Globally, infant mortality is used as an important indicator for healthcare status hence an impor... more Globally, infant mortality is used as an important indicator for healthcare status hence an important tool for evaluation and planning of public health strategies. Despite of numerous interventions by governments aimed at reducing infant mortality, high rates are still reported in Kenya. A lot of resources are channeled towards its control leading to low productivity hence impacting the household economic welfare and national GD. The specific objective was to establish risk factors and the spatial variation of infant mortality in Kenya by analyzing the 2014 Kenya Demographic Health Survey data. A fully Bayesian paradigm and logistic regression model were used to determine infant mortality risk factors and spatial variation in Kenya. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors were found to have significant effect on infant mortality. Counties from the northern parts of Kenya, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern, Nyanza, Coastal and Western parts of Kenya showed a high level of in...
Preventive chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) is the core i... more Preventive chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) is the core intervention strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). We conducted a large-scale prospective active safety surveillance study to identify the incidence, type, severity, and risk factors for adverse events (AEs) following mass drug administration (MDA) of single-dose DEC and ALB in 10,010 participants from Kilifi County, Kenya. AEs were actively monitored and graded at 24 h, 48 h, and on day 7 Post-MDA. Out of 10,010 enrolled study participants, 1621 participants reported a total of 3102 AEs during a seven-day follow-up. The cumulative incidence of AEs was 16.2% (95% CI, 15.5–16.9%). The proportion of participants who experienced one, two, or ≥three types of AEs was 9.2%, 4.6%, 2.4%, respectively. AEs were mild (87.3%), moderate (12.4%), and severe (0.3%) and resolved within 72 h. The five most common AEs were dizziness (5.9%), headache (5.6%), loss of appetite (3.3%), fever (2.9%)...
The Turkana low-level jet (LLJ) is an intrinsic part of the African climate system. It is the pri... more The Turkana low-level jet (LLJ) is an intrinsic part of the African climate system. It is the principle conduit for water vapor transport to the African interior from the Indian Ocean, and droughts in East Africa tend to occur when the jet is strong. The only direct observations of the Turkana jet come from manual tracking of pilot balloons in the 1980s. Now, modern reanalysis datasets disagree with one another over the strength of jet winds and underestimate the strength of the jet by 25%–75% compared to the pilot balloon data. This article gives an overview of a field campaign based in northwest Kenya—the Radiosonde Investigation for the Turkana Jet (RIFTJet)—which measured the Turkana jet for the first time in 40 years using modern technologies. Radiosonde data reveal a persistent low-level jet, which formed on every night of the campaign, with an average low-level maximum wind speed of 16.8 m s−1 at 0300 LT. One of the latest reanalysis datasets (ERA5) underestimates low-level w...
Multidimensional resources consist of more than one feature/design which is considered complex or... more Multidimensional resources consist of more than one feature/design which is considered complex or needs to be assessed from several points of view. It therefore encourages the management focus on value creation performance improvement of the organizations. Traditionally, governments have a number of times come to the aid of various organizations when they seem to hit the rock bottom. This however does not seem to be the solution to such organizations since most of them keep on nose-diving as much as the intervention is in place. Although much has been written on the various multidimensional resources, comparatively little is known about its effect on the financial performance of the sugar producing firms. It is therefore in this line that this study intended to establish whether multi-dimensional resources, affect the financial performance of the sugar producing firms and more so Mumias Sugar Company. The study was guided by the Resource-Dependence theory (RDT). The study adopted a ...
Distributed fibre optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensi... more Distributed fibre optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fibre is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongatedstructures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells and landslides.This paper presents the analysis by simulation of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibres. The behavior of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibres are studied through the backscatter signals.The results show that the backscattered power is low for input power below 5 dBm but increased rapidly above it and saturated above input power of 10 dBm for different fibre lengths. The analysis of parameters affecting backscattered signal power ispresented. The simulation of distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS) is carried out with the aim of temperature sensing.
