency and sustainability concerns prevailing.
In 2022, Afghanistan suffered a turbulent year in the aftermath of the Taliban’s
armed takeover i... more In 2022, Afghanistan suffered a turbulent year in the aftermath of the Taliban’s armed takeover in August 2021. The security situation is still volatile. The country is affected by extensive humanitarian and economic crises. A repressive and unrecognised Taliban regime is bent on enforcing its interpretation of Sharia law. The Afghan people will not be consulted or allowed to express their views. Local media is being suppressed. There is no significant resistance that currently could threaten the Taliban regime – and no appetite from any quarter for a return to fighting. Women are now prevented from working, receiving education or otherwise engaging in society in any meaningful way. In 2023 we should expect more of the same.
This paper will first discuss the concept of ‘War on Terror’ from a theoretical perspective, argu... more This paper will first discuss the concept of ‘War on Terror’ from a theoretical perspective, arguing that it presented numerous definitional challenges, which ultimately lead to inconsistent, ineffective and discrepant counter-terrorism policies. It will further demonstrate how the phrase has been used as a carte blanche for US military intervention in sovereign States. Here, a discussion on the legal aspects and principles of proportionality of the war on terror will take place and the examples of Afghanistan and Iraq will be used. Subsequently, the paper will highlight how the military gains that America’s war on terror have produced pale in comparison to the damage they have inflicted, including financial costs, human casualties and long-lasting humanitarian disasters. Importantly, the failure of the war on terror has given oxygen and space to the proliferation of more extremist groups, further destabilizing these regions and prompting more violence. The paper will also discuss how the US’ war on terror has not only led to the deaths of millions of innocent lives and destruction of several countries, but also set a precedent for other countries to use this dangerous rhetoric in justifying their actions against a perceived threat.
The article is structured as follows. The first chapter will introduce the concept of hydro-hegem... more The article is structured as follows. The first chapter will introduce the concept of hydro-hegemony (HH) as a means of conceptualizing how interstate relations can play out in the management of cross-boundary waterways. The article then analyzes the role of the BRS for the riparian countries and the wider region before examining how the BRS features in China’s and India’s respective energy transition strategies. This includes an analysis of how both China and India have sought to ‘capture’ the BRS’s resource potential. Lastly, this submission assesses how this (attempted) capture implicates mechanisms for riparian institution-building processes and what prospects may look like going forward.
December 2022 marks the completion of the Taliban’s first full year as the de facto rulers of Afg... more December 2022 marks the completion of the Taliban’s first full year as the de facto rulers of Afghanistan following the fall of Kabul to the group in August 2021. In many ways, the month has become emblematic of some of the broader policy issues that continue to face the Taliban regime. The anti-Taliban insurgency of the Islamic State Khorasan Province (ISKP) has continued, undermining the Taliban’s domestic and already highly limited international legitimacy. Since taking power, the Taliban’s relationship with its largest benefactor – Pakistan - has seemingly deteriorated, especially due to the Taliban’s continued support for the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP), which effectively enables the TTP’s cross-border attacks. Lastly, the regime’s egregious human rights record has maintained its isolation on the global stage, in the process further limiting the prospects of de jure international legitimacy and cutting off the country from international aid.
This paper examines the development and trajectory of the India-Japan strategic relationship, ini... more This paper examines the development and trajectory of the India-Japan strategic relationship, initially discussing the notion of the FOIP and the role of the Quad. The paper then examines the bilateral relationship outside of the Quad, focusing on (1) relevant diplomatic agreements, (2) trade relations, and (3) defense and security cooperation. The last section arrives at some conclusions on the present and future prospects of the partnership.
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Papers by European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS)
The first section of this paper introduces the role of the BRI in Europe, examining investment volumes and destinations as well as the EU’s collective response to the initiative. It then examines the German response to the BRI, which has become more negative over time as China-Germany relations have been hit by heightened economic tensions. Moving on to Italy, this submission outlines Italy’s initial reasons for joining the BRI, China’s objectives in the Mediterranean Sea, and Italy’s ultimate reasons for leaving the BRI.
These examples will explain how Hawala is a very common and practical tool for terrorist financing. Finally, a reflection will be made on the effects of regulations and restrictions on the Hawala system imposed by governments, which, with the intent of cutting funds to terrorist
organizations, also limit the freedom of honest migrants to employ it as a very useful remittance system.
the Taliban once the republican government collapsed in August 2021. The paper then moves to discuss the Taliban’s current resource management strategies, the role of Chinese investments, and the challenges facing these investments. Lastly, the paper highlights
considerations for Western policymakers.
marks a crucial signaling step but fragments the grouping further in practice, thus likely diminishing its capacity to create a coherent alternative order to US hegemony.
connectivity and (2) EU-India security cooperation on counterterrorism and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). Analyzing the progress made so far as well as the factors constraining closer cooperation, the paper then develops a series of policy recommendations for European and Indian policymakers before concluding.
frameworks shaping contemporary transfer models. Before concluding, the paper discusses some remaining challenges and makes some key policy recommendations.
