Objectives: The increase in age-related cognitive impairment (CIs) and diabetes mellitus is a glo... more Objectives: The increase in age-related cognitive impairment (CIs) and diabetes mellitus is a global health concern. Exercise training has been reported to activate the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling and enhance the antioxidant defense pathways in some animal models. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) associated with resistance or endurance training on antioxidant markers, and the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway in the brain of older diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 23-month-aged diabetes induced male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=8). UA supplementation (250 mg/kg, daily) was administered along with resistance (60% maximum capacity of voluntary carrying [MVCC], 14-20 climbs) or endurance training (60-75% velocity at maximal oxygen uptake [vVO2max]), five days/week for eight weeks. Cognitive-motor functioning was assessed through open-field and passive avoidance response tests. Nrf2, Keap1, and antioxidant markers including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH were measured in the hippocampus tissue. Results: The results showed positive effect of resistance training (P≤0.001) on Nrf2. There was endurance training with supplementation main effect (P=0.018) on Keap1 concentration. SOD revealed a significant endurance/resistance training by supplementation interaction effect (P≤0.05); however, there was no main training or UA supplementation effects on CAT, GPx, and GSH, despite improving spatial memory changes in exercise or UA groups. Conclusion: It appears that UA treatment with resistance or endurance exercise has some beneficial effects on Nrf2 and some antioxidant markers. However, more research is needed to elucidate UA's interaction effects and exercise interventions in diabetic situations.
Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and su... more Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and subsequent locomotor dysfunction. To identify the extent of damage following electrolytic lesion of ventrolateral white matter, essential area for initiation of locomotor activity, we assessed demyelination as well as alteration in motor performance. Moreover, the protective effect of estradiol as a candidate treatment for preservation of myelin and locomotor activity after injury was examined due to its antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: A unilateral electrolytic lesion positioned in the right ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) was applied following laminectomy at T8-T9. In the estradiol-treated injury group, animals received a pharmacological single dose of estradiol valerate (4 mg/kg) at 30min post injury. Locomotor function was assessed using rotarod and open field tasks during 4 weeks after injury. Results: Obtained results showed significant demyelination at the site...
Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surge... more Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Morphine is a potent and effective analgesic. But substance abuse patients can manifest cross tolerance to drugs, making it difficult to predict their analgesic or anesthetic requirements. The anticonvulsant drug, carbamazepine (cbz), has many pharmacological effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of various doses of carbamazepine injected Intraperitoneally (i.p.) on postoperative pain in morphine-dependent and naive rats. Rats were addicted by i.p. morphine. After anesthesia a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hind paw and then sutured. Both morphine-dependent and naive rats received carbamazepine or/and morphine i.p. 2h and 24h after surgery. Paw Withdrawal Threshold by Von Frey Filament obtained every 0.5h after drug injection up to 3h (at surgical day and next day). We saw that the combination of carbamazepine 5mg/kg+morphine 3mg/kg produced more analgesic effects in morphinedependent rats compared to cbz or morphine alone and this combination had same effect of morphine 3mg/kg alone in naive rats (P<0.05). carbamazepine may potentiate the analgesic effect of chronically administration of morphine.