Optical networks that apply the technology of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have ... more Optical networks that apply the technology of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have recently resulted in a considerable increase in existing telecommunications infrastructures. They are expected to play a significant role in the next generation networks and the future Internet. This is because these networks can support a large variety of services having very different requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, reliability and other features. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a forward Raman amplification WDM Optical Network in terms of output noise power, signal power and pump power. Results show that an increase in pump power leads to an increase in the output noise power, while a continuous increase in fibre lengths leads to an exponential drop in the output pump power which leads to an increase in the output signal power.
International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 2020
The objective of this study was to establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money serv... more The objective of this study was to establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money services by micro and small enterprises in Kenya. In the study, 2016 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises establishment data set by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics was used. To establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money services by firms in Kenya, heteroskedastic probit model was estimated. The results of the study indicated that group membership, gender, credit access, education, mobile phone ownership, radio ownership, registration of business, number of business units and total number of employees determined utilization of mobile money services. The study recommended the need for the government through the regulatory authorities and mobile money services providers to design supportive policies that would scale up the utilization of mobile money services to more financially excluded MSEs in Kenya, specifically through addressing the infrastructural constraints in rural ar...
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, 2016
The main objective of this paper is to analyze by simulation the parameters affecting backscatter... more The main objective of this paper is to analyze by simulation the parameters affecting backscattered signal power in optical fibres. Parameters affecting the backscattered power were investigated and the possibility of using these parameters to model a distributed fibre optic sensor was done. In this research work investigations were carried out using VPI software for simulations. The investigation show that when the pump and stokes (probe) wave counter propagate in the fibre there is transfer of energy between the pump and stokes wave resulting in the pump and stokes waves being depleted and amplified respectively as they travel along the fibre. Thus the Brillouin gain peaks at Brillouin frequency. Further investigations show that the backscattered power was low for input power below 5 d Bm but increased rapidly above it and saturated above input power of 10 dBm for different fibre lengths. The effect of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) on Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) was...
Objective: The recent increase in the uptake of injectable contraceptives has occurred at the exp... more Objective: The recent increase in the uptake of injectable contraceptives has occurred at the expense of the other modern contraceptive methods but the knowledge gap still exists on modeling dynamics and determinants associated with the use of the injectable. This study sought to model for injectable contraceptive usage to bridge the knowledge gap on the use of injectable contraceptives among women of childbearing age in Kenya. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was adopted. Secondary data for women collected during the (Performance Monitoring for Action) PMA2020 survey was used. PMA2020 survey used multistage stratified sampling with urban-rural representation. To establish the factors associated with the uptake of injectable contraceptives, a multiple logistic regression model was fitted using Stata version 13 and R version 3.5.3 statistical software. Hosmer-Lemeshow Test statistic was used to evaluate the goodness of model fit in predicting injectable ...
IntroductionIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) taken by People Living with HIV (PLHIV) protects a... more IntroductionIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) taken by People Living with HIV (PLHIV) protects against tuberculosis (TB). Despite its recommendation, there is scarcity of data on the uptake of IPT among PLHIV and factors associated with treatment outcomes. We aimed to determine the proportion of PLHIV initiated on IPT, IPT treatment outcomes and screening for TB during and after IPT.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of a representative sample of PLHIV initiated on IPT between July 2015 and June 2018 in Kenya. We abstracted information on socio-demographic, TB screening practices, IPT initiation, follow up, and outcomes from health facilities’ patient record cards, IPT cards and IPT registers. Further, we assessed baseline characteristics as potential correlates of developing TB during and after treatment and IPT completion using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsWe enrolled 138,442 PLHIV into ART during the study period and initiated 95,431 (68.9%) into IPT. Abstracted fil...
