Annals of hepatology: official journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology
... Annals of Hepatology Images in Hepatology Fused PET/CT Images in Hepatocarcinoma Ivan F. Vega... more ... Annals of Hepatology Images in Hepatology Fused PET/CT Images in Hepatocarcinoma Ivan F. Vega-González;1 Ernesto Roldán-Valadez; 1 GuillermoValdiviezo-Cárdenas1 1 Unidad PET/CT. Fundación Clínica Médica Sur ...
Annals of hepatology: official journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology
We have previously observed that UCB binds to ZnSO4 in vitro, and suppressed the biliary bilirubi... more We have previously observed that UCB binds to ZnSO4 in vitro, and suppressed the biliary bilirubin secretion in the hamster. The aim of this study was designed to investigate whether Zn salts might inhibit the enterohepatic cycling of UCB in subjects with Gilbert s syndrome. Fifteen patients with Gilbert s syndrome and 5 normal healthy volunteers were included in this study according to the following criteria: fasting hyperbilirubinemia, no hemolysis, and free of any medication. Patients were randomly assigned to receive acute o chronic treatment. Subjects treated in acute form and normal healthy volunteers were treated with 40 mg of ZnSO4 in a single dose, where as patients treated in chronic form received 100 mg ZnSO4 in a single dose daily for 7 days. The serum UCB levels (mg/dL) decreased from 2.64 +/- 1.04 to 2.02 +/- 0.87 (p < 0.001) and 1.8 +/- 0.36 to 1.48 +/- 0.32 (p < 0.005) in subjects treated in acute an chronic form respectively, but not in the control group. Whereas, the serum Zn levels (mg/dL) increased from 96.3 +/- 16.8 to 118.8 +/- 19. 5, (p < 0.01) and from 117.6 +/- 8.5 to 130.7 +/- 6.6 (p < 0.03) in subjects treated in acute an chronic form and also in subjects in the control group (98.0 +/- 7.3 to 128.0 +/- 21.9) p < 0.03. This study showed that acute and chronic oral administration of ZnSO4 decreased serum UCB levels significantly in subjects with Gilbert s syndrome. Most likely by the inhibition of the "normal" enterohepatic cycling of UCB.
Acute septic arthritis is a common diagnosis usually seen by radiologists, internists, and family... more Acute septic arthritis is a common diagnosis usually seen by radiologists, internists, and family physicians; it is most commonly caused by pyogenic pathogens. In the majority of patients, it is possible to identify, the infection mechanism: spread of infection can be due to hematogenous dissemination, a contiguous source of infection, direct inoculation, or surgical contamination. Radiologic findings include increase in articular space and central and marginal bone erosions; the first plain radiograph changes are seen 8-10 days after symptoms. We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with septic arthritis of right hip; in presenting this case we offer a brief summary of clinical features and main imaging findings of septic arthritis (plain radiographs, ultrasonography, and gammagraphy).
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to clarify the early effects of magnetic resonance images and t... more PURPOSE This study was undertaken to clarify the early effects of magnetic resonance images and the terapeutic effect of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasonud surgery (MRgFUS) for asses a nonperfused ratio of a contrastenhanced image immediately after the procedure; nonenhancing tissue volumes depicted on MRI werw generally comparable to pathologically defined METHOD AND MATERIALS This single-center prospective analysis during a period beginning August 2006 until January 2009, 92 fibroids in 62 patients were treated with an MRg- FUS system in Resonance Imaging Unit of the Medicasur Hospital. The volume of treated fibroid and nonperfused volume (NPV) were calculated with software, while symptom outcome was assessed with a symptom severity score(SSS). Fibroids were classified as hyperintense or hypointense relative to skeletal muscle on pretreatment T2- weighted MR images. were classified into 3 types based on the signal intensity of T2-weighted magnetic resonance images as fol...
PURPOSE The mesial sclerosis of hippocampus (MSH) is cause of the temporal lobe epilepsy (ELT) in... more PURPOSE The mesial sclerosis of hippocampus (MSH) is cause of the temporal lobe epilepsy (ELT) in 70% of the cases, it presents in magnetic resonance (MR) as hiperintensity and atrophies of the seahorse. METHOD AND MATERIALS In progress study at the Foundation clinical “Medica Sur” . Have been studied 35 brain RM during July 1 to the one March 31 the 2008 (20 patients and 15 controls) whit sequences FLAIR (hiperintensity) and T2 (volume). The spectroscopy univoxel obtained the index of N-acetyl aspartate divided by the Creatine sum but Choline (NAA/ (Cho+Cr)) in both hippocampi and were identified the primary and secondary discovery associated to MSH. RESULTS The age average was 28.89 years, (range 16-58). In the group control, the volume of the smallest hippocampus was 2.50 ± 0.28 cm3 with asymmetry volumetric index (AVI) of 7.57%. In those patients with ELT, the volume of the smallest hippocampus was 2.05 ± 0.57cm3 with IVA of 31.51%. The comparison of the AVI was significant (p &...