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and di... more Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and different pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently there is no effective response to conventional therapy. Co-administration of nonanalgesic dose of drugs can reduce both pain and their adverse effects. The goal of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of three drugs (nimesulide, nefopam, morphine) with different mechanisms of action as a single and combination form in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced using CCI model in male wistar rats (n=6, 180-220g) and divided into different groups: 1) sham, saline 2) CCI , saline 3) CCI , nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) 4) CCI, nefopam (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) 5) CCI , morphine (1, 3, 5 mg/kg) 6) CCI, nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/morphine (3 mg/kg) 7) CCI , nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/nefopam (10 mg/kg) 8) CCI , nefopam (10 mg/kg) /morphine (3mg/kg). Pain behavior was assessed using allodynia tests (Vonfrey filaments and acetone test) before and days 1, 5,7,10 and 14 after surgery. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant. Morphine, nefopam and nimesulide (5mg/kg, 10 -20mg/kg and 2.5-5mg/kg, respectively) reduced allodynia. The non analgesic doses of drugs reduced pain behavior when used in combination. It seems that analgesic drugs used in combination with low doses controlled pain effectively with less adverse effects seen when they are used alone
Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Dec 21, 2021
Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor fo... more Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as reviewed through molecular docking and sequent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against this condition. The crystal structures of ACE2 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, applied in docking analysis, were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The receptors were then prepared using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), as a drug-discovery software platform for docking. Supplements such as quercetin and beta glucan (β-glucan) were the top docked compounds to ACE2 receptor though they strongly interacted with CoV target protein. The study data showed that immune responses to immunonutrient-based sports compounds (viz. quercetin and β-glucan) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were essential in mounting successful immune responses by athletes. While awaiting the development of an effective vaccine, there is a need to focus on immunonutrient-based sports supplements as preventive and therapeutic options that can be implemented in a safe and quick manner to bolster immune responses in athletes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor fo... more Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as reviewed through molecular docking and sequent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against this condition. The crystal structures of ACE2 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, applied in docking analysis, were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The receptors were then prepared using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), as a drug-discovery software platform for docking. Supplements such as quercetin and beta glucan (β-glucan) were the top docked compounds to ACE2 receptor though they strongly interacted with CoV target protein. The study data showed that immune responses to immunonutrient-based sports compounds (viz. quercetin and β-glucan) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were essential in mounting successful immune responses by athletes. While awaiting the development of an effective vaccine, there is a need to focus on immunonutrient-based sports supplements as preventive and therapeutic options that can be implemented in a safe and quick manner to bolster immune responses in athletes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surge... more Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Morphine is a potent and effective analgesic. But substance abuse patients can manifest cross tolerance to drugs, making it difficult to predict their analgesic or anesthetic requirements. The anticonvulsant drug, carbamazepine (cbz), has many pharmacological effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of various doses of carbamazepine injected Intraperitoneally (i.p.) on postoperative pain in morphine-dependent and naive rats. Rats were addicted by i.p. morphine. After anesthesia a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hind paw and then sutured. Both morphine-dependent and naive rats received carbamazepine or/and morphine i.p. 2h and 24h after surgery. Paw Withdrawal Threshold by Von Frey Filament obtained every 0.5h after drug injection up to 3h (at surgical day and next day). We saw that the c...
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and di... more Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and different pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently there is no effective response to conventional therapy. Co-administration of nonanalgesic dose of drugs can reduce both pain and their adverse effects. The goal of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of three drugs (nimesulide, nefopam, morphine) with different mechanisms of action as a single and combination form in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced using CCI model in male wistar rats (n=6, 180-220g) and divided into different groups: 1) sham, saline 2) CCI , saline 3) CCI , nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) 4) CCI, nefopam (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) 5) CCI , morphine (1, 3, 5 mg/kg) 6) CCI, nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/morphine (3 mg/kg) 7) CCI , nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/nefopam (10 mg/kg) 8) CCI , nefopam (10 mg/kg) /morphine (3mg/kg). Pain behavior was assessed using allodynia tests (Vonfrey filaments and acetone t...
The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Finding new a... more The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Finding new antidepressants with high medicinal properties and low side effects is warranted. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron on a maternal separation (MS) model in mice, considering the possible role of AC. NMRI male mice were divided into eleven groups. The control group was treated with saline and MS groups were treated with saline, tropisetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) at doses of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg; forskolin (an activator of AC) at doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg; a subeffective dose of forskolin with a subeffective dose of tropisetron; and an effective dose of tropisetron plus an effective dose of NB001 (3 mg/kg) (an AC inhibitor). After treatment, animals were subjected to behavioral tests including the forced swimming test (FST), splash test, and open field test (OFT). We showed that MS caused depressive-like behaviors determined ...
