This document on Nostratic is the logical next step after my series of “Source Code” documents on... more This document on Nostratic is the logical next step after my series of “Source Code” documents on Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots, where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning, so that PIE roots were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to.
If we assume that Nostratic really existed and we consider that Indo-European is always included in the lists of potential Nostratic descendants, the discovery of “meaningful phonemes” in PIE roots implies that this feature must have been in PIE’s parent language as well and that it must have been transmitted somehow to all other Nostratic daughter languages. This new document simply shows the evidence that this was really the case, taking the Semitic languages as a test case given that, through Afrasian, they generally are in the lists of Nostratic descendants too.
In addition to this verification, which proves in an unexpected way the existence of the Nostratic language, the document analyzes what this finding implies in relation to the meaning of the original Nostratic phonemes.
This is an update on the “The Source Code 2.5” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-Eur... more This is an update on the “The Source Code 2.5” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a consonant-vowel-consonant basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them and significantly improves the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme and showing how these meanings still are reflected in modern day English, while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This update also includes a new Appendix I which explains how to use the complementary Excel file 2500 PIE roots summary (The Source Code 3.0), uploaded separately, in order to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots.
Excel file complementing "2500 PIE roots revisited (The Source Code 3.0)". This Excel file can be... more Excel file complementing "2500 PIE roots revisited (The Source Code 3.0)". This Excel file can be used to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots
This document shows the process leading to the discovery of some features in the Iberian language... more This document shows the process leading to the discovery of some features in the Iberian language which allow us to translate most of the words in this language and to confirm its close relationship with Basque, a language that we find Iberian to share its vocabulary roots with.
We first describe the process followed in order to decipher the Iberian language, highlighting elements which increase the number of identifiable coincidences between Iberian and Basque such as compound words with either identical or similar meaning in both languages and inverse adjective-substantive order in their syllables or the confirmation that the symbols used in Iberian to represent syllable sets in the case of occlusive consonants may express not only either a “consonant + vowel” sequence or just the consonant, as thought up to now, but also the option “vowel + consonant”.
The application of these findings already allows us to translate Iberian texts and to discover that the vocabularies of both languages share the same roots, usually two letters long, which have their own meaning and form words both by themselves and with and additional phoneme which adds a root-independent shade to the root’s meaning.
This new information allows us to improve our knowledge of the Iberian language not only in terms of vocabulary but also, by deduction, of its grammar. This opens the way to deciphering this language completely in the short term. This document includes a dictionary with almost 500 Iberian words and the translations into Spanish of 50 Iberian texts selected among the most complete and representative of the Iberian texts.
En este documento se recoge el proceso de descubrimiento de características del idioma ibero que ... more En este documento se recoge el proceso de descubrimiento de características del idioma ibero que permiten traducir la mayoría de sus palabras más habituales y confirmar su relación con el vasco, idioma con el comparte las raíces que conforman sus vocabularios respectivos.
En primer lugar se explica el proceso que se ha seguido para el desciframiento del ibero haciendo hincapié en elementos que aumentan el número de coincidencias identificables con el vasco tales como la existencia de palabras compuestas con idéntico o similar significado en los dos idiomas, pero con un orden inverso adjetivo-sustantivo en su constitución, o la comprobación de que el silabario ibérico utilizado para las consonantes oclusivas podía representar no solo la combinación “consonante + vocal” o la consonante aislada, tal como se había considerado hasta ahora, sino también la alternativa “vocal + consonante”.
La aplicación de estos hallazgos nos permite ya traducir textos ibéricos y descubrir que el vocabulario de ambos idiomas está formado por las mismas raíces, generalmente de dos letras, que tienen un significado propio y forman palabras tanto por sí solas como con un fonema adicional que añade un matiz, independiente de la raíz, a ese significado.
Estos nuevos datos permiten ampliar nuestro conocimiento del ibero tanto en su vocabulario como, por deducción, en su gramática y abren el camino para el desciframiento total de este idioma a corto plazo. En este documento se incluyen un diccionario con casi 500 palabras iberas y las traducciones de 50 textos seleccionados entre los más completos y representativos de la lengua ibera.