Globally, infant mortality is used as an important indicator for healthcare status hence an impor... more Globally, infant mortality is used as an important indicator for healthcare status hence an important tool for evaluation and planning of public health strategies. Despite of numerous interventions by governments aimed at reducing infant mortality, high rates are still reported in Kenya. A lot of resources are channeled towards its control leading to low productivity hence impacting the household economic welfare and national GD. The specific objective was to establish risk factors and the spatial variation of infant mortality in Kenya by analyzing the 2014 Kenya Demographic Health Survey data. A fully Bayesian paradigm and logistic regression model were used to determine infant mortality risk factors and spatial variation in Kenya. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental factors were found to have significant effect on infant mortality. Counties from the northern parts of Kenya, Rift Valley, Central, Eastern, Nyanza, Coastal and Western parts of Kenya showed a high level of in...
Preventive chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) is the core i... more Preventive chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) and albendazole (ALB) is the core intervention strategy to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). We conducted a large-scale prospective active safety surveillance study to identify the incidence, type, severity, and risk factors for adverse events (AEs) following mass drug administration (MDA) of single-dose DEC and ALB in 10,010 participants from Kilifi County, Kenya. AEs were actively monitored and graded at 24 h, 48 h, and on day 7 Post-MDA. Out of 10,010 enrolled study participants, 1621 participants reported a total of 3102 AEs during a seven-day follow-up. The cumulative incidence of AEs was 16.2% (95% CI, 15.5–16.9%). The proportion of participants who experienced one, two, or ≥three types of AEs was 9.2%, 4.6%, 2.4%, respectively. AEs were mild (87.3%), moderate (12.4%), and severe (0.3%) and resolved within 72 h. The five most common AEs were dizziness (5.9%), headache (5.6%), loss of appetite (3.3%), fever (2.9%)...
The Turkana low-level jet (LLJ) is an intrinsic part of the African climate system. It is the pri... more The Turkana low-level jet (LLJ) is an intrinsic part of the African climate system. It is the principle conduit for water vapor transport to the African interior from the Indian Ocean, and droughts in East Africa tend to occur when the jet is strong. The only direct observations of the Turkana jet come from manual tracking of pilot balloons in the 1980s. Now, modern reanalysis datasets disagree with one another over the strength of jet winds and underestimate the strength of the jet by 25%–75% compared to the pilot balloon data. This article gives an overview of a field campaign based in northwest Kenya—the Radiosonde Investigation for the Turkana Jet (RIFTJet)—which measured the Turkana jet for the first time in 40 years using modern technologies. Radiosonde data reveal a persistent low-level jet, which formed on every night of the campaign, with an average low-level maximum wind speed of 16.8 m s−1 at 0300 LT. One of the latest reanalysis datasets (ERA5) underestimates low-level w...
Multidimensional resources consist of more than one feature/design which is considered complex or... more Multidimensional resources consist of more than one feature/design which is considered complex or needs to be assessed from several points of view. It therefore encourages the management focus on value creation performance improvement of the organizations. Traditionally, governments have a number of times come to the aid of various organizations when they seem to hit the rock bottom. This however does not seem to be the solution to such organizations since most of them keep on nose-diving as much as the intervention is in place. Although much has been written on the various multidimensional resources, comparatively little is known about its effect on the financial performance of the sugar producing firms. It is therefore in this line that this study intended to establish whether multi-dimensional resources, affect the financial performance of the sugar producing firms and more so Mumias Sugar Company. The study was guided by the Resource-Dependence theory (RDT). The study adopted a ...
Distributed fibre optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensi... more Distributed fibre optic sensing presents unique features that have no match in conventional sensing techniques. The ability to measure temperatures and strain at thousands of points along a single fibre is particularly interesting for the monitoring of elongatedstructures such as pipelines, flow lines, oil wells and landslides.This paper presents the analysis by simulation of stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in optical fibres. The behavior of stimulated Brillouin scattering in optical fibres are studied through the backscatter signals.The results show that the backscattered power is low for input power below 5 dBm but increased rapidly above it and saturated above input power of 10 dBm for different fibre lengths. The analysis of parameters affecting backscattered signal power ispresented. The simulation of distributed fibre optic sensor (DFOS) is carried out with the aim of temperature sensing.
