la ricerca di alcuni aspetti del parlato che caratterizzano bilinguismo e diglossia in un’area lo... more la ricerca di alcuni aspetti del parlato che caratterizzano bilinguismo e diglossia in un’area lombarda orientale, l’italiano ed il bresciano. L’articolazione areale tra unità e diversità di questa regione è stata oggetto di ricerca approfondite, sia per quanto concerne il contributo della varietà lombarda alla lingua, sia per quanto riguarda la varietà dialettale bresciana, la cui caratterizzazione condivide tratti gallo italici e veneti. Nel primo caso sono ben note allo studioso una serie di contributi di lombardismi in lingua: tra gli altri, contratto collettivo, scuola industriale, case operaie, licenziamento in tronco, agenzia viaggi, capitano d’industria, spocchia, pacciamatura anche se non sono percepiti come regionalismi nella competenza del parlante ‘medio’. Grande spazio nel quotidiano linguistico e culturale ha invece il dialetto ha il dialetto bresciano, la cui caratterizzazione lo accomuna ai dialetti gardesani occidentali, che mostrano ovunque in generale gli esiti lombardi in tutti i casi segnalati di opposizione veneto-lombarda, come la desinenza di prima singolare – e, il condizionale in - ès, la mancanza di participio passato in - esto, la negazione posposta al verbo e la desinenza di prima plurale in – om. La nostra ricerca si basa su un corpus costituito da serie di conversazioni tra operatori ed utenti registrate in un ufficio pubblico di un piccolo paese della provincia di Brescia con poco più di 2000 abitanti, Calvagese della Riviera. Dalla raccolta dei dati, che è stata inizialmente funzionale ad un’indagine di psicologia sociale volta ad individuare alcune caratteristiche del rapporto utenti- operatori, emerge un quadro abbastanza omogeneo di una conoscenza ed un uso, da parte sia di operatori sia di utenti, dei due codici: l'italiano e il bresciano. Di questa complessa interrelazione tra italiano e dialetto, prenderemo in considerazione due aspetti diversi ed parzialmente intersecantisi: la commutazione di codice e la nozione di indicatore di forza. Nella prima parte della ricerca, l’analisi della commutazione di codice consente di evidenziare alcune caratteristiche funzionali che caratterizzano l'alternanza bilingue o diglossica in un piccolo paese di provincia. L’uso alterno di lingua e dialetto nel discorso non appare un fenomeno strettamente confinato alla sfera del dominio privato ed informale, e assente invece da quello pubblico e formale, ma è largamente presente e regolato in modo complesso anche negli scambi formali. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, facendo propria una tradizione di ricerca, che associa chiaramente proprietà grammaticali a tipi di atti linguistici, in tanto in quanto questi ultimi sono espressi grammaticalmente (prescindendo cioè da come tali rappresentazioni linguistiche siano integrate in altri livelli di rappresentazione) cerchiamo di verificare, per i due codici ‘in competizione’, italiano e bresciano, l'adeguatezza descrittiva delle categorie linguistiche adottate nella rappresentazione degli indicatori di forza, per lo meno relativamente ai performativi primari. La trattazione sistematica della variazione sia tra italiano e bresciano sia all’interno di ciascuno dei due codici appare una condizione necessaria per una descrizione adeguata degli indicatori di forza grammaticali o dei candidati a tale ruolo, al ruolo cioè di quello che attribuisce a un enunciato la sua forza letterale. Riprendendo alcune considerazioni sulla forma grammaticale e di quali siano le unità linguistiche rilevanti, caratteristiche ed aspetti funzionali e formali sono discussi nello svolgersi effettivo delle conversazioni
Pour le mot ‘injonction’, les dictionnaires connaissent plusieurs définitions. Dans la grammaire ... more Pour le mot ‘injonction’, les dictionnaires connaissent plusieurs définitions. Dans la grammaire comparée, ‘injonctif’ est un terme appartenant au système verbal indo-européen. Karl Brugmann a appelé ainsi « un ensemble de formes définissables d’un point de vue purement extérieur comme des indicatifs sans augment d’un temps à augment », employé notamment avec le futur, le volontatif, dans les formules de commandement ou de défense (prohibitif de l’indo-iranien), et qui ont abouti partiellement à l’impératif (Marouzeau 1951: 122). Des recherches récentes sur la conjugaison védique et sanscrite ont précisé que l’injonctif fait référence à une modalité spécifique concernant le passage, en diachronie, d’un signifié aspectuel à l’expression d’un ordre. Un autre dictionnaire linguistique, le Dubois (1985:152), définit plus largement la phrase injonctive comme une phrase « che esprime un ordine, dato al destinatario, di eseguire (o di non eseguire) questa o quell’azione ». Selon Dubois, le...