Australia and India. It initially traces the relationship until the early 2000s and examines the factors shaping the relative strategic estrangement between both countries up until that point. The paper then moves to elaborating the drivers of strategic convergence before discussing the
four major pillars of bilateral collaboration: (1) institutional engagement and diplomatic frameworks, (2) economic ties, (3) maritime security cooperation, and (4) wider security and defense cooperation. The last section concludes the paper and reflects on the progress made so
far and the challenges to be addressed in the coming years.
specific local contexts shape the effectiveness of this engagement until now, and what limitations remain in the respective bilateral relationships. The paper finds that although India’s growing diplomatic presence has created some positive outcomes, the Indian presence is partially contentious and shaped by a variety of factors that make developments contingent on specific local contexts. Carefully navigating these contexts and respective concerns will be paramount in order to ensure India’s long-term role as an alternative to China.
armed takeover in August 2021. The security situation is still volatile. The country is affected
by extensive humanitarian and economic crises. A repressive and unrecognised Taliban regime
is bent on enforcing its interpretation of Sharia law. The Afghan people will not be consulted
or allowed to express their views. Local media is being suppressed. There is no significant
resistance that currently could threaten the Taliban regime – and no appetite from any quarter
for a return to fighting. Women are now prevented from working, receiving education or
otherwise engaging in society in any meaningful way. In 2023 we should expect more of the
same.
The first section of this paper introduces the role of the BRI in Europe, examining investment volumes and destinations as well as the EU’s collective response to the initiative. It then examines the German response to the BRI, which has become more negative over time as China-Germany relations have been hit by heightened economic tensions. Moving on to Italy, this submission outlines Italy’s initial reasons for joining the BRI, China’s objectives in the Mediterranean Sea, and Italy’s ultimate reasons for leaving the BRI.
These examples will explain how Hawala is a very common and practical tool for terrorist financing. Finally, a reflection will be made on the effects of regulations and restrictions on the Hawala system imposed by governments, which, with the intent of cutting funds to terrorist
organizations, also limit the freedom of honest migrants to employ it as a very useful remittance system.
the Taliban once the republican government collapsed in August 2021. The paper then moves to discuss the Taliban’s current resource management strategies, the role of Chinese investments, and the challenges facing these investments. Lastly, the paper highlights
considerations for Western policymakers.
marks a crucial signaling step but fragments the grouping further in practice, thus likely diminishing its capacity to create a coherent alternative order to US hegemony.
connectivity and (2) EU-India security cooperation on counterterrorism and humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). Analyzing the progress made so far as well as the factors constraining closer cooperation, the paper then develops a series of policy recommendations for European and Indian policymakers before concluding.
frameworks shaping contemporary transfer models. Before concluding, the paper discusses some remaining challenges and makes some key policy recommendations.
Australia and India. It initially traces the relationship until the early 2000s and examines the factors shaping the relative strategic estrangement between both countries up until that point. The paper then moves to elaborating the drivers of strategic convergence before discussing the
four major pillars of bilateral collaboration: (1) institutional engagement and diplomatic frameworks, (2) economic ties, (3) maritime security cooperation, and (4) wider security and defense cooperation. The last section concludes the paper and reflects on the progress made so
far and the challenges to be addressed in the coming years.
specific local contexts shape the effectiveness of this engagement until now, and what limitations remain in the respective bilateral relationships. The paper finds that although India’s growing diplomatic presence has created some positive outcomes, the Indian presence is partially contentious and shaped by a variety of factors that make developments contingent on specific local contexts. Carefully navigating these contexts and respective concerns will be paramount in order to ensure India’s long-term role as an alternative to China.
armed takeover in August 2021. The security situation is still volatile. The country is affected
by extensive humanitarian and economic crises. A repressive and unrecognised Taliban regime
is bent on enforcing its interpretation of Sharia law. The Afghan people will not be consulted
or allowed to express their views. Local media is being suppressed. There is no significant
resistance that currently could threaten the Taliban regime – and no appetite from any quarter
for a return to fighting. Women are now prevented from working, receiving education or
otherwise engaging in society in any meaningful way. In 2023 we should expect more of the
same.