Antimicrobial resistance against fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae in chickens entering the food chain in Mwanza, Tanzania, 2024
The use of antimicrobials in poultry production accelerated the emergency and spread of antimicro... more The use of antimicrobials in poultry production accelerated the emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistance. AMR data of commensal resistant bacteria in chicken to antibiotics considered essential in animals and humans is lacking in poor countries. This study was conducted to determine the resistance patterns of E. coli, K. pnuemoniae, and ESBL producing bacteria to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in healthy chickens, and to assess the risk that can be posed by resistant bacteria to humans. A cross-sectional and time series study was conducted to obtain faeces from healthy chickens from biosecurity level 1 and 2 poultry farms between May and September 2021. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical test. Disc diffusion method was used to test susceptibility of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefepime according to CLSI standard. A total of 200 pooled fresh faecal samples were collected; 189 samples were from biosecurity level 1 and 11 were from level 2. Similarly, 104 samples were collected from layers and 96 from broiler chickens. In total, 150 strains were isolated: 80 were from broiler samples; and 70 strains were from layer chicken samples. Overall, the prevalence of E. coli was 75%; and no K. pneumoniae was isolated. The resistance of E. coli was 63.3% against ciprofloxacin, 0.7% against ceftriaxone, and 0% against cefepime. No ESBL-producing E. coli was detected. This study revealed that resistance to fluoroquinolones is high and that of cephalosporins is emerging in poultry production. The risk associated with high prevalence of commensal E. coli is significant due to transmission of AMR to human via food and environmental contamination. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials, chickens, E. coli, Klebsiella pnuemoniae
Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and year... more Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally...
Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and year... more Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally...
Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic viral disease affecting all terrestrial mammals global... more Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic viral disease affecting all terrestrial mammals globally. It is caused by lyssa-viruses spreading to human through bites by infected animals mostly dogs. The disease is 100% preventable through pre and post exposure prophylaxis in human. Objective: To review and describe the epidemiology, control and elimination strategies of dog-mediated human rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Method: Systematic literature review was used to collect and analyze rabies data obtained from Southern and Eastern Africa Rabies Group, Pan-African Rabies Control Network, World Organization for Animal Health) and World Health Organization databases. Results: Rabies is endemic, under reported and inconsistently reported in Southern and Eastern Africa. However, rabies control in region has been hampered by factors related to human, socioeconomic, animal, epidemiological, vaccines, limited financial resource, technical, and government and policy factors. Various rabies control strategies have been implanted in different countries of the region to reduce impacts of rabies in human and in animals. Conclusion: Strategies includes prevention of rabies in dogs and human, advocacy, communication and social mobilization, conducting and promoting operational research, enhance partnerships and multi-sectoral collaboration and resource mobilization for rabies control.
Antimicrobial resistance against fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pnuemoniae in chickens entering the food chain in Mwanza, Tanzania, 2024
The use of antimicrobials in poultry production accelerated the emergency and spread of antimicro... more The use of antimicrobials in poultry production accelerated the emergency and spread of antimicrobial resistance. AMR data of commensal resistant bacteria in chicken to antibiotics considered essential in animals and humans is lacking in poor countries. This study was conducted to determine the resistance patterns of E. coli, K. pnuemoniae, and ESBL producing bacteria to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in healthy chickens, and to assess the risk that can be posed by resistant bacteria to humans. A cross-sectional and time series study was conducted to obtain faeces from healthy chickens from biosecurity level 1 and 2 poultry farms between May and September 2021. Bacterial isolates were identified by biochemical test. Disc diffusion method was used to test susceptibility of E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefepime according to CLSI standard. A total of 200 pooled fresh faecal samples were collected; 189 samples were from biosecurity level 1 and 11 were from level 2. Similarly, 104 samples were collected from layers and 96 from broiler chickens. In total, 150 strains were isolated: 80 were from broiler samples; and 70 strains were from layer chicken samples. Overall, the prevalence of E. coli was 75%; and no K. pneumoniae was isolated. The resistance of E. coli was 63.3% against ciprofloxacin, 0.7% against ceftriaxone, and 0% against cefepime. No ESBL-producing E. coli was detected. This study revealed that resistance to fluoroquinolones is high and that of cephalosporins is emerging in poultry production. The risk associated with high prevalence of commensal E. coli is significant due to transmission of AMR to human via food and environmental contamination. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials, chickens, E. coli, Klebsiella pnuemoniae
Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and year... more Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally...
Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and year... more Up-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013. Estimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally...
Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic viral disease affecting all terrestrial mammals global... more Background: Rabies is a neglected zoonotic viral disease affecting all terrestrial mammals globally. It is caused by lyssa-viruses spreading to human through bites by infected animals mostly dogs. The disease is 100% preventable through pre and post exposure prophylaxis in human. Objective: To review and describe the epidemiology, control and elimination strategies of dog-mediated human rabies in Southern and Eastern Africa. Method: Systematic literature review was used to collect and analyze rabies data obtained from Southern and Eastern Africa Rabies Group, Pan-African Rabies Control Network, World Organization for Animal Health) and World Health Organization databases. Results: Rabies is endemic, under reported and inconsistently reported in Southern and Eastern Africa. However, rabies control in region has been hampered by factors related to human, socioeconomic, animal, epidemiological, vaccines, limited financial resource, technical, and government and policy factors. Various rabies control strategies have been implanted in different countries of the region to reduce impacts of rabies in human and in animals. Conclusion: Strategies includes prevention of rabies in dogs and human, advocacy, communication and social mobilization, conducting and promoting operational research, enhance partnerships and multi-sectoral collaboration and resource mobilization for rabies control.
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Papers by Emmanuel Mayenga
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials, chickens, E. coli, Klebsiella pnuemoniae
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobials, chickens, E. coli, Klebsiella pnuemoniae