Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Oct 1, 2021
Abstract In this work, a viability study of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor con... more Abstract In this work, a viability study of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions is proposed. The viability analysis of solar plant projects based on annual exceedance probability, which is the probability that a certain energy value will be exceeded, is applied. The two outputs used (algal productivity and ammonium uptake rate) are obtained from literature models under different scenarios. The first scenario studies algal productivity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in an open pond system. The second scenario considers the ammonium uptake rate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Cultivation in a flat-plate photobioreactor. Both scenarios are set out under outdoor conditions in two stations with different climates. The work also aims at including in the viability study an analysis of the intermittency of productivity/ammonium uptake rate to take into account intra-annual variability. The study of variability is usually limited to the estimation of statistics during each season. The methodology proposed, based on exceedance probabilities of variation, evaluates discontinuities in the production and/or nutrient removal processes. Finally, the work aims at evaluating the effects of storage on the discontinuities that can compromise project viability defining the Risk Factor Improvement Index. This index assesses the degree of improvement in viability due to discontinuity in productivity and ammonium removal processes provided by storage. According to this index, improvements of up to 31% for the productivity and up to 20% for the ammonium uptake rate can be reached. By including storage, the discontinuity effect and thus the intermittency analysis may be disregarded.
This chapter shows in context the differences between the theories of language and the arts of Hu... more This chapter shows in context the differences between the theories of language and the arts of Hume and Smith. Confronting the theories of Hobbes, Locke and Hume, who considered that words correspond to ideas in the mind, Smith starts by speaking about nouns to make after an analysis of the process of abstraction. This does not mean that we have inborn ideas, but that our perception is a whole with self-organizing tendencies. From there, language progresses like the construction of machines and, the same as with machinery, it can be alienating. Besides, for Hume the standard of taste is subjective, although he makes a mental pirouette and affirms that ornamented language is more beautiful than the simple one. Smith affirms that the beauty of language comes from its simplicity and the ability to communicate the mind of the author. Finally, according to Hume, we admire a work of art when it most resembles the nature it imitates, for Smith we prefer exclusive objects that do not have an exact reflection in nature.
Similarities and differences between Hume and Smith personalities will be highlighted. Their frie... more Similarities and differences between Hume and Smith personalities will be highlighted. Their friendship and intimacy seem to be based on their similarities; their esteem and mutual attraction was based on the interest taken in each other due to their differences. They began walking along the path of a similar literary strategy but over time they diverged in the way in which they presented their theory to the public. In this point, the exposure of piety could be seen as part of their divergence in literary strategy and their approach to the desirability of hurting or breaking with the religious faiths and hopes of the people.
The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions and introdu... more The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, we analyse two different systems for the treatment of wastewater that, at the same time, produce energy for its own operation. On the one hand, high-rate algal ponds system (HRAP) is considered; on the other hand, we study a conventional activated sludge system which uses photovoltaic power (AS+PV). This paper offers a viability analysis of both systems based on the capacity to satisfy their energetic consumption. In order to assess this viability, the probability of not achieving the energy consumption threshold at least one day is studied. The results point that the AS+PV system self-sufficiency is achieved using much lesser surfaces than those of HRAP system (for the former, less than 6.500 m2, for the latter 40.000 m2). However, the important A...
In the 19th century the liberal author Joseph Garnier (1813-1881) had a clear influence on Spanis... more In the 19th century the liberal author Joseph Garnier (1813-1881) had a clear influence on Spanish economists; however, his discourse has not been much studied in the literature. His Elements were adopted as an economics textbook at Spanish universities and it was one of the most recommended books on political economy. In contrast, other authors such as John Stuart Mill were not so well received. A study of the reasons for this influence in the context of nineteenth-century Spain is therefore needed. This article aims to fill this gap and highlight the work of Garnier who facilitated the diffusion of the free-trade doctrine and the rationalization of the administration in Spain.
After the Great Recession of 2008, there was a strong commitment from several international insti... more After the Great Recession of 2008, there was a strong commitment from several international institutions and forums to improve wellbeing economics, with a switch towards satisfaction and sustainability in people–planet–profit relations. The initiative of the European Union is the Green Deal, which is similar to the UN SGD agenda for Horizon 2030. It is the common political economy plan for the Multiannual Financial Framework, 2021–2027. This project intends, at the same time, to stop climate change and to promote the people’s wellness within healthy organizations and smart cities with access to cheap and clean energy. However, there is a risk for the success of this aim: the Jevons paradox. In this paper, we make a thorough revision of the literature on the Jevons Paradox, which implies that energy efficiency leads to higher levels of consumption of energy and to a bigger hazard of climate change and environmental degradation.
La innovación fue el problema económico clave del Siglo XVIII, una época privilegiada donde empie... more La innovación fue el problema económico clave del Siglo XVIII, una época privilegiada donde empiezan a resonar unos discursos exaltados, enaltecedores de la necesidad de innovación constante, pero en la que muchos señalaban también los riesgos de esta innovación. En este artículo se presentan las visiones de la innovación que surgieron en el siglo dieciocho de la mano de tres autores prototípicos, David Hume (1711-1776), Adam Smith (1723-1790) y Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Sus tres teorías arrojan luz sobre las consecuencias de la innovación, al estar basadas en sus distintas definiciones del agente económico, del tipo de interés, del empresario y del desarrollo económico.