Optical networks that apply the technology of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have ... more Optical networks that apply the technology of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) have recently resulted in a considerable increase in existing telecommunications infrastructures. They are expected to play a significant role in the next generation networks and the future Internet. This is because these networks can support a large variety of services having very different requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, reliability and other features. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a forward Raman amplification WDM Optical Network in terms of output noise power, signal power and pump power. Results show that an increase in pump power leads to an increase in the output noise power, while a continuous increase in fibre lengths leads to an exponential drop in the output pump power which leads to an increase in the output signal power.
International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 2020
The objective of this study was to establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money serv... more The objective of this study was to establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money services by micro and small enterprises in Kenya. In the study, 2016 Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises establishment data set by Kenya National Bureau of Statistics was used. To establish the determinants of utilization of mobile money services by firms in Kenya, heteroskedastic probit model was estimated. The results of the study indicated that group membership, gender, credit access, education, mobile phone ownership, radio ownership, registration of business, number of business units and total number of employees determined utilization of mobile money services. The study recommended the need for the government through the regulatory authorities and mobile money services providers to design supportive policies that would scale up the utilization of mobile money services to more financially excluded MSEs in Kenya, specifically through addressing the infrastructural constraints in rural ar...
Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, 2016
The main objective of this paper is to analyze by simulation the parameters affecting backscatter... more The main objective of this paper is to analyze by simulation the parameters affecting backscattered signal power in optical fibres. Parameters affecting the backscattered power were investigated and the possibility of using these parameters to model a distributed fibre optic sensor was done. In this research work investigations were carried out using VPI software for simulations. The investigation show that when the pump and stokes (probe) wave counter propagate in the fibre there is transfer of energy between the pump and stokes wave resulting in the pump and stokes waves being depleted and amplified respectively as they travel along the fibre. Thus the Brillouin gain peaks at Brillouin frequency. Further investigations show that the backscattered power was low for input power below 5 d Bm but increased rapidly above it and saturated above input power of 10 dBm for different fibre lengths. The effect of Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) on Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) was...
Objective: The recent increase in the uptake of injectable contraceptives has occurred at the exp... more Objective: The recent increase in the uptake of injectable contraceptives has occurred at the expense of the other modern contraceptive methods but the knowledge gap still exists on modeling dynamics and determinants associated with the use of the injectable. This study sought to model for injectable contraceptive usage to bridge the knowledge gap on the use of injectable contraceptives among women of childbearing age in Kenya. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study design was adopted. Secondary data for women collected during the (Performance Monitoring for Action) PMA2020 survey was used. PMA2020 survey used multistage stratified sampling with urban-rural representation. To establish the factors associated with the uptake of injectable contraceptives, a multiple logistic regression model was fitted using Stata version 13 and R version 3.5.3 statistical software. Hosmer-Lemeshow Test statistic was used to evaluate the goodness of model fit in predicting injectable ...
IntroductionIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) taken by People Living with HIV (PLHIV) protects a... more IntroductionIsoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) taken by People Living with HIV (PLHIV) protects against tuberculosis (TB). Despite its recommendation, there is scarcity of data on the uptake of IPT among PLHIV and factors associated with treatment outcomes. We aimed to determine the proportion of PLHIV initiated on IPT, IPT treatment outcomes and screening for TB during and after IPT.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of a representative sample of PLHIV initiated on IPT between July 2015 and June 2018 in Kenya. We abstracted information on socio-demographic, TB screening practices, IPT initiation, follow up, and outcomes from health facilities’ patient record cards, IPT cards and IPT registers. Further, we assessed baseline characteristics as potential correlates of developing TB during and after treatment and IPT completion using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsWe enrolled 138,442 PLHIV into ART during the study period and initiated 95,431 (68.9%) into IPT. Abstracted fil...
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