Although relevant insights into the action-character of linguistic phenomena and the idea of spea... more Although relevant insights into the action-character of linguistic phenomena and the idea of speaking as a form of action dates back to Greek grammatical speculations, it was only in the second half of this century that this approach became standard and influential. There has been a wide application of speech act theory to many different fields, psychology, sociology, cognitive science. This research, involving many different languages and mostly aimed at parole theories, has stressed the importance of the role of communication in language, often distinguishing a communicative, or, in a rather broad sense, linguistic capacity from the capacity to have linguistic representations in a narrow sense. However, in one of the first systematic proposals it was argued that although it might seem that the speech acts approach is simply, in Saussurian terms, a study of parole, rather than langue, "an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue" (Searle, 1969, p. 17). Neverthel...
This volume is a collection of papers focusing on different aspects of clinical linguistics; it e... more This volume is a collection of papers focusing on different aspects of clinical linguistics; it encompasses different issues on language pathologies, first and second language acquisition and impairments. In some cases, authors discuss clinical data concerning three major pathologies: agrammatism, the first research on which goes back to nineteenth century; Williams Syndrome deficit, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder; and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), a pathology whose controversial status with respect to linguistic and non linguistic explanations is widely debated in the literature. In other cases, the authors take into account various kinds of non-pathological topics whose relevance in clinical linguistics is well-known and crucial: the problems in the relationship of first and second language acquisition and the typologies of errors in non-pathological speech are discussed with respect to clinical linguistics data. Pathology (or disorder) must be defined with reference to normal function and a problem facing many research and clinical subspecialties is that what constitutes normal function is not well understood. The aim of this volume is to stress the growing importance of the theoretical and methodological linguistic tools developed in this area of interest; to discuss general problems raised by different analyses and to bring under scrutiny assumptions taken for granted in previous analyses, which may not be as obvious as they seem; to investigate how even apparently minimal choices in the description of phenomena may affect the form and complexity of the language/cognition interface. The research deals with two major areas of linguistics: aspects of phonetics and phonology, on the one hnd, and of syntax and semantics, on the other. The studies concern different language groups: Indo-European and Japanese. Among the languages of the former group, papers discuss data from Germanic languages (English and German), from Romance languages (Italian, Spanish and Venetian, a northern Italian Dialect) and from Persian. Moreover, one paper discusses data about one target language, English, but the categorial discrimination test proposed is used to assess the perception of English vowels by native speakers of Korean, Japanese, Czech, Hungarian, Arabic, Portuguese, German and Dutch. In another paper, a bilingual context, Italian and Venetian, is considered. Authors summarize their personal results by discussing subjects, materials, languages, scores, etc, but there is also space for a thorough discussion of the theoretical and empirical aspects of the most relevant literature. By focusing on empirical data about different languages, the interdisciplinary complexity of the language/cognition interface is explored. The relevance of linguistic theory in the development of clinical linguistics is also evaluated. The book is, therefore, not simply a series of scattered contributions to the field, but it offers a fairly comprehensive overview of the complexity of the field and of the linguistic implications for speech and language pathology. Problems discussed in this volume intend to fit into the contemporary research on Speech and Language pathology
SI DESCRIVE LA STRUTTURA GRAMMATICALE delle interrogative dirette. Costituiscono il tipo sintatti... more SI DESCRIVE LA STRUTTURA GRAMMATICALE delle interrogative dirette. Costituiscono il tipo sintattico interrogativo, caratterizzato da un insieme di proprietà grammaticale. Si analizzano le relazioni tra forma e funzione in un quadro che consente di descrivere fenomeni di variazione sintattica
The research into the systematic correspondences between speech acts and grammatical forms, invol... more The research into the systematic correspondences between speech acts and grammatical forms, involving different levels of analysis (syntax, morphology, lexicon) and having a unifying explanation in function, has highlighted a series of contradictions in the categorisation of Question Markers (QMs), belonging to many Northern and central Italian dialects (Fava 1993, 1997). These peculiar illocutionary devices involve complex distinctions of gender (m., f.), number (s., pl.) and person (1st p., 2nd p., etc.). Attested as early as the sixteenth century, they are still very much alive and characterise both yes/no questions and WH question. Diachronically, QMs, as well as non-inverted Subject Clitics (SCs), derive from the non clitic nominative forms of ancient mediaeval dialects, continuing the forms of the Latin nominative (Renzi & Vanelli, 1984). This well-known diachronic relation between QMs and SCs is clearly perceived in (1), where the homophonous SC la and QM la are both derived ...