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Oct 1, 2021
Abstract In this work, a viability study of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor con... more Abstract In this work, a viability study of algal wastewater treatment projects under outdoor conditions is proposed. The viability analysis of solar plant projects based on annual exceedance probability, which is the probability that a certain energy value will be exceeded, is applied. The two outputs used (algal productivity and ammonium uptake rate) are obtained from literature models under different scenarios. The first scenario studies algal productivity of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris cultivation in an open pond system. The second scenario considers the ammonium uptake rate of the microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Cultivation in a flat-plate photobioreactor. Both scenarios are set out under outdoor conditions in two stations with different climates. The work also aims at including in the viability study an analysis of the intermittency of productivity/ammonium uptake rate to take into account intra-annual variability. The study of variability is usually limited to the estimation of statistics during each season. The methodology proposed, based on exceedance probabilities of variation, evaluates discontinuities in the production and/or nutrient removal processes. Finally, the work aims at evaluating the effects of storage on the discontinuities that can compromise project viability defining the Risk Factor Improvement Index. This index assesses the degree of improvement in viability due to discontinuity in productivity and ammonium removal processes provided by storage. According to this index, improvements of up to 31% for the productivity and up to 20% for the ammonium uptake rate can be reached. By including storage, the discontinuity effect and thus the intermittency analysis may be disregarded.
This chapter shows in context the differences between the theories of language and the arts of Hu... more This chapter shows in context the differences between the theories of language and the arts of Hume and Smith. Confronting the theories of Hobbes, Locke and Hume, who considered that words correspond to ideas in the mind, Smith starts by speaking about nouns to make after an analysis of the process of abstraction. This does not mean that we have inborn ideas, but that our perception is a whole with self-organizing tendencies. From there, language progresses like the construction of machines and, the same as with machinery, it can be alienating. Besides, for Hume the standard of taste is subjective, although he makes a mental pirouette and affirms that ornamented language is more beautiful than the simple one. Smith affirms that the beauty of language comes from its simplicity and the ability to communicate the mind of the author. Finally, according to Hume, we admire a work of art when it most resembles the nature it imitates, for Smith we prefer exclusive objects that do not have an exact reflection in nature.
Similarities and differences between Hume and Smith personalities will be highlighted. Their frie... more Similarities and differences between Hume and Smith personalities will be highlighted. Their friendship and intimacy seem to be based on their similarities; their esteem and mutual attraction was based on the interest taken in each other due to their differences. They began walking along the path of a similar literary strategy but over time they diverged in the way in which they presented their theory to the public. In this point, the exposure of piety could be seen as part of their divergence in literary strategy and their approach to the desirability of hurting or breaking with the religious faiths and hopes of the people.
The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions and introdu... more The European Union Green Deal aims at curbing planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions and introducing clean energy production. But to achieve energy efficiency, the opportunity cost of different energies must be assessed. In this article, we analyse two different systems for the treatment of wastewater that, at the same time, produce energy for its own operation. On the one hand, high-rate algal ponds system (HRAP) is considered; on the other hand, we study a conventional activated sludge system which uses photovoltaic power (AS+PV). This paper offers a viability analysis of both systems based on the capacity to satisfy their energetic consumption. In order to assess this viability, the probability of not achieving the energy consumption threshold at least one day is studied. The results point that the AS+PV system self-sufficiency is achieved using much lesser surfaces than those of HRAP system (for the former, less than 6.500 m2, for the latter 40.000 m2). However, the important A...
In the 19th century the liberal author Joseph Garnier (1813-1881) had a clear influence on Spanis... more In the 19th century the liberal author Joseph Garnier (1813-1881) had a clear influence on Spanish economists; however, his discourse has not been much studied in the literature. His Elements were adopted as an economics textbook at Spanish universities and it was one of the most recommended books on political economy. In contrast, other authors such as John Stuart Mill were not so well received. A study of the reasons for this influence in the context of nineteenth-century Spain is therefore needed. This article aims to fill this gap and highlight the work of Garnier who facilitated the diffusion of the free-trade doctrine and the rationalization of the administration in Spain.
After the Great Recession of 2008, there was a strong commitment from several international insti... more After the Great Recession of 2008, there was a strong commitment from several international institutions and forums to improve wellbeing economics, with a switch towards satisfaction and sustainability in people–planet–profit relations. The initiative of the European Union is the Green Deal, which is similar to the UN SGD agenda for Horizon 2030. It is the common political economy plan for the Multiannual Financial Framework, 2021–2027. This project intends, at the same time, to stop climate change and to promote the people’s wellness within healthy organizations and smart cities with access to cheap and clean energy. However, there is a risk for the success of this aim: the Jevons paradox. In this paper, we make a thorough revision of the literature on the Jevons Paradox, which implies that energy efficiency leads to higher levels of consumption of energy and to a bigger hazard of climate change and environmental degradation.
La innovación fue el problema económico clave del Siglo XVIII, una época privilegiada donde empie... more La innovación fue el problema económico clave del Siglo XVIII, una época privilegiada donde empiezan a resonar unos discursos exaltados, enaltecedores de la necesidad de innovación constante, pero en la que muchos señalaban también los riesgos de esta innovación. En este artículo se presentan las visiones de la innovación que surgieron en el siglo dieciocho de la mano de tres autores prototípicos, David Hume (1711-1776), Adam Smith (1723-1790) y Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). Sus tres teorías arrojan luz sobre las consecuencias de la innovación, al estar basadas en sus distintas definiciones del agente económico, del tipo de interés, del empresario y del desarrollo económico.
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