Indigenous mapping is rapidly entering the domain of cartography, and digital technology is facil... more Indigenous mapping is rapidly entering the domain of cartography, and digital technology is facilitating the engagement of communities, particularly Indigenous communities, in order to map their own locational stories, histories, cultural heritage, and environmental and political priorities [...]
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1980
Rural development is of considerable importance in developing nations today and this paper examin... more Rural development is of considerable importance in developing nations today and this paper examines the utility of computer-assisted cartography in analysing rural development in Kenya. The application of this technique reveals relationships not easily discerned by other methodologies. This is illustrated by applying various techniques such as GIMMS and PREVU to rural development data for Murang'a District, Kenya. The result clearly demonstrates the utility of computer-assisted cartographic analysis both in an academic and an applied sense.
Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 1967
Fort Hall District is the heartland of the Kikuyu plateau and the traditional homeland of the Kik... more Fort Hall District is the heartland of the Kikuyu plateau and the traditional homeland of the Kikuyu people. The plateau rises in altitude from about 4000 feet in the east to over 12,000 feet in the Aberdare mountains to the west, but above about 7500 feet the land is forest reserve and is virtually uninhabited. The heavy relief rainfall on the Aberdare mountains has given rise to hundreds of small streams which have deeply dissected the volcanic rocks of the plateau into parallel ridges and valleys running west to east. Soils are deep and fertile, and rainfall totals rise from 40 inches per annum in the lower areas, to over 100 inches per annum in the mountains. Temperature decreases with altitude but over most of the plateau the mean annual temperature is between 50 and 60 degrees F. and there is a twelve month growing season. Fort Hall District is one of the most favoured agricultural areas in Kenya and supports one of the densest rural populations in Africa. The recent census' has revealed an average density of over 400 per square mile, and in Fort Hall District the density, in places, rises to over 1000 per square mile. The Kikuyu plateau is playing an increasing part in the agricultural economy of Kenya. Coffee, tea, wattle bark, pyrethrum, dairy produce, fruit and vegetables are being produced both for export and for consumption within Kenya. In addition to this, there is a considerable volume of trade carried on within the plateau which, because of its nature, is difficult to measure and which does not appear in any of the official statistics. This trade is carried on in a number of local markets. These have probably always been a feature of the Kikuyu economy but have increased considerably in importance over the last 50 years. In 1915 there were 8 markets, by 1928 the number had risen to 15 and in 1965 there were 42.2 These markets were originally purely barter in character and were concerned exclusively with agricultural products. Although cash has been introduced into the proceedings the basic function of these markets still appears to be exchange of produce. The markets are held weekly or bi-weekly3 and produce is brought in mainly on the backs of women, who are in the vast majority in the market places. The market place is an open space in, or near, a village but often the
Further Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography - International Dimensions and Language Mapping, 2019
This chapter looks at what the research reported in this volume has contributed to a re-evaluatio... more This chapter looks at what the research reported in this volume has contributed to a re-evaluation of Cybercartography over the 20 years since the term was first introduced and suggests new directions for future theory and practice.
Further Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography - International Dimensions and Language Mapping, 2019
The concept of Cybercartography was introduced in 1997 in the keynote address entitled Maps and M... more The concept of Cybercartography was introduced in 1997 in the keynote address entitled Maps and Mapping in the Information Era, presented to the International Cartographic Conference in Sweden. The central argument made was that if cartography was to play a more important role in the information era, then a new paradigm was required. An initial version of Cybercartography was introduced as that paradigm. This chapter describes developments in Cybercartography since that time and, in particular, the developments emerging from the Cybercartography and the New Economy research project, funded for a 4-year period, by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Many of the chapters in this book grew out of this research project. Parallel developments in the theory and practice of Cybercartography are taking place in a very different cultural context at Mexico by CentroGeo, a new and dynamic research agency, which is part of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologic...
Effective governance requires the best available sources of data and information. The Arctic regi... more Effective governance requires the best available sources of data and information. The Arctic region, society, and research community is complex and operates at multiple scales. As a result, information about the Arctic exists and flows within a complex Arctic Information Ecosystem (AIE). The conceptual framework of Information Ecology can be used to document, understand, and possibly predict the nature and functioning of the AIE. Using a stepped approach, the Mapping the Arctic Data Ecosystem (MADE) project is using Linked Open Data representational models and tools to evaluate the utility of Information Ecology to support real world applications such as contributing to strategy development for the Sustained Arctic Observing Network (SAON) program and enhancing disaster resilience in the Arctic. The non-linear, Information Ecology framework more accurately reflects early views of the AIE and stands as an alternative to currently used, more linear rational-classical strategy development and systems analysis.
