The second Young Engineers ’ Satellite,YES2, is the longest manmade structure launched in 2007 an... more The second Young Engineers ’ Satellite,YES2, is the longest manmade structure launched in 2007 and is space piggybacked on the Foton-M3 microgravity platform with the objective of a controlled deployment of a 32km tether. This paper introduces the object and the flight results of YES2 and the performance of the satellite is studied in comparison of the simulations and ground tests with respect to the flight results.
SpaceMail is a new and active ESA project to motivate young minds in space engineering. SpaceMail... more SpaceMail is a new and active ESA project to motivate young minds in space engineering. SpaceMail employs attractive eye-catchers as technology demonstration: a 35 km tether deployment in LEO will accurately deliver An Inflatable Re-entry capsule (AIR) on European soil. These eye-catchers will be made possible because of a design, driven at the earliest stage by inherent safety. Europe-wide and multi-disciplinary university involvement produces a variety of innovative inflatable capsule designs. These designs are merged into a final capsule design that will be manufactured in the next phase (2003) at European universities. This Young Engineers' Satellite project will be incorporated in the curricula of those universities. An autonomous tether deployer system is manufactured and tested in a student-built real-time closed-loop tether deployment rig, demonstrating maturity of the tether concept. Activities have started in March 2002, the budget has been secured for all phases of th...
The experiment proposed in this paper aims to demonstrate the deployment and operation of a bare ... more The experiment proposed in this paper aims to demonstrate the deployment and operation of a bare electrodynamic (ED) tape tether in a low earth orbit. A bare ED tether does not require a separate current collection device thereby reducing system mass, complexity, etc. A tape tether is used as it is the most efficient geometry for current collection and it reduces the risk of tether severance. This experiment is fundamental in the development of a fully passive deboost capability for tether-equipped systems. The development of the tape tether, deployer and the method of experiment data acquisition are described.
... The Douma algorithm has been developed as part of his master thesis assignment for Deift Univ... more ... The Douma algorithm has been developed as part of his master thesis assignment for Deift University of ... uk Tel: +55 123 474654 Fax: +55 123 474621 e-mail: waldemar@iae.cta.br Tel ... 06156 Cannes La Bocca Cedex France Santoni, Mr., F. University of Rome La Sapienza Sc. ...
The tether assisted re-entry of small payloads is a highly interesting tool for space transportat... more The tether assisted re-entry of small payloads is a highly interesting tool for space transportation especially for the return of small payloads from Space Station ISSA. The small tether mission Rapunzel was initiated in 1991 by the Institute of Astronautics, TU München and the Kayser-Threde Company, to design a low cost and feasible tether experiment for the verification of the
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial results of a study of a lightweight system that could ena... more ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial results of a study of a lightweight system that could enable (multi-)probe release into the Jovian atmosphere at low entry velocity. LeBRETON (Le Bare Rotating Electrodynamic Tether for jOvian eNtry) is a new intrinsically stable concept based on a simple aluminium tether without insulation and not requiring an active plasma contactor. The Lorentz drag force on LeBRETON in orbit around Jupiter could be used to de-orbit one or more small atmospheric probes with low mass impact on the host Jupiter orbiter. The LeBRETON design, in all its simplicity, avoids excessive heat dissipation and instability. The initial idea not to use an active contactor would not only reduce the hardware required, but also intrinsically guarantees that the (base) current and therefore heat dissipation will not be excessive and can be dealt with in a practical manner. Around Jupiter, due to the high velocities and strong magnetic field, even without an active device to emit electrons, a significant current will flow, the circuit being closed by ion collection. Furthermore LeBRETON makes use of the Jovian environment to create its own stability in a passive manner, which is necessary in the absence of a significant gravity gradient. LeBRETON∂ s particular distribution of Lorentz force over the tether and resulting torque is such that, if given an initial rotation, this rotation will self-accelerate, keeping the tether taut through centrifugal force and stable through the gyroscopic effect. A simple analytical derivation of the LeBRETON concept is provided, together with initial results from multi-segmented bare tether simulations including models of the Jovian environment. The effect that (passive) current enhancement will have is qualitatively discussed.