A problem widely discussed among psychologists, philosophers and linguists is whether there are a... more A problem widely discussed among psychologists, philosophers and linguists is whether there are aspects of conventionality in speech acts. Although in identifying the various components, which are interdependent among themselves, only single illocutory acts and, to more reason, locutory acts are performed within the utterance, it is still controversial whether at the level of langue there is correspondance between aspects of conventionality and these acts, as far as the linguistic means utilised to perform them are conventional . The aim of this paper is to discuss the illocutionary force devices of the grammatical features of the interrogative parentheticals (no?, vero?, etc.) in Italian. Their syntactic distribution and the semantic properties they present seem to bear very crucially on concepts which belong to speech acts. Moreover, such parentheticals can be accounted for by analysing their clusters of grammatical features at two levels of linguistic description. Such representa...
Si discute dell'organizzazione delle discipline linguistice e filosofiche all'interno dei... more Si discute dell'organizzazione delle discipline linguistice e filosofiche all'interno dei diplomi prima e delle lauree poi in Logopedia. In Italia l'apertura dei primi corsi di studio universitari in logopedia risale soltanto al 1994, con l’attivazione del Diploma Universitario di Logopedia, che, in attuazione della legge 341/90, è succeduto alla Scuola diretta a fini speciali per tecnici di logopedia. A decorrere dall’anno accademico 1996/97 è diventato D.U. di Logopedista.Il Decreto del Ministro della Sanità del 14 settembre 1994, n. 742, a sua volta ha individuato, in attuazione dell’art. 6, comma 3, della Legge 502/92, la figura professionale del logopedista come "l'operatore sanitario che, in possesso del diploma universitario abilitante, svolge la propria attività nella prevenzione e nel trattamento riabilitativo delle patologie del linguaggio e della comunicazione in età evolutiva. adulta e pediatrica…..Il logopedista svolge la sua attività professionale ...
Research on interrogative structures has been receiving increased attention in the framework of s... more Research on interrogative structures has been receiving increased attention in the framework of speech act theory. However, the description of the cluster of morphosyntactic features (clitics, particles, moods, word order variation, etc.) which, without any reliance on the extralinguistic context, permits the interpretation of an utterance as a question is very often unsatisfactory. In some cases, little theoretical consideration has been paid to the series of variations concerning the categories and strategies involved. In this paper I highlight a series of contradictions in the categorization of the Question Markers belonging to many North-Eastern Italian dialects and I propose a solution to this puzzling problem (Fava 1993, 1999). Already attested since the sixteenth century, North-Eastern Dialect Question Markers (NED QMs) are still very much alive, involving distinctions of gender, number and person which vary considerably from dialect to dialect, according to tenses, moods and...
The theory of speech acts, both Austin's original proposal and its subsequent developments, i... more The theory of speech acts, both Austin's original proposal and its subsequent developments, is indisputably of great importance in cognitive research. Nevertheless, contrary to possible expectations, the contribution of grammatical theory in proposing and developing hypotheses about the recognition and the interpretation of speech acts, such as the analysis of the linguistic features relevant to their formulation and to their interpretation, is somewhat controversial. This might seem curious, considering that these studies, which deal with problems concerning the nature of the rules and of the conventions which make our conversations effective and appropriate, almost always presuppose grammatical competence. Moreover, in many cases, the specification of the type of act performed in saying something, whether it is a question, a request for action, or a wish, has a grammatical codification: for example, grammatical considerations also play a part in interpreting certain utterances...