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). Thes... more Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). These nerves constitute a group of structures that have acquired during their phylogenetic development a high degree of specialization. There are 12 pairs of CN to which we use their specific name or number. The olfactory (I) and optic (II) pairs are not real nerves but tracts from the encephalon. The spinal nerve (XI) derives from superior cervical segment of the spine. The other 9 pairs of CN are related with the brain stem. Although the skull base foramina can be seen on computed tomography, the nerves themselves can only be visualized in detail on MR. That means, in order to see the different segments of nerves I to XII, the right sequences must be used. It is important to provide detailed clinical information to the radiologist so that a tailored MR study can be performed. In this review, the basic imaging anatomy of the 12 CN is discussed and illustrated briefly with an emphasis on mor...
Uterine fibroids are a significant source of morbidity for women of reproductive age, and can res... more Uterine fibroids are a significant source of morbidity for women of reproductive age, and can result in substantial symptoms affecting their quality of life. Definitive treatment has traditionally been a myomectomy, but increasingly women are not prepared to undergo such an invasive procedure for a benign and usually self-limiting condition. Focused ultrasound ablation is one of the least invasive treatment options outside medical therapy and does not require an anesthetic.Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation combines therapy delivered by an ultrasound transducer with imaging guidance for therapy and thermal feedback provided by magnetic resonance imaging. This paper provides an overview of the MRgFUS technique, including a brief description of the treatment system, guidelines for selection of patients and follow-up, and a comparison with other treatment techniques.
Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for ... more Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients. In following with these published guidelines, we considered it appropriate to present a brief, practical and updated review of the most relevant concepts on the MRI assessment of acute stroke. Basic principles of the clinical interpretation of diffusion, perfusion, and MRI angiography (as part of a global MRI protocol) are discussed with accompanying images for each sequence. Brief comments on incidence and differential diagnosis are also included, together with limitations of the techniques and levels of evidence. The purpose of this article is to present knowledge that can be applied in day-to-day clinical practice in specialized stroke units or emergency rooms to attend patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack according to international standards.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) b... more Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA). To the best of our knowledge, the inter-variability measures of FA along the PT remain unexplained. A clear understanding of these reference values would help radiologists and neuroscientists to understand normality as well as to detect early pathophysiologic changes of brain diseases. The aim of our study was to calculate the variability of the FA at eleven anatomical landmarks along the PT and the influences of gender and cerebral hemisphere in these measurements in a sample of young, healthy volunteers. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed in twenty-three right-handed healthy volunteers who underwent magnetic resonance evaluation of the brain. Mean FA values from eleven anatomical landmarks across the PT (at centrum semiovale, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata) w...
There is a broad community of health sciences professionals interested in the anatomy of the cran... more There is a broad community of health sciences professionals interested in the anatomy of the cranial nerves (CNs): specialists in neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, maxillofacial surgery, radiation oncology, and emergency medicine, as well as other related fields. Advances in neuroimaging using high-resolution images from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) have made highly-detailed visualization of brain structures possible, allowing normal findings to be routinely assessed and nervous system pathology to be detected. In this article we present an integrated perspective of the normal anatomy of the CNs established by radiologists and neurosurgeons in order to provide a practical imaging review, which combines 128-slice dual-source multiplanar images from CT cisternography and 3T MR curved reconstructed images. The information about the CNs includes their origin, course (with emphasis on the cisternal segments and location of the orif...
Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for ... more Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients. In following with these published guidelines, we considered it appropriate to present a brief, practical and updated review of the most relevant concepts on the MRI assessment of acute stroke. Basic principles of the clinical interpretation of diffusion, perfusion, and MRI angiography (as part of a global MRI protocol) are discussed with accompanying images for each sequence. Brief comments on incidence and differential diagnosis are also included, together with limitations of the techniques and levels of evidence. The purpose of this article is to present knowledge that can be applied in day-to-day clinical practice in specialized stroke units or emergency rooms to attend patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack according to international standards.