This paper argues that the technological “development of cartography” is dominating the disciplin... more This paper argues that the technological “development of cartography” is dominating the discipline. Interest in technology is resulting in neglect of other aspects of the discipline such as the application of cartography to the solution of human problems. Consideration of cartography as art has disappeared from cartographic journals. The over-emphasis on technological aspects of the discipline may be a cause of the neglect. The paper examines cartography as art in the Canadian context and looks at the cartography of development using China as an example.
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1985
This paper argues that the major technological and socio-economic changes of the 'information... more This paper argues that the major technological and socio-economic changes of the 'information revolution' are so extensive that if cartography is to play a role then the development of an entirely new cartography is necessary. The paper discusses the extent and nature of a new cartography and argues that education in cartography will have to change if the challenge is to be met.
ABSTRACT As envisioned cybercartography is compiled by teams of individuals from different discip... more ABSTRACT As envisioned cybercartography is compiled by teams of individuals from different disciplines and involves new research partnerships among academia, government, civil society, and the private sector. Collaboration and integration of research require deliberate and directed effort to manage and coordinate to enable all partners, collaborators, students, and stakeholders to fully participate and contribute to the research process. This chapter explores collaboration with the use of concepts from organizational theory, transdisciplinary research, and methods to measure collaboration. The chapter describes the Cybercartography and the New Economy (CANE) project as an organization of researchers, developers, users, and stakeholders who are collectively engaged in creating cybercartographic products and theoretical constructs. The Cybercartography project is viewed as an organized process that is structured to integrate research from various academic disciplines.
Publisher Summary The increasing use of maps and the Internet requires a new paradigm for cartogr... more Publisher Summary The increasing use of maps and the Internet requires a new paradigm for cartography. Computer and telecommunications technologies are revolutionizing cartography but the challenges facing the discipline are not only technical but also conceptual. Maps and Mapping will take on new functions in the 21st century as a process, as an organizational concept, and as a product. This chapter suggests a new definition of cartography and elaborates the seven major elements of the concept of cybercartography. Cybercartography is a multi-sensory, interactive multimedia which is applied to a wide variety of subjects. It is part of an information package, compiled by interdisciplinary teams. It provides new research partnerships and involves new ways of engaging and understanding the user, and new integrated research frameworks. Research to create two new cybercartographic products, a Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica and Canada's Trade with the World, is also described in the chapter.
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 2013
Digital cartography offers exciting opportunities for recording indigenous knowledge, particularl... more Digital cartography offers exciting opportunities for recording indigenous knowledge, particularly in contexts where a people's relationship to the land has high cultural significance. Canada's north offers a useful case study of both the opportunities and challenges of such projects. Through the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Inuit peoples have been invited to become partners in innovative digital mapping projects, including creating atlases of traditional place names, recording the patterns and movement of sea ice, and recording previously uncharted and often shifting traditional routes over ice and tundra. Such projects have generated interest in local communities because of their potential to record and preserve traditional knowledge and because they offer an attractive visual and multimedia interface that can address linguistic and cultural concerns. But given corporations' growing interest in the natural resources of the Arctic and the concomita...
Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 1970
... Hundreds of streams run eastward from the Aberdare mountains to form part of the headwaters o... more ... Hundreds of streams run eastward from the Aberdare mountains to form part of the headwaters of Kenya's main rivers, the Tana, Athi, and the seasonal Ewaso Nyiro. ... Solai Nonuki Mount SNro Keny uruMoru Lake Vakuru ,x Lake Elemen teito yer Gilgil Mau N. Kinangop Hills ...
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1974
This paper examines the implications of the increasing importance of the computer in Canadian car... more This paper examines the implications of the increasing importance of the computer in Canadian cartography. Basic distinction is made between automated cartography and computer mapping. Various Canadian systems are discussed, including those of the Surveys and Mapping Branch and Statistics Canada. A number of issues are considered, including the implications of automation for cartographic employment and education, confidentiality, costs, map perception, maps as planning tools, and issues relating to map types, design, content, presentation and scale. Arguments are made for a conceptual shift in Canadian cartography, and for a reexamination of basic cartographic assumptions. The greatest challenge for Canadian cartography will be the provision of a new conceptual and theoretical framework in response to the technological innovations brought by the advent of computer cartography.