la ricerca di alcuni aspetti del parlato che caratterizzano bilinguismo e diglossia in un’area lo... more la ricerca di alcuni aspetti del parlato che caratterizzano bilinguismo e diglossia in un’area lombarda orientale, l’italiano ed il bresciano. L’articolazione areale tra unità e diversità di questa regione è stata oggetto di ricerca approfondite, sia per quanto concerne il contributo della varietà lombarda alla lingua, sia per quanto riguarda la varietà dialettale bresciana, la cui caratterizzazione condivide tratti gallo italici e veneti. Nel primo caso sono ben note allo studioso una serie di contributi di lombardismi in lingua: tra gli altri, contratto collettivo, scuola industriale, case operaie, licenziamento in tronco, agenzia viaggi, capitano d’industria, spocchia, pacciamatura anche se non sono percepiti come regionalismi nella competenza del parlante ‘medio’. Grande spazio nel quotidiano linguistico e culturale ha invece il dialetto ha il dialetto bresciano, la cui caratterizzazione lo accomuna ai dialetti gardesani occidentali, che mostrano ovunque in generale gli esiti lombardi in tutti i casi segnalati di opposizione veneto-lombarda, come la desinenza di prima singolare – e, il condizionale in - ès, la mancanza di participio passato in - esto, la negazione posposta al verbo e la desinenza di prima plurale in – om. La nostra ricerca si basa su un corpus costituito da serie di conversazioni tra operatori ed utenti registrate in un ufficio pubblico di un piccolo paese della provincia di Brescia con poco più di 2000 abitanti, Calvagese della Riviera. Dalla raccolta dei dati, che è stata inizialmente funzionale ad un’indagine di psicologia sociale volta ad individuare alcune caratteristiche del rapporto utenti- operatori, emerge un quadro abbastanza omogeneo di una conoscenza ed un uso, da parte sia di operatori sia di utenti, dei due codici: l'italiano e il bresciano. Di questa complessa interrelazione tra italiano e dialetto, prenderemo in considerazione due aspetti diversi ed parzialmente intersecantisi: la commutazione di codice e la nozione di indicatore di forza. Nella prima parte della ricerca, l’analisi della commutazione di codice consente di evidenziare alcune caratteristiche funzionali che caratterizzano l'alternanza bilingue o diglossica in un piccolo paese di provincia. L’uso alterno di lingua e dialetto nel discorso non appare un fenomeno strettamente confinato alla sfera del dominio privato ed informale, e assente invece da quello pubblico e formale, ma è largamente presente e regolato in modo complesso anche negli scambi formali. Nella seconda parte del lavoro, facendo propria una tradizione di ricerca, che associa chiaramente proprietà grammaticali a tipi di atti linguistici, in tanto in quanto questi ultimi sono espressi grammaticalmente (prescindendo cioè da come tali rappresentazioni linguistiche siano integrate in altri livelli di rappresentazione) cerchiamo di verificare, per i due codici ‘in competizione’, italiano e bresciano, l'adeguatezza descrittiva delle categorie linguistiche adottate nella rappresentazione degli indicatori di forza, per lo meno relativamente ai performativi primari. La trattazione sistematica della variazione sia tra italiano e bresciano sia all’interno di ciascuno dei due codici appare una condizione necessaria per una descrizione adeguata degli indicatori di forza grammaticali o dei candidati a tale ruolo, al ruolo cioè di quello che attribuisce a un enunciato la sua forza letterale. Riprendendo alcune considerazioni sulla forma grammaticale e di quali siano le unità linguistiche rilevanti, caratteristiche ed aspetti funzionali e formali sono discussi nello svolgersi effettivo delle conversazioni
Pour le mot ‘injonction’, les dictionnaires connaissent plusieurs définitions. Dans la grammaire ... more Pour le mot ‘injonction’, les dictionnaires connaissent plusieurs définitions. Dans la grammaire comparée, ‘injonctif’ est un terme appartenant au système verbal indo-européen. Karl Brugmann a appelé ainsi « un ensemble de formes définissables d’un point de vue purement extérieur comme des indicatifs sans augment d’un temps à augment », employé notamment avec le futur, le volontatif, dans les formules de commandement ou de défense (prohibitif de l’indo-iranien), et qui ont abouti partiellement à l’impératif (Marouzeau 1951: 122). Des recherches récentes sur la conjugaison védique et sanscrite ont précisé que l’injonctif fait référence à une modalité spécifique concernant le passage, en diachronie, d’un signifié aspectuel à l’expression d’un ordre. Un autre dictionnaire linguistique, le Dubois (1985:152), définit plus largement la phrase injonctive comme une phrase « che esprime un ordine, dato al destinatario, di eseguire (o di non eseguire) questa o quell’azione ». Selon Dubois, le...
