In order to study the effect of adding organic phase change materials (PCM) in gypsum board on th... more In order to study the effect of adding organic phase change materials (PCM) in gypsum board on the latter’s fire performance, thermal analysis and cone calorimetric techniques have been used. The cone calorimeter has been used in both horizontal as well as vertical orientation using spark and pilot ignition sources. For vertical orientation a special sample holder was constructed ‘in house’, which had a frame made of 1.5mm mild steel sheet, without a rear central area but covered with a ceramic board with holes in it to enable easy insertion of thermocouples through them for attaching to the rear surface of the sample. For pilot ignition a simple diffusion butane flame of 50mm length was used. The results were analysed in order to choose one best set of conditions for these sample, which turned out to be vertical orientation with spark igniter on all the time. The rest of samples were tested under these conditions and showed that the ignition and sustainment of the flame in these gy...
Styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been copolymerized with a variety of comonomers c... more Styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been copolymerized with a variety of comonomers containing covalently-bound phosphorus-containing groups, including vinyl phosphonic acid, several dialkyl vinyl phosphonates, and various vinyl and allyl phosphine oxides. ...
ABSTRACT Samples of unmodified cotton fabrics and cotton fabrics finished with various flame reta... more ABSTRACT Samples of unmodified cotton fabrics and cotton fabrics finished with various flame retardant treatments at commercial levels of application were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis in a continuous flow of nitrogen. The relative thermal stabilities of the fabric samples were investigated using various heating rates. Each sample was found to give a characteristic TG curve with three distinct regions. This could be interpreted as an indication of the decomposition occurring in three stages, viz. dehydration, volatile evolution (with char formation) and char removal. All the flame retardant treatments lowered the temperature at which volatiles first appeared.Attempts were made to calculate Arrhenius parameters for the volatile evolution processes using a technique developed at Salford. It was found that fabric samples treated with the commercial condensed phase active-flame retardants, namely ammonium polyphosphate (Amgard TR, Albright and Wilson Ltd) a phosphonopropionamide (Pyrovatex CP, Ciba-Geigy Ltd) and a phosphonium salt-urea-polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd) raise the activation energy compared to that of the untreated cotton fabric. Volatile evolution probably occurs via three-dimensional diffusion.Cotton fabrics treated with the commercial vapour phase-active flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate-ammonium bromide (Amgard CD, Albright and Wilson Ltd) and an antimony(III) oxide-aliphatic bromide (Flacavon, Shill and Seilacher) yielded TG curves which were too complex for simple interpretation.
The combustion behaviour of polystyrene flame retarded by the incorporation of phosphorus-contain... more The combustion behaviour of polystyrene flame retarded by the incorporation of phosphorus-containing compounds has been studied by LOI and cone calorimetry. Both ‘reactive’ and ‘additive’ approaches to the incorporation of the phosphorus have been applied and assessed. The data obtained show that the reactive approach results in enhanced char formation during combustion due to a condensed phase mechanism. Flame retardation by the additive systems occurred exclusively in the vapour phase via both chemical and physical interactions. The main advantage of the reactive approach was the maintenance of the physical and chemical properties similar to those of the homopolymer. The phosphorus environment was also a significant factor in terms of the level of flame retardance achieved. Phosphonate species were more effective than were phosphate species.
FIRE AND MATERIALS Fire Mater. 2002; 26: 201206 (DOI: 10.1002/fam.810) ... An Investigation into... more FIRE AND MATERIALS Fire Mater. 2002; 26: 201206 (DOI: 10.1002/fam.810) ... An Investigation into the Mechanism of Flame ... Retardancy and Smoke Suppression by Melamine in ... Dennis Price1,*, Yan Liu1,y, G. John Milnes1, Richard Hull1, Baljinder K. Kandola2 and A. ...
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1992
Laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectra of samples containing mixtures of 3-indoleacrylic ... more Laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectra of samples containing mixtures of 3-indoleacrylic acid and derivatives of maleimide are reported. Evidence is given to suggest that the effect of laser desorption on such samples is to form 3-vinylindole which can then react with the dienophile to form annelated indole derivatives.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been free radically copolymerized, both in bulk and in solution, wi... more Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been free radically copolymerized, both in bulk and in solution, with diethyl(methacryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEMMP), to give polymers which are significantly flame retarded when compared with PMMA, as indicated by the results of ...
... References. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis ELSEVIER 4041 (1997) 217231 MK r Lase... more ... References. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis ELSEVIER 4041 (1997) 217231 MK r Laser pyrolysis of polymers and its relation to polymer fire behaviour' F. Gao e.*, D. Price , t'r.J. Milnes", B. Eling , CI Lindsay, PT McCrail ... [5] RS Lehrle, JC Robb, JR Suggate, Eur. ...