Objectives: The increase in age-related cognitive impairment (CIs) and diabetes mellitus is a glo... more Objectives: The increase in age-related cognitive impairment (CIs) and diabetes mellitus is a global health concern. Exercise training has been reported to activate the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE signaling and enhance the antioxidant defense pathways in some animal models. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ursolic acid (UA) associated with resistance or endurance training on antioxidant markers, and the Nrf2/Keap1/ARE pathway in the brain of older diabetic rats. Materials and methods: 23-month-aged diabetes induced male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=8). UA supplementation (250 mg/kg, daily) was administered along with resistance (60% maximum capacity of voluntary carrying [MVCC], 14-20 climbs) or endurance training (60-75% velocity at maximal oxygen uptake [vVO2max]), five days/week for eight weeks. Cognitive-motor functioning was assessed through open-field and passive avoidance response tests. Nrf2, Keap1, and antioxidant markers including SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH were measured in the hippocampus tissue. Results: The results showed positive effect of resistance training (P≤0.001) on Nrf2. There was endurance training with supplementation main effect (P=0.018) on Keap1 concentration. SOD revealed a significant endurance/resistance training by supplementation interaction effect (P≤0.05); however, there was no main training or UA supplementation effects on CAT, GPx, and GSH, despite improving spatial memory changes in exercise or UA groups. Conclusion: It appears that UA treatment with resistance or endurance exercise has some beneficial effects on Nrf2 and some antioxidant markers. However, more research is needed to elucidate UA's interaction effects and exercise interventions in diabetic situations.
Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and su... more Introduction: Spinal cord injuries are accompanied with significant demyelination of axons and subsequent locomotor dysfunction. To identify the extent of damage following electrolytic lesion of ventrolateral white matter, essential area for initiation of locomotor activity, we assessed demyelination as well as alteration in motor performance. Moreover, the protective effect of estradiol as a candidate treatment for preservation of myelin and locomotor activity after injury was examined due to its antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: A unilateral electrolytic lesion positioned in the right ventrolateral funiculus (VLF) was applied following laminectomy at T8-T9. In the estradiol-treated injury group, animals received a pharmacological single dose of estradiol valerate (4 mg/kg) at 30min post injury. Locomotor function was assessed using rotarod and open field tasks during 4 weeks after injury. Results: Obtained results showed significant demyelination at the site...
Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surge... more Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Morphine is a potent and effective analgesic. But substance abuse patients can manifest cross tolerance to drugs, making it difficult to predict their analgesic or anesthetic requirements. The anticonvulsant drug, carbamazepine (cbz), has many pharmacological effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of various doses of carbamazepine injected Intraperitoneally (i.p.) on postoperative pain in morphine-dependent and naive rats. Rats were addicted by i.p. morphine. After anesthesia a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hind paw and then sutured. Both morphine-dependent and naive rats received carbamazepine or/and morphine i.p. 2h and 24h after surgery. Paw Withdrawal Threshold by Von Frey Filament obtained every 0.5h after drug injection up to 3h (at surgical day and next day). We saw that the combination of carbamazepine 5mg/kg+morphine 3mg/kg produced more analgesic effects in morphinedependent rats compared to cbz or morphine alone and this combination had same effect of morphine 3mg/kg alone in naive rats (P<0.05). carbamazepine may potentiate the analgesic effect of chronically administration of morphine.