Ongoing miniaturization of spacecraft demands the reduction in size of Attitude and Orbit Control... more Ongoing miniaturization of spacecraft demands the reduction in size of Attitude and Orbit Control Systems (AOCS). Therefore TNO has created a new design of a multi aperture, high performance, and miniaturized star tracker. The innovative design incorporates the latest developments in camera technology, attitude calculation and mechanical design into a system with 5 arc seconds accuracy, making the system usable for many applications. In this paper the results are presented of the system design and analysis, as well as the performance predictions for the Multi Aperture Baffled Star Tracker (MABS). The highly integrated system consists of multiple apertures without the need for external baffles, resulting in major advantages in mass, volume, alignment with the spacecraft and relative aperture stability. In the analysis part of this paper, the thermal and mechanical stability are discussed. In the final part the simulation results will be described that have lead to the predicted accur...
... 4. By applying such 2, March 1996 [5] Ockels, WJ, van der Heide, EJ, Kruijff, M., _____ ““Spa... more ... 4. By applying such 2, March 1996 [5] Ockels, WJ, van der Heide, EJ, Kruijff, M., _____ ““Space Mail” and Tethers, Sample Return Capability for Space Station Alpha,” 46th International Astronautical Congress, Oslo, Norway, IAF-95-T.4.1O, October 2-6, 1995 [6] Van der ...
56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
This paper discusses the tethered re-entry mission of the 2nd Young Engineers Satellite with a pa... more This paper discusses the tethered re-entry mission of the 2nd Young Engineers Satellite with a particular focus on the approach to mission planning, safety, risks and contingency. As an introduction, the major safety aspects and lessons learned from YES1 are discussed. YES2 aims at a tethered sample return demonstration using an inherently-safe inflatable capsule, possibly landing in Europe. It is completely student built. The paper provides a summary overview of and references for the evaluations behind design choices such as the selection of landing site, deployment scheme, optimisation of the cut time, mission timeline and contingency planning. The system hardware and control algorithms are driven by a minimalist design for simplicity and reliability. In addition, it discusses and quantifies the approach to safety issues such as meteoroid cutting risk, deployment failure scenarios, tether contingency lifetime and atmospheric entry/ground impact risks.
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science
A satellite mission for synchronized multi point measurements over tens of km in the lower thermo... more A satellite mission for synchronized multi point measurements over tens of km in the lower thermosphere is possible at low cost and in a short time frame. This paper offers three options for providing coordinated multi-point sensing in the lower thermosphere. The ...
Two new spacecraft attitude determination algorithms, Douma and DUDE (Delta-Utec Douma Extension)... more Two new spacecraft attitude determination algorithms, Douma and DUDE (Delta-Utec Douma Extension), have been developed for star pattern recognition from CCD camera data without a priori knowledge. They combine low memory requirements in the range from 50 to 500 kB and an extremely fast search strategy, independent of the size of the database. It supports a reliability >99.99 and accuracy of 1 arcsec level. This makes the algorithms especially interesting for compact real-time autonomous star sensor units. Goal of the study is to gain the necessary basis to develop a low cost autonomous star sensor for small satellites. The Douma algorithm combines the advantages of the existing Liebe and Quine algorithms. Liebe searches a database of all star triangles that could possibly be observed as being the closest one. Quine includes only the brightest triangles around target stars. Douma searches a list of the triangles that are the 'most likely' ones to be observed by the camera ...
- This paper reports the prototyping and testing of a compact multihead star sensor for which Del... more - This paper reports the prototyping and testing of a compact multihead star sensor for which Delta-Utec developed multihead pattern recognition and attitude determination algorithms. A more advanced version of these algorithms for low-sensitivity and reduced FOV camera's has also been developed but is not reported here (Facet Nano project with ISIS), contact M. Kruijff or ISIS for more info. In the frame of the Dutch Prequalification for ESA programs (PEP), as part of the efforts to design an integrated optical attitude control subsytem (IOPACS), a consortium of TNO and several SME's in the Netherlands have been working on a novel type of startracker called MABS (Multiple Aperture Baffled Startracker). The system comprises a single cast metal housing with four reflective optical telescopes which use only structural internal baffling. Inherent to the design are a very high stability and excellent co-alignment between the apertures, a significant decrease in system size and l...
The use of mechanical tethers for momentum transfer is a space-proven concept and leads to many p... more The use of mechanical tethers for momentum transfer is a space-proven concept and leads to many possible applications. One such application is launch-assist. By tethering a payload to a reaction mass and executing a controlled deployment and tether-cut, the momentum of the reaction mass can be sacri¦ced to obtain a boost for the payload. In this way, after a launcher has delivered its payload to a low elliptic orbit, a tether deployment can be used to circularize the payload and simultaneously de-orbit the spent stage. This paper discusses the results of the design study and hardware testing of the deployment.