This is the sixth and final “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-... more This is the sixth and final “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This is the fifth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European L... more This is the fifth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This document lists all the roots included in 1600 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.3) in ... more This document lists all the roots included in 1600 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.3) in three different ways:
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
This is the fourth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European ... more This is the fourth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 of this document.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1600 of them, adding more than 300 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
This document lists all the roots included in 1200 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.2) in ... more This document lists all the roots included in 1200 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.2) in three different ways:
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
This is the third “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European L... more This is the third “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1200 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
"As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 800 of them, adding 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
"
As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter in PIE ro... more As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter in PIE roots had a meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial consonant while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related letter, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” .at the end of the root. The meaning of each letter is shown in a simple equivalence table in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 400 of them, adding more than 100 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each letter (sound) while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
Each PIE letter had its own meaning and, consequently, PIE roots actually were descriptions of th... more Each PIE letter had its own meaning and, consequently, PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to.
All PIE simple roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had the same CVC basic structure, where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense, which changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
The document shows that this feature, with basically the same meaning for each letter, was shared by other ancient languages including the one that Basque (and Iberian) derived from, which leads to the conclusion that Proto-Basque and PIE had a common origin.
The implications of this discovery, important as they may be in the Linguistics area, go far beyond this field. It is simply amazing to know that, probably more than 6,000 years ago, some people live in a society so advanced that they were able to create a complex artificial language starting from scratch.
This document on Nostratic is the logical next step after my series of “Source Code” documents on... more This document on Nostratic is the logical next step after my series of “Source Code” documents on Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots, where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning, so that PIE roots were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to.
If we assume that Nostratic really existed and we consider that Indo-European is always included in the lists of potential Nostratic descendants, the discovery of “meaningful phonemes” in PIE roots implies that this feature must have been in PIE’s parent language as well and that it must have been transmitted somehow to all other Nostratic daughter languages. This new document simply shows the evidence that this was really the case, taking the Semitic languages as a test case given that, through Afrasian, they generally are in the lists of Nostratic descendants too.
In addition to this verification, which proves in an unexpected way the existence of the Nostratic language, the document analyzes what this finding implies in relation to the meaning of the original Nostratic phonemes.
This is an update on the “The Source Code 2.5” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-Eur... more This is an update on the “The Source Code 2.5” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a consonant-vowel-consonant basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them and significantly improves the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme and showing how these meanings still are reflected in modern day English, while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This update also includes a new Appendix I which explains how to use the complementary Excel file 2500 PIE roots summary (The Source Code 3.0), uploaded separately, in order to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots.
Excel file complementing "2500 PIE roots revisited (The Source Code 3.0)". This Excel file can be... more Excel file complementing "2500 PIE roots revisited (The Source Code 3.0)". This Excel file can be used to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots
This document shows the process leading to the discovery of some features in the Iberian language... more This document shows the process leading to the discovery of some features in the Iberian language which allow us to translate most of the words in this language and to confirm its close relationship with Basque, a language that we find Iberian to share its vocabulary roots with.
We first describe the process followed in order to decipher the Iberian language, highlighting elements which increase the number of identifiable coincidences between Iberian and Basque such as compound words with either identical or similar meaning in both languages and inverse adjective-substantive order in their syllables or the confirmation that the symbols used in Iberian to represent syllable sets in the case of occlusive consonants may express not only either a “consonant + vowel” sequence or just the consonant, as thought up to now, but also the option “vowel + consonant”.
The application of these findings already allows us to translate Iberian texts and to discover that the vocabularies of both languages share the same roots, usually two letters long, which have their own meaning and form words both by themselves and with and additional phoneme which adds a root-independent shade to the root’s meaning.
This new information allows us to improve our knowledge of the Iberian language not only in terms of vocabulary but also, by deduction, of its grammar. This opens the way to deciphering this language completely in the short term. This document includes a dictionary with almost 500 Iberian words and the translations into Spanish of 50 Iberian texts selected among the most complete and representative of the Iberian texts.