In recent years, the use of diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has increased for the diagnosis of fo... more In recent years, the use of diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has increased for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLLs). DW-MRI may help in the differentiation of benign and malignant FLLs by measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Unfortunately, liver metastases present different histopathologic features with variable MRI signals within each lesion; this histologic variability explains the intra- and inter-lesion variations of ADC measurements. We present the case of a 64-year-old female with diagnosis of liver metastasis from small cell lung carcinoma admitted to the emergency unit due to symptoms of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Quantitative comparison of two liver MRI, on admission and 2-months after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization showed persistence of the hyperintense metastatic lesions with significant difference in the ADC values in the with-in metastatic lesions (p = 0.001) and between normal tissue and liver metastases only at ...
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) b... more Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA). To the best of our knowledge, the inter-variability measures of FA along the PT remain unexplained. A clear understanding of these reference values would help radiologists and neuroscientists to understand normality as well as to detect early pathophysiologic changes of brain diseases. The aim of our study was to calculate the variability of the FA at eleven anatomical landmarks along the PT and the influences of gender and cerebral hemisphere in these measurements in a sample of young, healthy volunteers. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed in twenty-three right-handed healthy volunteers who underwent magnetic resonance evaluation of the brain. Mean FA values from eleven anatomical landmarks across the PT (at centrum semiovale, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata) w...
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). Thes... more Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). These nerves constitute a group of structures that have acquired during their phylogenetic development a high degree of specialization. There are 12 pairs of CN to which we use their specific name or number. The olfactory (I) and optic (II) pairs are not real nerves but tracts from the encephalon. The spinal nerve (XI) derives from superior cervical segment of the spine. The other 9 pairs of CN are related with the brain stem. Although the skull base foramina can be seen on computed tomography, the nerves themselves can only be visualized in detail on MR. That means, in order to see the different segments of nerves I to XII, the right sequences must be used. It is important to provide detailed clinical information to the radiologist so that a tailored MR study can be performed. In this review, the basic imaging anatomy of the 12 CN is discussed and illustrated briefly with an emphasis on mor...
Annals of hepatology: official journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology
... Annals of Hepatology Images in Hepatology Fused PET/CT Images in Hepatocarcinoma Ivan F. Vega... more ... Annals of Hepatology Images in Hepatology Fused PET/CT Images in Hepatocarcinoma Ivan F. Vega-González;1 Ernesto Roldán-Valadez; 1 GuillermoValdiviezo-Cárdenas1 1 Unidad PET/CT. Fundación Clínica Médica Sur ...
Annals of hepatology: official journal of the Mexican Association of Hepatology
We have previously observed that UCB binds to ZnSO4 in vitro, and suppressed the biliary bilirubi... more We have previously observed that UCB binds to ZnSO4 in vitro, and suppressed the biliary bilirubin secretion in the hamster. The aim of this study was designed to investigate whether Zn salts might inhibit the enterohepatic cycling of UCB in subjects with Gilbert s syndrome. Fifteen patients with Gilbert s syndrome and 5 normal healthy volunteers were included in this study according to the following criteria: fasting hyperbilirubinemia, no hemolysis, and free of any medication. Patients were randomly assigned to receive acute o chronic treatment. Subjects treated in acute form and normal healthy volunteers were treated with 40 mg of ZnSO4 in a single dose, where as patients treated in chronic form received 100 mg ZnSO4 in a single dose daily for 7 days. The serum UCB levels (mg/dL) decreased from 2.64 +/- 1.04 to 2.02 +/- 0.87 (p < 0.001) and 1.8 +/- 0.36 to 1.48 +/- 0.32 (p < 0.005) in subjects treated in acute an chronic form respectively, but not in the control group. Whereas, the serum Zn levels (mg/dL) increased from 96.3 +/- 16.8 to 118.8 +/- 19. 5, (p < 0.01) and from 117.6 +/- 8.5 to 130.7 +/- 6.6 (p < 0.03) in subjects treated in acute an chronic form and also in subjects in the control group (98.0 +/- 7.3 to 128.0 +/- 21.9) p < 0.03. This study showed that acute and chronic oral administration of ZnSO4 decreased serum UCB levels significantly in subjects with Gilbert s syndrome. Most likely by the inhibition of the "normal" enterohepatic cycling of UCB.