Indigenous mapping is rapidly entering the domain of cartography, and digital technology is facil... more Indigenous mapping is rapidly entering the domain of cartography, and digital technology is facilitating the engagement of communities, particularly Indigenous communities, in order to map their own locational stories, histories, cultural heritage, and environmental and political priorities [...]
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1980
Rural development is of considerable importance in developing nations today and this paper examin... more Rural development is of considerable importance in developing nations today and this paper examines the utility of computer-assisted cartography in analysing rural development in Kenya. The application of this technique reveals relationships not easily discerned by other methodologies. This is illustrated by applying various techniques such as GIMMS and PREVU to rural development data for Murang'a District, Kenya. The result clearly demonstrates the utility of computer-assisted cartographic analysis both in an academic and an applied sense.
Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 1967
Fort Hall District is the heartland of the Kikuyu plateau and the traditional homeland of the Kik... more Fort Hall District is the heartland of the Kikuyu plateau and the traditional homeland of the Kikuyu people. The plateau rises in altitude from about 4000 feet in the east to over 12,000 feet in the Aberdare mountains to the west, but above about 7500 feet the land is forest reserve and is virtually uninhabited. The heavy relief rainfall on the Aberdare mountains has given rise to hundreds of small streams which have deeply dissected the volcanic rocks of the plateau into parallel ridges and valleys running west to east. Soils are deep and fertile, and rainfall totals rise from 40 inches per annum in the lower areas, to over 100 inches per annum in the mountains. Temperature decreases with altitude but over most of the plateau the mean annual temperature is between 50 and 60 degrees F. and there is a twelve month growing season. Fort Hall District is one of the most favoured agricultural areas in Kenya and supports one of the densest rural populations in Africa. The recent census' has revealed an average density of over 400 per square mile, and in Fort Hall District the density, in places, rises to over 1000 per square mile. The Kikuyu plateau is playing an increasing part in the agricultural economy of Kenya. Coffee, tea, wattle bark, pyrethrum, dairy produce, fruit and vegetables are being produced both for export and for consumption within Kenya. In addition to this, there is a considerable volume of trade carried on within the plateau which, because of its nature, is difficult to measure and which does not appear in any of the official statistics. This trade is carried on in a number of local markets. These have probably always been a feature of the Kikuyu economy but have increased considerably in importance over the last 50 years. In 1915 there were 8 markets, by 1928 the number had risen to 15 and in 1965 there were 42.2 These markets were originally purely barter in character and were concerned exclusively with agricultural products. Although cash has been introduced into the proceedings the basic function of these markets still appears to be exchange of produce. The markets are held weekly or bi-weekly3 and produce is brought in mainly on the backs of women, who are in the vast majority in the market places. The market place is an open space in, or near, a village but often the
Further Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography - International Dimensions and Language Mapping, 2019
This chapter looks at what the research reported in this volume has contributed to a re-evaluatio... more This chapter looks at what the research reported in this volume has contributed to a re-evaluation of Cybercartography over the 20 years since the term was first introduced and suggests new directions for future theory and practice.
Further Developments in the Theory and Practice of Cybercartography - International Dimensions and Language Mapping, 2019
The concept of Cybercartography was introduced in 1997 in the keynote address entitled Maps and M... more The concept of Cybercartography was introduced in 1997 in the keynote address entitled Maps and Mapping in the Information Era, presented to the International Cartographic Conference in Sweden. The central argument made was that if cartography was to play a more important role in the information era, then a new paradigm was required. An initial version of Cybercartography was introduced as that paradigm. This chapter describes developments in Cybercartography since that time and, in particular, the developments emerging from the Cybercartography and the New Economy research project, funded for a 4-year period, by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Many of the chapters in this book grew out of this research project. Parallel developments in the theory and practice of Cybercartography are taking place in a very different cultural context at Mexico by CentroGeo, a new and dynamic research agency, which is part of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologic...
Effective governance requires the best available sources of data and information. The Arctic regi... more Effective governance requires the best available sources of data and information. The Arctic region, society, and research community is complex and operates at multiple scales. As a result, information about the Arctic exists and flows within a complex Arctic Information Ecosystem (AIE). The conceptual framework of Information Ecology can be used to document, understand, and possibly predict the nature and functioning of the AIE. Using a stepped approach, the Mapping the Arctic Data Ecosystem (MADE) project is using Linked Open Data representational models and tools to evaluate the utility of Information Ecology to support real world applications such as contributing to strategy development for the Sustained Arctic Observing Network (SAON) program and enhancing disaster resilience in the Arctic. The non-linear, Information Ecology framework more accurately reflects early views of the AIE and stands as an alternative to currently used, more linear rational-classical strategy development and systems analysis.
