History Papers by Elizabeth Ping
During the British Industrial Revolution, great changes took place concerning the role of the fam... more During the British Industrial Revolution, great changes took place concerning the role of the family unit and its place in the larger society. A fundamental shift of an entire social structure occurred that affected everyone in Great Britain, including the housewife and the housewife’s children. Feminists maintain that the changes that occurred to the family unit during the Industrial Revolution were part of the natural condition of the family and that interdependence should exist between the spheres of family and work lives. Chow and Berheide argue that there are three conceptual models for the relationship between family and work: the separate sphere model, the spillover effects model, and the interactive model.
Hyperemesis gravidarum is a pregnancy disease characterized by unrelenting nausea and vomiting th... more Hyperemesis gravidarum is a pregnancy disease characterized by unrelenting nausea and vomiting that results in maternal weight loss, malnourishment, and dehydration. The purpose of the study was to determine how hyperemesis fits into the context of preexisting theories in the history of medicine and women’s history. This thesis examines the most common supposed causes and treatment therapies for hyperemesis from 1850 to 2000 in the United States and Great Britain by examining medical journals and textbooks from these time periods. Shared theories concerning the etiology of hyperemesis gravidarum between American and British were found to include uterine and cervical abnormalities; psychological disturbances; and biochemical imbalances. Ultimately, there is evidence to suggest that both American and British obstetrical theories and treatment modalities concerning hyperemesis were heavily influenced by the interaction of women’s societal roles and the advent of modern psychiatry.
The medical thought of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provides a nebulous view... more The medical thought of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries provides a nebulous view of the disease with no exact causative factors and with treatment practices that vary greatly. There are many contemporary opinions of the causative factors of hyperemesis gravidarum and treatments; however, there have been limited evaluation and synthesis of past practices in current historical literature. It is important and imperative to reflect on past attitudes and treatments for current medical practice since there is still a reliance on attitudes about hyperemesis that stem from the past yet prevail even today. This can be detrimental for women being treated under guidelines that are outdated and ultimately not evidence based.
For thousands of years, mothers have relied on breast milk for the survival of their babies and y... more For thousands of years, mothers have relied on breast milk for the survival of their babies and young children; however, today more mothers than ever now choose to formula-feed their infants for the first year of their life. Infant feeding can take one of four forms: breast milk received directly from the mother’s breasts, breast milk received from expressed milk from the mother’s breasts, artificial formula from a bottle, and breast milk received from a donor either through wet nursing or from milk banks. This change from natural to bottle feeding in nineteenth and twentieth century America occurred as a result of a variety of factors highlighting the role that women play in the home and the expected norms to which women should adhere. Ultimately, the interplay between the declining use of wet nurses; the wide-spread introduction of nipples and advent of artificial formula; and changing social attitudes of breastfeeding in favor for the scientific model promulgated the near extinction of breastfeeding in the United States.
The practice of midwifery in the United States nearly became nonexistent during the early twentie... more The practice of midwifery in the United States nearly became nonexistent during the early twentieth century as midwifery came to be viewed as creating problems that arose from the untrained, unregulated, and ignorant status of the birth attendants, which were generally thought by contemporary physicians to have contributed to high maternal and perinatal mortality rates. Remaining midwives could respond in only one of two ways: abandon midwifery altogether or join another occupation. Choosing to adjunct with nursing, midwifery persisted in a hybrid form of nurse and midwife, capitalizing on the strength of an already established profession. The research suggests that the causes for the formation of this new field of nursing are multifold, and they originated from several sources, including male obstetricians’ campaigns against midwifery (known today as the “midwifery debate”), the British influences on midwifery culture, and the socioeconomic climate of the time. This research unites the midwifery debate, which is the topic most discussed in the existing historiography, with other factors less commonly mentioned such as the effects of cultural, economical, and international changes concerning midwifery and nursing.
During the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia through the conquests of Gengh... more During the thirteenth century, the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia through the conquests of Genghis Khan, and victories over vast regions of people and land allowed for the establishment of trade routes across great distances. This merger of lands permitted the beginning of trade between the oriental and occidental; therefore, the Mongol Empire became an agent for the unprecedented exchange of ideas, goods, and political gestures on an international scale. There were multiple factors that led the Mongols to connect the great nations of the time; the rise and impact of the Mongol Empire resulted from trade routes between contemporary great civilizations emerging as a result of widespread military conquests; desire for luxury trade items, knowledge, and technology; unified rule; and female participation in trade concerns.
Medicine evolved during the Reformation and was greatly influenced by religious philosophy. By us... more Medicine evolved during the Reformation and was greatly influenced by religious philosophy. By using the medical discipline as an integral part in supporting and justifying Protestant theology, medicine altered in the way physicians received their training and in the way physicians chose to practice. The interplay of religion and medicine allowed different views of the world to take form which were largely shaped by Marten Luther and his acquaintances. Particularly, the Reformation increased interest in charity for the poor and better treatment for those suffering from disease; and increased acceptance of human dissection for gaining insight into the human body and its connection with the soul; and the view that the physician is an extension of God’s love for others.
Nursing Papers by Elizabeth Ping
Breastfeeding provides good-quality nutrition for babies and can be very beneficial for both mom ... more Breastfeeding provides good-quality nutrition for babies and can be very beneficial for both mom and baby. However, modern women face many challenges in breastfeeding their babies that can be attributed to today’s ever-evolving cultural and psycho-social underpinnings. These multiple barriers to breastfeeding in today’s society hinder women from developing a good breastfeeding relationship with their babies. The various factors that prohibit initiation and prolonged breastfeeding however can be counteracted by examining the barriers to breastfeeding and finding reasonable methods for resolving the challenges. Twenty-first century women who desire to breastfeed can be successful at achieving their breastfeeding goals with greater support by society and by having more confidence in themselves.
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History Papers by Elizabeth Ping
Nursing Papers by Elizabeth Ping