Acute septic arthritis is a common diagnosis usually seen by radiologists, internists, and family... more Acute septic arthritis is a common diagnosis usually seen by radiologists, internists, and family physicians; it is most commonly caused by pyogenic pathogens. In the majority of patients, it is possible to identify, the infection mechanism: spread of infection can be due to hematogenous dissemination, a contiguous source of infection, direct inoculation, or surgical contamination. Radiologic findings include increase in articular space and central and marginal bone erosions; the first plain radiograph changes are seen 8-10 days after symptoms. We present the case of a 9-year-old girl with septic arthritis of right hip; in presenting this case we offer a brief summary of clinical features and main imaging findings of septic arthritis (plain radiographs, ultrasonography, and gammagraphy).
PURPOSE This study was undertaken to clarify the early effects of magnetic resonance images and t... more PURPOSE This study was undertaken to clarify the early effects of magnetic resonance images and the terapeutic effect of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasonud surgery (MRgFUS) for asses a nonperfused ratio of a contrastenhanced image immediately after the procedure; nonenhancing tissue volumes depicted on MRI werw generally comparable to pathologically defined METHOD AND MATERIALS This single-center prospective analysis during a period beginning August 2006 until January 2009, 92 fibroids in 62 patients were treated with an MRg- FUS system in Resonance Imaging Unit of the Medicasur Hospital. The volume of treated fibroid and nonperfused volume (NPV) were calculated with software, while symptom outcome was assessed with a symptom severity score(SSS). Fibroids were classified as hyperintense or hypointense relative to skeletal muscle on pretreatment T2- weighted MR images. were classified into 3 types based on the signal intensity of T2-weighted magnetic resonance images as fol...
PURPOSE The mesial sclerosis of hippocampus (MSH) is cause of the temporal lobe epilepsy (ELT) in... more PURPOSE The mesial sclerosis of hippocampus (MSH) is cause of the temporal lobe epilepsy (ELT) in 70% of the cases, it presents in magnetic resonance (MR) as hiperintensity and atrophies of the seahorse. METHOD AND MATERIALS In progress study at the Foundation clinical “Medica Sur” . Have been studied 35 brain RM during July 1 to the one March 31 the 2008 (20 patients and 15 controls) whit sequences FLAIR (hiperintensity) and T2 (volume). The spectroscopy univoxel obtained the index of N-acetyl aspartate divided by the Creatine sum but Choline (NAA/ (Cho+Cr)) in both hippocampi and were identified the primary and secondary discovery associated to MSH. RESULTS The age average was 28.89 years, (range 16-58). In the group control, the volume of the smallest hippocampus was 2.50 ± 0.28 cm3 with asymmetry volumetric index (AVI) of 7.57%. In those patients with ELT, the volume of the smallest hippocampus was 2.05 ± 0.57cm3 with IVA of 31.51%. The comparison of the AVI was significant (p &...
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). Thes... more Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). These nerves constitute a group of structures that have acquired during their phylogenetic development a high degree of specialization. There are 12 pairs of CN to which we use their specific name or number. The olfactory (I) and optic (II) pairs are not real nerves but tracts from the encephalon. The spinal nerve (XI) derives from superior cervical segment of the spine. The other 9 pairs of CN are related with the brain stem. Although the skull base foramina can be seen on computed tomography, the nerves themselves can only be visualized in detail on MR. That means, in order to see the different segments of nerves I to XII, the right sequences must be used. It is important to provide detailed clinical information to the radiologist so that a tailored MR study can be performed. In this review, the basic imaging anatomy of the 12 CN is discussed and illustrated briefly with an emphasis on mor...
Uterine fibroids are a significant source of morbidity for women of reproductive age, and can res... more Uterine fibroids are a significant source of morbidity for women of reproductive age, and can result in substantial symptoms affecting their quality of life. Definitive treatment has traditionally been a myomectomy, but increasingly women are not prepared to undergo such an invasive procedure for a benign and usually self-limiting condition. Focused ultrasound ablation is one of the least invasive treatment options outside medical therapy and does not require an anesthetic.Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) ablation combines therapy delivered by an ultrasound transducer with imaging guidance for therapy and thermal feedback provided by magnetic resonance imaging. This paper provides an overview of the MRgFUS technique, including a brief description of the treatment system, guidelines for selection of patients and follow-up, and a comparison with other treatment techniques.
Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for ... more Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients. In following with these published guidelines, we considered it appropriate to present a brief, practical and updated review of the most relevant concepts on the MRI assessment of acute stroke. Basic principles of the clinical interpretation of diffusion, perfusion, and MRI angiography (as part of a global MRI protocol) are discussed with accompanying images for each sequence. Brief comments on incidence and differential diagnosis are also included, together with limitations of the techniques and levels of evidence. The purpose of this article is to present knowledge that can be applied in day-to-day clinical practice in specialized stroke units or emergency rooms to attend patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack according to international standards.