In order to study the effect of adding organic phase change materials (PCM) in gypsum board on th... more In order to study the effect of adding organic phase change materials (PCM) in gypsum board on the latter’s fire performance, thermal analysis and cone calorimetric techniques have been used. The cone calorimeter has been used in both horizontal as well as vertical orientation using spark and pilot ignition sources. For vertical orientation a special sample holder was constructed ‘in house’, which had a frame made of 1.5mm mild steel sheet, without a rear central area but covered with a ceramic board with holes in it to enable easy insertion of thermocouples through them for attaching to the rear surface of the sample. For pilot ignition a simple diffusion butane flame of 50mm length was used. The results were analysed in order to choose one best set of conditions for these sample, which turned out to be vertical orientation with spark igniter on all the time. The rest of samples were tested under these conditions and showed that the ignition and sustainment of the flame in these gy...
Styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been copolymerized with a variety of comonomers c... more Styrene (ST) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) have been copolymerized with a variety of comonomers containing covalently-bound phosphorus-containing groups, including vinyl phosphonic acid, several dialkyl vinyl phosphonates, and various vinyl and allyl phosphine oxides. ...
ABSTRACT Samples of unmodified cotton fabrics and cotton fabrics finished with various flame reta... more ABSTRACT Samples of unmodified cotton fabrics and cotton fabrics finished with various flame retardant treatments at commercial levels of application were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis in a continuous flow of nitrogen. The relative thermal stabilities of the fabric samples were investigated using various heating rates. Each sample was found to give a characteristic TG curve with three distinct regions. This could be interpreted as an indication of the decomposition occurring in three stages, viz. dehydration, volatile evolution (with char formation) and char removal. All the flame retardant treatments lowered the temperature at which volatiles first appeared.Attempts were made to calculate Arrhenius parameters for the volatile evolution processes using a technique developed at Salford. It was found that fabric samples treated with the commercial condensed phase active-flame retardants, namely ammonium polyphosphate (Amgard TR, Albright and Wilson Ltd) a phosphonopropionamide (Pyrovatex CP, Ciba-Geigy Ltd) and a phosphonium salt-urea-polycondensate (Proban CC, Albright and Wilson Ltd) raise the activation energy compared to that of the untreated cotton fabric. Volatile evolution probably occurs via three-dimensional diffusion.Cotton fabrics treated with the commercial vapour phase-active flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate-ammonium bromide (Amgard CD, Albright and Wilson Ltd) and an antimony(III) oxide-aliphatic bromide (Flacavon, Shill and Seilacher) yielded TG curves which were too complex for simple interpretation.
The combustion behaviour of polystyrene flame retarded by the incorporation of phosphorus-contain... more The combustion behaviour of polystyrene flame retarded by the incorporation of phosphorus-containing compounds has been studied by LOI and cone calorimetry. Both ‘reactive’ and ‘additive’ approaches to the incorporation of the phosphorus have been applied and assessed. The data obtained show that the reactive approach results in enhanced char formation during combustion due to a condensed phase mechanism. Flame retardation by the additive systems occurred exclusively in the vapour phase via both chemical and physical interactions. The main advantage of the reactive approach was the maintenance of the physical and chemical properties similar to those of the homopolymer. The phosphorus environment was also a significant factor in terms of the level of flame retardance achieved. Phosphonate species were more effective than were phosphate species.
FIRE AND MATERIALS Fire Mater. 2002; 26: 201206 (DOI: 10.1002/fam.810) ... An Investigation into... more FIRE AND MATERIALS Fire Mater. 2002; 26: 201206 (DOI: 10.1002/fam.810) ... An Investigation into the Mechanism of Flame ... Retardancy and Smoke Suppression by Melamine in ... Dennis Price1,*, Yan Liu1,y, G. John Milnes1, Richard Hull1, Baljinder K. Kandola2 and A. ...
International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1992
Laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectra of samples containing mixtures of 3-indoleacrylic ... more Laser desorption/laser ionization mass spectra of samples containing mixtures of 3-indoleacrylic acid and derivatives of maleimide are reported. Evidence is given to suggest that the effect of laser desorption on such samples is to form 3-vinylindole which can then react with the dienophile to form annelated indole derivatives.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been free radically copolymerized, both in bulk and in solution, wi... more Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been free radically copolymerized, both in bulk and in solution, with diethyl(methacryloyloxymethyl)phosphonate (DEMMP), to give polymers which are significantly flame retarded when compared with PMMA, as indicated by the results of ...
... References. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis ELSEVIER 4041 (1997) 217231 MK r Lase... more ... References. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis ELSEVIER 4041 (1997) 217231 MK r Laser pyrolysis of polymers and its relation to polymer fire behaviour' F. Gao e.*, D. Price , t'r.J. Milnes", B. Eling , CI Lindsay, PT McCrail ... [5] RS Lehrle, JC Robb, JR Suggate, Eur. ...
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