Although relevant insights into the action-character of linguistic phenomena and the idea of spea... more Although relevant insights into the action-character of linguistic phenomena and the idea of speaking as a form of action dates back to Greek grammatical speculations, it was only in the second half of this century that this approach became standard and influential. There has been a wide application of speech act theory to many different fields, psychology, sociology, cognitive science. This research, involving many different languages and mostly aimed at parole theories, has stressed the importance of the role of communication in language, often distinguishing a communicative, or, in a rather broad sense, linguistic capacity from the capacity to have linguistic representations in a narrow sense. However, in one of the first systematic proposals it was argued that although it might seem that the speech acts approach is simply, in Saussurian terms, a study of parole, rather than langue, "an adequate study of speech acts is a study of langue" (Searle, 1969, p. 17). Neverthel...
This volume is a collection of papers focusing on different aspects of clinical linguistics; it e... more This volume is a collection of papers focusing on different aspects of clinical linguistics; it encompasses different issues on language pathologies, first and second language acquisition and impairments. In some cases, authors discuss clinical data concerning three major pathologies: agrammatism, the first research on which goes back to nineteenth century; Williams Syndrome deficit, a rare neurodevelopmental disorder; and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), a pathology whose controversial status with respect to linguistic and non linguistic explanations is widely debated in the literature. In other cases, the authors take into account various kinds of non-pathological topics whose relevance in clinical linguistics is well-known and crucial: the problems in the relationship of first and second language acquisition and the typologies of errors in non-pathological speech are discussed with respect to clinical linguistics data. Pathology (or disorder) must be defined with reference to normal function and a problem facing many research and clinical subspecialties is that what constitutes normal function is not well understood. The aim of this volume is to stress the growing importance of the theoretical and methodological linguistic tools developed in this area of interest; to discuss general problems raised by different analyses and to bring under scrutiny assumptions taken for granted in previous analyses, which may not be as obvious as they seem; to investigate how even apparently minimal choices in the description of phenomena may affect the form and complexity of the language/cognition interface. The research deals with two major areas of linguistics: aspects of phonetics and phonology, on the one hnd, and of syntax and semantics, on the other. The studies concern different language groups: Indo-European and Japanese. Among the languages of the former group, papers discuss data from Germanic languages (English and German), from Romance languages (Italian, Spanish and Venetian, a northern Italian Dialect) and from Persian. Moreover, one paper discusses data about one target language, English, but the categorial discrimination test proposed is used to assess the perception of English vowels by native speakers of Korean, Japanese, Czech, Hungarian, Arabic, Portuguese, German and Dutch. In another paper, a bilingual context, Italian and Venetian, is considered. Authors summarize their personal results by discussing subjects, materials, languages, scores, etc, but there is also space for a thorough discussion of the theoretical and empirical aspects of the most relevant literature. By focusing on empirical data about different languages, the interdisciplinary complexity of the language/cognition interface is explored. The relevance of linguistic theory in the development of clinical linguistics is also evaluated. The book is, therefore, not simply a series of scattered contributions to the field, but it offers a fairly comprehensive overview of the complexity of the field and of the linguistic implications for speech and language pathology. Problems discussed in this volume intend to fit into the contemporary research on Speech and Language pathology
SI DESCRIVE LA STRUTTURA GRAMMATICALE delle interrogative dirette. Costituiscono il tipo sintatti... more SI DESCRIVE LA STRUTTURA GRAMMATICALE delle interrogative dirette. Costituiscono il tipo sintattico interrogativo, caratterizzato da un insieme di proprietà grammaticale. Si analizzano le relazioni tra forma e funzione in un quadro che consente di descrivere fenomeni di variazione sintattica
The research into the systematic correspondences between speech acts and grammatical forms, invol... more The research into the systematic correspondences between speech acts and grammatical forms, involving different levels of analysis (syntax, morphology, lexicon) and having a unifying explanation in function, has highlighted a series of contradictions in the categorisation of Question Markers (QMs), belonging to many Northern and central Italian dialects (Fava 1993, 1997). These peculiar illocutionary devices involve complex distinctions of gender (m., f.), number (s., pl.) and person (1st p., 2nd p., etc.). Attested as early as the sixteenth century, they are still very much alive and characterise both yes/no questions and WH question. Diachronically, QMs, as well as non-inverted Subject Clitics (SCs), derive from the non clitic nominative forms of ancient mediaeval dialects, continuing the forms of the Latin nominative (Renzi & Vanelli, 1984). This well-known diachronic relation between QMs and SCs is clearly perceived in (1), where the homophonous SC la and QM la are both derived ...