En este documento se recoge el proceso de descubrimiento de características del idioma ibero que ... more En este documento se recoge el proceso de descubrimiento de características del idioma ibero que permiten traducir la mayoría de sus palabras más habituales y confirmar su relación con el vasco, idioma con el comparte las raíces que conforman sus vocabularios respectivos.
En primer lugar se explica el proceso que se ha seguido para el desciframiento del ibero haciendo hincapié en elementos que aumentan el número de coincidencias identificables con el vasco tales como la existencia de palabras compuestas con idéntico o similar significado en los dos idiomas, pero con un orden inverso adjetivo-sustantivo en su constitución, o la comprobación de que el silabario ibérico utilizado para las consonantes oclusivas podía representar no solo la combinación “consonante + vocal” o la consonante aislada, tal como se había considerado hasta ahora, sino también la alternativa “vocal + consonante”.
La aplicación de estos hallazgos nos permite ya traducir textos ibéricos y descubrir que el vocabulario de ambos idiomas está formado por las mismas raíces, generalmente de dos letras, que tienen un significado propio y forman palabras tanto por sí solas como con un fonema adicional que añade un matiz, independiente de la raíz, a ese significado.
Estos nuevos datos permiten ampliar nuestro conocimiento del ibero tanto en su vocabulario como, por deducción, en su gramática y abren el camino para el desciframiento total de este idioma a corto plazo. En este documento se incluyen un diccionario con casi 500 palabras iberas y las traducciones de 50 textos seleccionados entre los más completos y representativos de la lengua ibera.
This is the sixth and final “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-... more This is the sixth and final “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This is the fifth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European L... more This is the fifth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This document lists all the roots included in 1600 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.3) in ... more This document lists all the roots included in 1600 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.3) in three different ways:
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
This is the fourth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European ... more This is the fourth “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), where it was shown that each phoneme in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 of this document.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1600 of them, adding more than 300 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
This document lists all the roots included in 1200 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.2) in ... more This document lists all the roots included in 1200 PIE Roots Deciphered (The Source Code 2.2) in three different ways:
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
This is the third “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European L... more This is the third “The Source Code 2.x” document stemming from “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages1” (2012), where it was shown that each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and that PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. As explained in that original document, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1200 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
"As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 800 of them, adding 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
"
As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter in PIE ro... more As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter in PIE roots had a meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial consonant while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related letter, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” .at the end of the root. The meaning of each letter is shown in a simple equivalence table in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 400 of them, adding more than 100 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each letter (sound) while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
Each PIE letter had its own meaning and, consequently, PIE roots actually were descriptions of th... more Each PIE letter had its own meaning and, consequently, PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to.
All PIE simple roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had the same CVC basic structure, where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense, which changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
The document shows that this feature, with basically the same meaning for each letter, was shared by other ancient languages including the one that Basque (and Iberian) derived from, which leads to the conclusion that Proto-Basque and PIE had a common origin.
The implications of this discovery, important as they may be in the Linguistics area, go far beyond this field. It is simply amazing to know that, probably more than 6,000 years ago, some people live in a society so advanced that they were able to create a complex artificial language starting from scratch.
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If we assume that Nostratic really existed and we consider that Indo-European is always included in the lists of potential Nostratic descendants, the discovery of “meaningful phonemes” in PIE roots implies that this feature must have been in PIE’s parent language as well and that it must have been transmitted somehow to all other Nostratic daughter languages. This new document simply shows the evidence that this was really the case, taking the Semitic languages as a test case given that, through Afrasian, they generally are in the lists of Nostratic descendants too.
In addition to this verification, which proves in an unexpected way the existence of the Nostratic language, the document analyzes what this finding implies in relation to the meaning of the original Nostratic phonemes.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them and significantly improves the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme and showing how these meanings still are reflected in modern day English, while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This update also includes a new Appendix I which explains how to use the complementary Excel file 2500 PIE roots summary (The Source Code 3.0), uploaded separately, in order to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots.
We first describe the process followed in order to decipher the Iberian language, highlighting elements which increase the number of identifiable coincidences between Iberian and Basque such as compound words with either identical or similar meaning in both languages and inverse adjective-substantive order in their syllables or the confirmation that the symbols used in Iberian to represent syllable sets in the case of occlusive consonants may express not only either a “consonant + vowel” sequence or just the consonant, as thought up to now, but also the option “vowel + consonant”.