This paper argues that the technological “development of cartography” is dominating the disciplin... more This paper argues that the technological “development of cartography” is dominating the discipline. Interest in technology is resulting in neglect of other aspects of the discipline such as the application of cartography to the solution of human problems. Consideration of cartography as art has disappeared from cartographic journals. The over-emphasis on technological aspects of the discipline may be a cause of the neglect. The paper examines cartography as art in the Canadian context and looks at the cartography of development using China as an example.
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1985
This paper argues that the major technological and socio-economic changes of the 'information... more This paper argues that the major technological and socio-economic changes of the 'information revolution' are so extensive that if cartography is to play a role then the development of an entirely new cartography is necessary. The paper discusses the extent and nature of a new cartography and argues that education in cartography will have to change if the challenge is to be met.
ABSTRACT As envisioned cybercartography is compiled by teams of individuals from different discip... more ABSTRACT As envisioned cybercartography is compiled by teams of individuals from different disciplines and involves new research partnerships among academia, government, civil society, and the private sector. Collaboration and integration of research require deliberate and directed effort to manage and coordinate to enable all partners, collaborators, students, and stakeholders to fully participate and contribute to the research process. This chapter explores collaboration with the use of concepts from organizational theory, transdisciplinary research, and methods to measure collaboration. The chapter describes the Cybercartography and the New Economy (CANE) project as an organization of researchers, developers, users, and stakeholders who are collectively engaged in creating cybercartographic products and theoretical constructs. The Cybercartography project is viewed as an organized process that is structured to integrate research from various academic disciplines.
Publisher Summary The increasing use of maps and the Internet requires a new paradigm for cartogr... more Publisher Summary The increasing use of maps and the Internet requires a new paradigm for cartography. Computer and telecommunications technologies are revolutionizing cartography but the challenges facing the discipline are not only technical but also conceptual. Maps and Mapping will take on new functions in the 21st century as a process, as an organizational concept, and as a product. This chapter suggests a new definition of cartography and elaborates the seven major elements of the concept of cybercartography. Cybercartography is a multi-sensory, interactive multimedia which is applied to a wide variety of subjects. It is part of an information package, compiled by interdisciplinary teams. It provides new research partnerships and involves new ways of engaging and understanding the user, and new integrated research frameworks. Research to create two new cybercartographic products, a Cybercartographic Atlas of Antarctica and Canada's Trade with the World, is also described in the chapter.
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 2013
Digital cartography offers exciting opportunities for recording indigenous knowledge, particularl... more Digital cartography offers exciting opportunities for recording indigenous knowledge, particularly in contexts where a people's relationship to the land has high cultural significance. Canada's north offers a useful case study of both the opportunities and challenges of such projects. Through the Geomatics and Cartographic Research Centre (GCRC), Inuit peoples have been invited to become partners in innovative digital mapping projects, including creating atlases of traditional place names, recording the patterns and movement of sea ice, and recording previously uncharted and often shifting traditional routes over ice and tundra. Such projects have generated interest in local communities because of their potential to record and preserve traditional knowledge and because they offer an attractive visual and multimedia interface that can address linguistic and cultural concerns. But given corporations' growing interest in the natural resources of the Arctic and the concomita...
Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, 1970
... Hundreds of streams run eastward from the Aberdare mountains to form part of the headwaters o... more ... Hundreds of streams run eastward from the Aberdare mountains to form part of the headwaters of Kenya's main rivers, the Tana, Athi, and the seasonal Ewaso Nyiro. ... Solai Nonuki Mount SNro Keny uruMoru Lake Vakuru ,x Lake Elemen teito yer Gilgil Mau N. Kinangop Hills ...
Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 1974
This paper examines the implications of the increasing importance of the computer in Canadian car... more This paper examines the implications of the increasing importance of the computer in Canadian cartography. Basic distinction is made between automated cartography and computer mapping. Various Canadian systems are discussed, including those of the Surveys and Mapping Branch and Statistics Canada. A number of issues are considered, including the implications of automation for cartographic employment and education, confidentiality, costs, map perception, maps as planning tools, and issues relating to map types, design, content, presentation and scale. Arguments are made for a conceptual shift in Canadian cartography, and for a reexamination of basic cartographic assumptions. The greatest challenge for Canadian cartography will be the provision of a new conceptual and theoretical framework in response to the technological innovations brought by the advent of computer cartography.
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