A problem widely discussed among psychologists, philosophers and linguists is whether there are a... more A problem widely discussed among psychologists, philosophers and linguists is whether there are aspects of conventionality in speech acts. Although in identifying the various components, which are interdependent among themselves, only single illocutory acts and, to more reason, locutory acts are performed within the utterance, it is still controversial whether at the level of langue there is correspondance between aspects of conventionality and these acts, as far as the linguistic means utilised to perform them are conventional . The aim of this paper is to discuss the illocutionary force devices of the grammatical features of the interrogative parentheticals (no?, vero?, etc.) in Italian. Their syntactic distribution and the semantic properties they present seem to bear very crucially on concepts which belong to speech acts. Moreover, such parentheticals can be accounted for by analysing their clusters of grammatical features at two levels of linguistic description. Such representa...
Si discute dell'organizzazione delle discipline linguistice e filosofiche all'interno dei... more Si discute dell'organizzazione delle discipline linguistice e filosofiche all'interno dei diplomi prima e delle lauree poi in Logopedia. In Italia l'apertura dei primi corsi di studio universitari in logopedia risale soltanto al 1994, con l’attivazione del Diploma Universitario di Logopedia, che, in attuazione della legge 341/90, è succeduto alla Scuola diretta a fini speciali per tecnici di logopedia. A decorrere dall’anno accademico 1996/97 è diventato D.U. di Logopedista.Il Decreto del Ministro della Sanità del 14 settembre 1994, n. 742, a sua volta ha individuato, in attuazione dell’art. 6, comma 3, della Legge 502/92, la figura professionale del logopedista come "l'operatore sanitario che, in possesso del diploma universitario abilitante, svolge la propria attività nella prevenzione e nel trattamento riabilitativo delle patologie del linguaggio e della comunicazione in età evolutiva. adulta e pediatrica…..Il logopedista svolge la sua attività professionale ...
Research on interrogative structures has been receiving increased attention in the framework of s... more Research on interrogative structures has been receiving increased attention in the framework of speech act theory. However, the description of the cluster of morphosyntactic features (clitics, particles, moods, word order variation, etc.) which, without any reliance on the extralinguistic context, permits the interpretation of an utterance as a question is very often unsatisfactory. In some cases, little theoretical consideration has been paid to the series of variations concerning the categories and strategies involved. In this paper I highlight a series of contradictions in the categorization of the Question Markers belonging to many North-Eastern Italian dialects and I propose a solution to this puzzling problem (Fava 1993, 1999). Already attested since the sixteenth century, North-Eastern Dialect Question Markers (NED QMs) are still very much alive, involving distinctions of gender, number and person which vary considerably from dialect to dialect, according to tenses, moods and...
The theory of speech acts, both Austin's original proposal and its subsequent developments, i... more The theory of speech acts, both Austin's original proposal and its subsequent developments, is indisputably of great importance in cognitive research. Nevertheless, contrary to possible expectations, the contribution of grammatical theory in proposing and developing hypotheses about the recognition and the interpretation of speech acts, such as the analysis of the linguistic features relevant to their formulation and to their interpretation, is somewhat controversial. This might seem curious, considering that these studies, which deal with problems concerning the nature of the rules and of the conventions which make our conversations effective and appropriate, almost always presuppose grammatical competence. Moreover, in many cases, the specification of the type of act performed in saying something, whether it is a question, a request for action, or a wish, has a grammatical codification: for example, grammatical considerations also play a part in interpreting certain utterances...
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