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) b... more Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA). To the best of our knowledge, the inter-variability measures of FA along the PT remain unexplained. A clear understanding of these reference values would help radiologists and neuroscientists to understand normality as well as to detect early pathophysiologic changes of brain diseases. The aim of our study was to calculate the variability of the FA at eleven anatomical landmarks along the PT and the influences of gender and cerebral hemisphere in these measurements in a sample of young, healthy volunteers. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed in twenty-three right-handed healthy volunteers who underwent magnetic resonance evaluation of the brain. Mean FA values from eleven anatomical landmarks across the PT (at centrum semiovale, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata) w...
There is a broad community of health sciences professionals interested in the anatomy of the cran... more There is a broad community of health sciences professionals interested in the anatomy of the cranial nerves (CNs): specialists in neurology, neurosurgery, radiology, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, maxillofacial surgery, radiation oncology, and emergency medicine, as well as other related fields. Advances in neuroimaging using high-resolution images from computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) have made highly-detailed visualization of brain structures possible, allowing normal findings to be routinely assessed and nervous system pathology to be detected. In this article we present an integrated perspective of the normal anatomy of the CNs established by radiologists and neurosurgeons in order to provide a practical imaging review, which combines 128-slice dual-source multiplanar images from CT cisternography and 3T MR curved reconstructed images. The information about the CNs includes their origin, course (with emphasis on the cisternal segments and location of the orif...
Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for ... more Recently, several medical societies published joint statements about imaging recommendations for acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack patients. In following with these published guidelines, we considered it appropriate to present a brief, practical and updated review of the most relevant concepts on the MRI assessment of acute stroke. Basic principles of the clinical interpretation of diffusion, perfusion, and MRI angiography (as part of a global MRI protocol) are discussed with accompanying images for each sequence. Brief comments on incidence and differential diagnosis are also included, together with limitations of the techniques and levels of evidence. The purpose of this article is to present knowledge that can be applied in day-to-day clinical practice in specialized stroke units or emergency rooms to attend patients with acute ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack according to international standards.
In recent years, the use of diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has increased for the diagnosis of fo... more In recent years, the use of diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI) has increased for the diagnosis of focal liver lesions (FLLs). DW-MRI may help in the differentiation of benign and malignant FLLs by measuring the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Unfortunately, liver metastases present different histopathologic features with variable MRI signals within each lesion; this histologic variability explains the intra- and inter-lesion variations of ADC measurements. We present the case of a 64-year-old female with diagnosis of liver metastasis from small cell lung carcinoma admitted to the emergency unit due to symptoms of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Quantitative comparison of two liver MRI, on admission and 2-months after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization showed persistence of the hyperintense metastatic lesions with significant difference in the ADC values in the with-in metastatic lesions (p = 0.001) and between normal tissue and liver metastases only at ...
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) b... more Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) permits quantitative examination within the pyramidal tract (PT) by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA). To the best of our knowledge, the inter-variability measures of FA along the PT remain unexplained. A clear understanding of these reference values would help radiologists and neuroscientists to understand normality as well as to detect early pathophysiologic changes of brain diseases. The aim of our study was to calculate the variability of the FA at eleven anatomical landmarks along the PT and the influences of gender and cerebral hemisphere in these measurements in a sample of young, healthy volunteers. A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed in twenty-three right-handed healthy volunteers who underwent magnetic resonance evaluation of the brain. Mean FA values from eleven anatomical landmarks across the PT (at centrum semiovale, corona radiata, posterior limb of internal capsule (PLIC), mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata) w...
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). Thes... more Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice to evaluate the cranial nerves (CN). These nerves constitute a group of structures that have acquired during their phylogenetic development a high degree of specialization. There are 12 pairs of CN to which we use their specific name or number. The olfactory (I) and optic (II) pairs are not real nerves but tracts from the encephalon. The spinal nerve (XI) derives from superior cervical segment of the spine. The other 9 pairs of CN are related with the brain stem. Although the skull base foramina can be seen on computed tomography, the nerves themselves can only be visualized in detail on MR. That means, in order to see the different segments of nerves I to XII, the right sequences must be used. It is important to provide detailed clinical information to the radiologist so that a tailored MR study can be performed. In this review, the basic imaging anatomy of the 12 CN is discussed and illustrated briefly with an emphasis on mor...
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