The application of these findings already allows us to translate Iberian texts and to discover that the vocabularies of both languages share the same roots, usually two letters long, which have their own meaning and form words both by themselves and with and additional phoneme which adds a root-independent shade to the root’s meaning.
This new information allows us to improve our knowledge of the Iberian language not only in terms of vocabulary but also, by deduction, of its grammar. This opens the way to deciphering this language completely in the short term. This document includes a dictionary with almost 500 Iberian words and the translations into Spanish of 50 Iberian texts selected among the most complete and representative of the Iberian texts.
En primer lugar se explica el proceso que se ha seguido para el desciframiento del ibero haciendo hincapié en elementos que aumentan el número de coincidencias identificables con el vasco tales como la existencia de palabras compuestas con idéntico o similar significado en los dos idiomas, pero con un orden inverso adjetivo-sustantivo en su constitución, o la comprobación de que el silabario ibérico utilizado para las consonantes oclusivas podía representar no solo la combinación “consonante + vocal” o la consonante aislada, tal como se había considerado hasta ahora, sino también la alternativa “vocal + consonante”.
La aplicación de estos hallazgos nos permite ya traducir textos ibéricos y descubrir que el vocabulario de ambos idiomas está formado por las mismas raíces, generalmente de dos letras, que tienen un significado propio y forman palabras tanto por sí solas como con un fonema adicional que añade un matiz, independiente de la raíz, a ese significado.
Estos nuevos datos permiten ampliar nuestro conocimiento del ibero tanto en su vocabulario como, por deducción, en su gramática y abren el camino para el desciframiento total de este idioma a corto plazo. En este documento se incluyen un diccionario con casi 500 palabras iberas y las traducciones de 50 textos seleccionados entre los más completos y representativos de la lengua ibera.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
Fernando Villamor
atin.belaur@gmail.com
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 of this document.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1600 of them, adding more than 300 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1200 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
"As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 800 of them, adding 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
"
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial consonant while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related letter, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” .at the end of the root. The meaning of each letter is shown in a simple equivalence table in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 400 of them, adding more than 100 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each letter (sound) while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
All PIE simple roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had the same CVC basic structure, where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense, which changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
The document shows that this feature, with basically the same meaning for each letter, was shared by other ancient languages including the one that Basque (and Iberian) derived from, which leads to the conclusion that Proto-Basque and PIE had a common origin.
The implications of this discovery, important as they may be in the Linguistics area, go far beyond this field. It is simply amazing to know that, probably more than 6,000 years ago, some people live in a society so advanced that they were able to create a complex artificial language starting from scratch.
If we assume that Nostratic really existed and we consider that Indo-European is always included in the lists of potential Nostratic descendants, the discovery of “meaningful phonemes” in PIE roots implies that this feature must have been in PIE’s parent language as well and that it must have been transmitted somehow to all other Nostratic daughter languages. This new document simply shows the evidence that this was really the case, taking the Semitic languages as a test case given that, through Afrasian, they generally are in the lists of Nostratic descendants too.
In addition to this verification, which proves in an unexpected way the existence of the Nostratic language, the document analyzes what this finding implies in relation to the meaning of the original Nostratic phonemes.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them and significantly improves the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme and showing how these meanings still are reflected in modern day English, while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
This update also includes a new Appendix I which explains how to use the complementary Excel file 2500 PIE roots summary (The Source Code 3.0), uploaded separately, in order to filter PIE roots by their initial or final consonants / laryngeals, so that the meanings of each phoneme can be compared simultaneously for all involved roots.
We first describe the process followed in order to decipher the Iberian language, highlighting elements which increase the number of identifiable coincidences between Iberian and Basque such as compound words with either identical or similar meaning in both languages and inverse adjective-substantive order in their syllables or the confirmation that the symbols used in Iberian to represent syllable sets in the case of occlusive consonants may express not only either a “consonant + vowel” sequence or just the consonant, as thought up to now, but also the option “vowel + consonant”.