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and di... more Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and different pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently there is no effective response to conventional therapy. Co-administration of nonanalgesic dose of drugs can reduce both pain and their adverse effects. The goal of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of three drugs (nimesulide, nefopam, morphine) with different mechanisms of action as a single and combination form in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced using CCI model in male wistar rats (n=6, 180-220g) and divided into different groups: 1) sham, saline 2) CCI , saline 3) CCI , nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) 4) CCI, nefopam (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) 5) CCI , morphine (1, 3, 5 mg/kg) 6) CCI, nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/morphine (3 mg/kg) 7) CCI , nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/nefopam (10 mg/kg) 8) CCI , nefopam (10 mg/kg) /morphine (3mg/kg). Pain behavior was assessed using allodynia tests (Vonfrey filaments and acetone test) before and days 1, 5,7,10 and 14 after surgery. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and p<0.05 was considered significant. Morphine, nefopam and nimesulide (5mg/kg, 10 -20mg/kg and 2.5-5mg/kg, respectively) reduced allodynia. The non analgesic doses of drugs reduced pain behavior when used in combination. It seems that analgesic drugs used in combination with low doses controlled pain effectively with less adverse effects seen when they are used alone
Journal of Biomolecular Structure & Dynamics, Dec 21, 2021
Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor fo... more Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as reviewed through molecular docking and sequent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against this condition. The crystal structures of ACE2 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, applied in docking analysis, were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The receptors were then prepared using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), as a drug-discovery software platform for docking. Supplements such as quercetin and beta glucan (β-glucan) were the top docked compounds to ACE2 receptor though they strongly interacted with CoV target protein. The study data showed that immune responses to immunonutrient-based sports compounds (viz. quercetin and β-glucan) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were essential in mounting successful immune responses by athletes. While awaiting the development of an effective vaccine, there is a need to focus on immunonutrient-based sports supplements as preventive and therapeutic options that can be implemented in a safe and quick manner to bolster immune responses in athletes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor fo... more Use of some sports supplements can inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2), a receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as reviewed through molecular docking and sequent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations against this condition. The crystal structures of ACE2 receptors of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, applied in docking analysis, were taken from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The receptors were then prepared using the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), as a drug-discovery software platform for docking. Supplements such as quercetin and beta glucan (β-glucan) were the top docked compounds to ACE2 receptor though they strongly interacted with CoV target protein. The study data showed that immune responses to immunonutrient-based sports compounds (viz. quercetin and β-glucan) in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were essential in mounting successful immune responses by athletes. While awaiting the development of an effective vaccine, there is a need to focus on immunonutrient-based sports supplements as preventive and therapeutic options that can be implemented in a safe and quick manner to bolster immune responses in athletes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surge... more Postoperative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. Morphine is a potent and effective analgesic. But substance abuse patients can manifest cross tolerance to drugs, making it difficult to predict their analgesic or anesthetic requirements. The anticonvulsant drug, carbamazepine (cbz), has many pharmacological effects. In this study we evaluated the effect of various doses of carbamazepine injected Intraperitoneally (i.p.) on postoperative pain in morphine-dependent and naive rats. Rats were addicted by i.p. morphine. After anesthesia a 1-cm longitudinal incision was made through the skin, fascia and muscle of the plantar aspect of the hind paw and then sutured. Both morphine-dependent and naive rats received carbamazepine or/and morphine i.p. 2h and 24h after surgery. Paw Withdrawal Threshold by Von Frey Filament obtained every 0.5h after drug injection up to 3h (at surgical day and next day). We saw that the c...
Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and di... more Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain due to disorder in peripheral or central nervous system and different pathophysiological mechanisms. Currently there is no effective response to conventional therapy. Co-administration of nonanalgesic dose of drugs can reduce both pain and their adverse effects. The goal of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of three drugs (nimesulide, nefopam, morphine) with different mechanisms of action as a single and combination form in a model of neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain was induced using CCI model in male wistar rats (n=6, 180-220g) and divided into different groups: 1) sham, saline 2) CCI , saline 3) CCI , nimesulide (1.25, 2.5, 5 mg/kg) 4) CCI, nefopam (10, 20, 30 mg/kg) 5) CCI , morphine (1, 3, 5 mg/kg) 6) CCI, nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/morphine (3 mg/kg) 7) CCI , nimesulide (1.25 mg/kg)/nefopam (10 mg/kg) 8) CCI , nefopam (10 mg/kg) /morphine (3mg/kg). Pain behavior was assessed using allodynia tests (Vonfrey filaments and acetone t...
The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Finding new a... more The adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway is involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Finding new antidepressants with high medicinal properties and low side effects is warranted. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the antidepressant-like effect of tropisetron on a maternal separation (MS) model in mice, considering the possible role of AC. NMRI male mice were divided into eleven groups. The control group was treated with saline and MS groups were treated with saline, tropisetron (a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist) at doses of 1, 3, and 5 mg/kg; forskolin (an activator of AC) at doses of 5, 10, and 25 mg/kg; a subeffective dose of forskolin with a subeffective dose of tropisetron; and an effective dose of tropisetron plus an effective dose of NB001 (3 mg/kg) (an AC inhibitor). After treatment, animals were subjected to behavioral tests including the forced swimming test (FST), splash test, and open field test (OFT). We showed that MS caused depressive-like behaviors determined ...
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