The second Young Engineers ’ Satellite,YES2, is the longest manmade structure launched in 2007 an... more The second Young Engineers ’ Satellite,YES2, is the longest manmade structure launched in 2007 and is space piggybacked on the Foton-M3 microgravity platform with the objective of a controlled deployment of a 32km tether. This paper introduces the object and the flight results of YES2 and the performance of the satellite is studied in comparison of the simulations and ground tests with respect to the flight results.
SpaceMail is a new and active ESA project to motivate young minds in space engineering. SpaceMail... more SpaceMail is a new and active ESA project to motivate young minds in space engineering. SpaceMail employs attractive eye-catchers as technology demonstration: a 35 km tether deployment in LEO will accurately deliver An Inflatable Re-entry capsule (AIR) on European soil. These eye-catchers will be made possible because of a design, driven at the earliest stage by inherent safety. Europe-wide and multi-disciplinary university involvement produces a variety of innovative inflatable capsule designs. These designs are merged into a final capsule design that will be manufactured in the next phase (2003) at European universities. This Young Engineers' Satellite project will be incorporated in the curricula of those universities. An autonomous tether deployer system is manufactured and tested in a student-built real-time closed-loop tether deployment rig, demonstrating maturity of the tether concept. Activities have started in March 2002, the budget has been secured for all phases of th...
The experiment proposed in this paper aims to demonstrate the deployment and operation of a bare ... more The experiment proposed in this paper aims to demonstrate the deployment and operation of a bare electrodynamic (ED) tape tether in a low earth orbit. A bare ED tether does not require a separate current collection device thereby reducing system mass, complexity, etc. A tape tether is used as it is the most efficient geometry for current collection and it reduces the risk of tether severance. This experiment is fundamental in the development of a fully passive deboost capability for tether-equipped systems. The development of the tape tether, deployer and the method of experiment data acquisition are described.
... The Douma algorithm has been developed as part of his master thesis assignment for Deift Univ... more ... The Douma algorithm has been developed as part of his master thesis assignment for Deift University of ... uk Tel: +55 123 474654 Fax: +55 123 474621 e-mail: waldemar@iae.cta.br Tel ... 06156 Cannes La Bocca Cedex France Santoni, Mr., F. University of Rome La Sapienza Sc. ...
The tether assisted re-entry of small payloads is a highly interesting tool for space transportat... more The tether assisted re-entry of small payloads is a highly interesting tool for space transportation especially for the return of small payloads from Space Station ISSA. The small tether mission Rapunzel was initiated in 1991 by the Institute of Astronautics, TU München and the Kayser-Threde Company, to design a low cost and feasible tether experiment for the verification of the
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial results of a study of a lightweight system that could ena... more ABSTRACT This paper reports the initial results of a study of a lightweight system that could enable (multi-)probe release into the Jovian atmosphere at low entry velocity. LeBRETON (Le Bare Rotating Electrodynamic Tether for jOvian eNtry) is a new intrinsically stable concept based on a simple aluminium tether without insulation and not requiring an active plasma contactor. The Lorentz drag force on LeBRETON in orbit around Jupiter could be used to de-orbit one or more small atmospheric probes with low mass impact on the host Jupiter orbiter. The LeBRETON design, in all its simplicity, avoids excessive heat dissipation and instability. The initial idea not to use an active contactor would not only reduce the hardware required, but also intrinsically guarantees that the (base) current and therefore heat dissipation will not be excessive and can be dealt with in a practical manner. Around Jupiter, due to the high velocities and strong magnetic field, even without an active device to emit electrons, a significant current will flow, the circuit being closed by ion collection. Furthermore LeBRETON makes use of the Jovian environment to create its own stability in a passive manner, which is necessary in the absence of a significant gravity gradient. LeBRETON∂ s particular distribution of Lorentz force over the tether and resulting torque is such that, if given an initial rotation, this rotation will self-accelerate, keeping the tether taut through centrifugal force and stable through the gyroscopic effect. A simple analytical derivation of the LeBRETON concept is provided, together with initial results from multi-segmented bare tether simulations including models of the Jovian environment. The effect that (passive) current enhancement will have is qualitatively discussed.
