Background: Cluster randomised controlled trials (cRCT) present challenges regarding risks of bia... more Background: Cluster randomised controlled trials (cRCT) present challenges regarding risks of bias and chance imbalances by arm. This paper reports strategies to minimise and monitor biases and imbalances in the ChEETAh cRCT. Methods: ChEETAh was an international cRCT (hospitals as clusters) evaluating whether changing sterile gloves and instruments prior to abdominal wound closure reduces surgical site infection at 30 days postoperative. ChEETAh planned to recruit 12,800 consecutive patients from 64 hospitals in seven low-middle income countries. Eight strategies to minimise and monitor bias were pre-specified: (1) minimum of 4 hospitals per country; (2) pre-randomisation identification of units of exposure (operating theatres, lists, teams or sessions) within clusters; (3) minimisation of randomisation by country and hospital type; (4) site training delivered after randomisation; (5) dedicated ‘warm-up week’ to train teams; (6) trial specific sticker and patient register to monito...
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and the seventh leading cause of death in the Uni... more Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Type 2 diabetes is linked to many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney failure. African American adults have a high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes with early onset of diabetes complications. Poor dietary behavior is the primary cause of Type 2 diabetes and its complications, changing dietary behaviors can prevent the onset of diabetes complications or impede existing ones. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore patients\u27 perceptions of diet-only therapy in the prevention of diabetes complications. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with six African American adults with Type 2 diabetes between 40 to 64 years using purposeful sampling method. Health belief model formed the conceptual framework of the study. I applied inductive coding process and manually analyze data for themes. Participants expressed fear of di...
International Journal of Communication Research, 2017
Nollywood filmmakers most often strive to evoke particular feelings in their audience –they try a... more Nollywood filmmakers most often strive to evoke particular feelings in their audience –they try as much as it is possible to create prevailing effects on the minds of viewers', using widely shared conventions. This article reflects on the use of images, light and sound to create beauty and believability in Nollywood video films, using a semiotic approach to analyse select movies. The article suggests that certain aesthetic elements are used in sharing meaning in Nollywood movie productions. Such elements include but are not limited to signs, codes and conventions, and particular camera, lighting, sound and editing techniques, as well as some other specialized vocabulary of movie productions.
International Journal of Communication Research, 2018
Centripetal and centrifugal at the same time, starting point and crossroads which combines, even ... more Centripetal and centrifugal at the same time, starting point and crossroads which combines, even from ancient times, functional values with aesthetic values or, in the words of the theorist and Rennaisance artist Leon Battista Aleberti, "comoditas" and "voluptas", the city square could become both an object of architectural reflection (Pierre Lavedan) and of an anthropologicalsociological one (Georges Balandier).To me, it seems to be two functions which deserve being discussed as existing along the boarders of several disciplines: the square as the scenography for staging politics and the square as a place of festive therapies. It is a fact, that different ideologies, from the classical antiquity and from the Renaissance, have spoken - again in various ways - about several possible "specialisations" of some urban functions, certain coincidences between some symbolical topographies and some social-political ones, starting even from some Aristotelian comm...
The mass media play diverse roles in society and people have come to rely on them for information... more The mass media play diverse roles in society and people have come to rely on them for information, enlightenment and relaxation. The audience of the mass media are however, many and varied –scattered over time and space, and so cannot come together to take collective action. This places them at a disadvantaged position where so much influences and forces are exerted on them. One of such forces is advertising, as advertisers have long discovered the power of the media and the masses’ overdependence on them to meet certain needs. While the masses seek to get information from the media on what is happening around them, how to live their lives and how to release tension, advertisers are constantly devising means of packaging persuasive messages that will effectively win the hearts of the audience, and get them to buy their ideas, products and services. This article reflects on the relationship between the media, society and the audience, and how advertisers use the media to exploit the ...
Tij S Research Journal of Social Science Management Rjssm, Jul 30, 2013
The impediments of sustainable development in the materially backward economy have been investiga... more The impediments of sustainable development in the materially backward economy have been investigated using rural communities in Uyo local government area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The study hypothesized that lack of community participation in development projects, inaccessibility to information resource, non availability and accessibility to credit facility and poor programme implementation posed constraints to sustainable development in materially backward economies. It was a survey research which drew data from a 40- item questionnaire supplemented by focus group discussion (FGD). Data analyses revealed that in materially backward economies, sustainable development is hampered by the top-bottom development approach, failure or rural dwellers to access vital information, lack of access to credit services and poor programme implementation. Development projects/policies/programmes designed to transform rural areas will continue to remain unsustainable if these impediments are not factored into the development process.