The application of these findings already allows us to translate Iberian texts and to discover that the vocabularies of both languages share the same roots, usually two letters long, which have their own meaning and form words both by themselves and with and additional phoneme which adds a root-independent shade to the root’s meaning.
This new information allows us to improve our knowledge of the Iberian language not only in terms of vocabulary but also, by deduction, of its grammar. This opens the way to deciphering this language completely in the short term. This document includes a dictionary with almost 500 Iberian words and the translations into Spanish of 50 Iberian texts selected among the most complete and representative of the Iberian texts.
En primer lugar se explica el proceso que se ha seguido para el desciframiento del ibero haciendo hincapié en elementos que aumentan el número de coincidencias identificables con el vasco tales como la existencia de palabras compuestas con idéntico o similar significado en los dos idiomas, pero con un orden inverso adjetivo-sustantivo en su constitución, o la comprobación de que el silabario ibérico utilizado para las consonantes oclusivas podía representar no solo la combinación “consonante + vocal” o la consonante aislada, tal como se había considerado hasta ahora, sino también la alternativa “vocal + consonante”.
La aplicación de estos hallazgos nos permite ya traducir textos ibéricos y descubrir que el vocabulario de ambos idiomas está formado por las mismas raíces, generalmente de dos letras, que tienen un significado propio y forman palabras tanto por sí solas como con un fonema adicional que añade un matiz, independiente de la raíz, a ese significado.
Estos nuevos datos permiten ampliar nuestro conocimiento del ibero tanto en su vocabulario como, por deducción, en su gramática y abren el camino para el desciframiento total de este idioma a corto plazo. En este documento se incluyen un diccionario con casi 500 palabras iberas y las traducciones de 50 textos seleccionados entre los más completos y representativos de la lengua ibera.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 2500 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
Fernando Villamor
atin.belaur@gmail.com
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 of this document.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1600 of them, adding more than 300 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
In the Initial tab the roots are listed with an additional column which allows the selection by initial phoneme (i.e. by phoneme before vowels / semi-vowels). Roots appear as many times as “initial” phonemes they have.
Likewise, roots can be selected by closing phoneme in the Last tab.
There is also a Complete List tab with a list of unique PIE roots.
Finally, there is a TSC tab showing the possible meanings of each PIE phoneme.
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial element while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related phoneme, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” at the end of the root. The meaning of each phoneme is shown in a simple equivalence table (the “Source Code”) in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 1200 of them, adding more than 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in previous versions.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each phoneme while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
"As already disclosed in “The Origin of the Indo-European Languages” (2012), each letter (phoneme) in PIE roots had its own meaning and PIE roots actually were descriptions of the concepts that they referred to. In summary, PIE roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had a CVC basic structure where each phoneme had its own general sense which, for consonants, changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 800 of them, adding 400 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
"
For example, the PIE consonant usually represented as bh indicated “expansion, growth, external addition” as initial consonant while it meant “absorption, inwards addition” as final consonant. A related letter, p, conveyed a sense of “body, physical accumulation” at the beginning of the root which shifted to “physical lack / loss” .at the end of the root. The meaning of each letter is shown in a simple equivalence table in page 5 below.
This new document, focused only on PIE roots, explains the meaning of over 400 of them, adding more than 100 roots to the previous list and significantly improving the equivalence table included in the initial version.
Section 1 revisits the structure of the PIE words, indicating the meaning of each letter (sound) while Section 2 includes a list of “deciphered” PIE roots with some of their derivatives in old and modern languages.
All PIE simple roots (each one of them with its own lexical meaning) had the same CVC basic structure, where each letter (the sound associated to each letter properly speaking) had its own general sense, which changed to just the opposite, within the same concept, when placed at the end of the root. The concept that the word referred to was indicated by the initial consonant while the closing one determined the final meaning of the word.
The document shows that this feature, with basically the same meaning for each letter, was shared by other ancient languages including the one that Basque (and Iberian) derived from, which leads to the conclusion that Proto-Basque and PIE had a common origin.
The implications of this discovery, important as they may be in the Linguistics area, go far beyond this field. It is simply amazing to know that, probably more than 6,000 years ago, some people live in a society so advanced that they were able to create a complex artificial language starting from scratch.