Ongoing miniaturization of spacecraft demands the reduction in size of Attitude and Orbit Control... more Ongoing miniaturization of spacecraft demands the reduction in size of Attitude and Orbit Control Systems (AOCS). Therefore TNO has created a new design of a multi aperture, high performance, and miniaturized star tracker. The innovative design incorporates the latest developments in camera technology, attitude calculation and mechanical design into a system with 5 arc seconds accuracy, making the system usable for many applications. In this paper the results are presented of the system design and analysis, as well as the performance predictions for the Multi Aperture Baffled Star Tracker (MABS). The highly integrated system consists of multiple apertures without the need for external baffles, resulting in major advantages in mass, volume, alignment with the spacecraft and relative aperture stability. In the analysis part of this paper, the thermal and mechanical stability are discussed. In the final part the simulation results will be described that have lead to the predicted accur...
... 4. By applying such 2, March 1996 [5] Ockels, WJ, van der Heide, EJ, Kruijff, M., _____ ““Spa... more ... 4. By applying such 2, March 1996 [5] Ockels, WJ, van der Heide, EJ, Kruijff, M., _____ ““Space Mail” and Tethers, Sample Return Capability for Space Station Alpha,” 46th International Astronautical Congress, Oslo, Norway, IAF-95-T.4.1O, October 2-6, 1995 [6] Van der ...
56th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
This paper discusses the tethered re-entry mission of the 2nd Young Engineers Satellite with a pa... more This paper discusses the tethered re-entry mission of the 2nd Young Engineers Satellite with a particular focus on the approach to mission planning, safety, risks and contingency. As an introduction, the major safety aspects and lessons learned from YES1 are discussed. YES2 aims at a tethered sample return demonstration using an inherently-safe inflatable capsule, possibly landing in Europe. It is completely student built. The paper provides a summary overview of and references for the evaluations behind design choices such as the selection of landing site, deployment scheme, optimisation of the cut time, mission timeline and contingency planning. The system hardware and control algorithms are driven by a minimalist design for simplicity and reliability. In addition, it discusses and quantifies the approach to safety issues such as meteoroid cutting risk, deployment failure scenarios, tether contingency lifetime and atmospheric entry/ground impact risks.
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
54th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law
Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part C: Solar, Terrestrial & Planetary Science
A satellite mission for synchronized multi point measurements over tens of km in the lower thermo... more A satellite mission for synchronized multi point measurements over tens of km in the lower thermosphere is possible at low cost and in a short time frame. This paper offers three options for providing coordinated multi-point sensing in the lower thermosphere. The ...
Two new spacecraft attitude determination algorithms, Douma and DUDE (Delta-Utec Douma Extension)... more Two new spacecraft attitude determination algorithms, Douma and DUDE (Delta-Utec Douma Extension), have been developed for star pattern recognition from CCD camera data without a priori knowledge. They combine low memory requirements in the range from 50 to 500 kB and an extremely fast search strategy, independent of the size of the database. It supports a reliability >99.99 and accuracy of 1 arcsec level. This makes the algorithms especially interesting for compact real-time autonomous star sensor units. Goal of the study is to gain the necessary basis to develop a low cost autonomous star sensor for small satellites. The Douma algorithm combines the advantages of the existing Liebe and Quine algorithms. Liebe searches a database of all star triangles that could possibly be observed as being the closest one. Quine includes only the brightest triangles around target stars. Douma searches a list of the triangles that are the 'most likely' ones to be observed by the camera ...
- This paper reports the prototyping and testing of a compact multihead star sensor for which Del... more - This paper reports the prototyping and testing of a compact multihead star sensor for which Delta-Utec developed multihead pattern recognition and attitude determination algorithms. A more advanced version of these algorithms for low-sensitivity and reduced FOV camera's has also been developed but is not reported here (Facet Nano project with ISIS), contact M. Kruijff or ISIS for more info. In the frame of the Dutch Prequalification for ESA programs (PEP), as part of the efforts to design an integrated optical attitude control subsytem (IOPACS), a consortium of TNO and several SME's in the Netherlands have been working on a novel type of startracker called MABS (Multiple Aperture Baffled Startracker). The system comprises a single cast metal housing with four reflective optical telescopes which use only structural internal baffling. Inherent to the design are a very high stability and excellent co-alignment between the apertures, a significant decrease in system size and l...
The use of mechanical tethers for momentum transfer is a space-proven concept and leads to many p... more The use of mechanical tethers for momentum transfer is a space-proven concept and leads to many possible applications. One such application is launch-assist. By tethering a payload to a reaction mass and executing a controlled deployment and tether-cut, the momentum of the reaction mass can be sacri¦ced to obtain a boost for the payload. In this way, after a launcher has delivered its payload to a low elliptic orbit, a tether deployment can be used to circularize the payload and simultaneously de-orbit the spent stage. This paper discusses the results of the design study and hardware testing of the deployment.
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Papers by Erik van der Heide