Background: Cluster randomised controlled trials (cRCT) present challenges regarding risks of bia... more Background: Cluster randomised controlled trials (cRCT) present challenges regarding risks of bias and chance imbalances by arm. This paper reports strategies to minimise and monitor biases and imbalances in the ChEETAh cRCT. Methods: ChEETAh was an international cRCT (hospitals as clusters) evaluating whether changing sterile gloves and instruments prior to abdominal wound closure reduces surgical site infection at 30 days postoperative. ChEETAh planned to recruit 12,800 consecutive patients from 64 hospitals in seven low-middle income countries. Eight strategies to minimise and monitor bias were pre-specified: (1) minimum of 4 hospitals per country; (2) pre-randomisation identification of units of exposure (operating theatres, lists, teams or sessions) within clusters; (3) minimisation of randomisation by country and hospital type; (4) site training delivered after randomisation; (5) dedicated ‘warm-up week’ to train teams; (6) trial specific sticker and patient register to monito...
Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and the seventh leading cause of death in the Uni... more Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. Type 2 diabetes is linked to many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, stroke, and chronic kidney failure. African American adults have a high prevalence of Type 2 diabetes with early onset of diabetes complications. Poor dietary behavior is the primary cause of Type 2 diabetes and its complications, changing dietary behaviors can prevent the onset of diabetes complications or impede existing ones. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore patients\u27 perceptions of diet-only therapy in the prevention of diabetes complications. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with six African American adults with Type 2 diabetes between 40 to 64 years using purposeful sampling method. Health belief model formed the conceptual framework of the study. I applied inductive coding process and manually analyze data for themes. Participants expressed fear of di...
International Journal of Communication Research, 2017
Nollywood filmmakers most often strive to evoke particular feelings in their audience –they try a... more Nollywood filmmakers most often strive to evoke particular feelings in their audience –they try as much as it is possible to create prevailing effects on the minds of viewers', using widely shared conventions. This article reflects on the use of images, light and sound to create beauty and believability in Nollywood video films, using a semiotic approach to analyse select movies. The article suggests that certain aesthetic elements are used in sharing meaning in Nollywood movie productions. Such elements include but are not limited to signs, codes and conventions, and particular camera, lighting, sound and editing techniques, as well as some other specialized vocabulary of movie productions.
International Journal of Communication Research, 2018
Centripetal and centrifugal at the same time, starting point and crossroads which combines, even ... more Centripetal and centrifugal at the same time, starting point and crossroads which combines, even from ancient times, functional values with aesthetic values or, in the words of the theorist and Rennaisance artist Leon Battista Aleberti, "comoditas" and "voluptas", the city square could become both an object of architectural reflection (Pierre Lavedan) and of an anthropologicalsociological one (Georges Balandier).To me, it seems to be two functions which deserve being discussed as existing along the boarders of several disciplines: the square as the scenography for staging politics and the square as a place of festive therapies. It is a fact, that different ideologies, from the classical antiquity and from the Renaissance, have spoken - again in various ways - about several possible "specialisations" of some urban functions, certain coincidences between some symbolical topographies and some social-political ones, starting even from some Aristotelian comm...
The mass media play diverse roles in society and people have come to rely on them for information... more The mass media play diverse roles in society and people have come to rely on them for information, enlightenment and relaxation. The audience of the mass media are however, many and varied –scattered over time and space, and so cannot come together to take collective action. This places them at a disadvantaged position where so much influences and forces are exerted on them. One of such forces is advertising, as advertisers have long discovered the power of the media and the masses’ overdependence on them to meet certain needs. While the masses seek to get information from the media on what is happening around them, how to live their lives and how to release tension, advertisers are constantly devising means of packaging persuasive messages that will effectively win the hearts of the audience, and get them to buy their ideas, products and services. This article reflects on the relationship between the media, society and the audience, and how advertisers use the media to exploit the ...
Tij S Research Journal of Social Science Management Rjssm, Jul 30, 2013
The impediments of sustainable development in the materially backward economy have been investiga... more The impediments of sustainable development in the materially backward economy have been investigated using rural communities in Uyo local government area, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. The study hypothesized that lack of community participation in development projects, inaccessibility to information resource, non availability and accessibility to credit facility and poor programme implementation posed constraints to sustainable development in materially backward economies. It was a survey research which drew data from a 40- item questionnaire supplemented by focus group discussion (FGD). Data analyses revealed that in materially backward economies, sustainable development is hampered by the top-bottom development approach, failure or rural dwellers to access vital information, lack of access to credit services and poor programme implementation. Development projects/policies/programmes designed to transform rural areas will continue to remain unsustainable if these impediments are not factored into the development process.
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Papers by Emmanuel Inyang