BACKGROUND: Groups in society that are under-represented in the workforce encounter various barri... more BACKGROUND: Groups in society that are under-represented in the workforce encounter various barriers in the job-seeking process. Some of these barriers are found on the employer’s side of the table. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates supervisors’ and employees’ assessments of job seekers with different forms of disabilities, health issues, or with a minority background. It also investigates respondents’ previous experience with such colleagues, and whether supervisor status affects their assessments. METHODS: A survey was distributed among supervisors (n = 305) and employees (n = 925) using a vignette design with ten characters, inquiring about willingness to include such an employee in their work group. The vignettes described job seekers with either a mental illness, a physical disability or a cultural minority. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for being assessed positively, using a vignette character describing a single mother as reference. RESULTS: Vignette characters describing m...
AimTo identify individual, situational and lifestyle variables related to shift work tolerance am... more AimTo identify individual, situational and lifestyle variables related to shift work tolerance among nurses who have worked night shifts for less than 1 year and nurses who have worked night shift for more than 6 years, all engaged in rotating shift work.BackgroundWorking shifts is related to negative health consequences. Factors related to shift work tolerance may differ between nurses with little experience and nurses with extensive experience in night work.DesignCross‐sectional questionnaire study.MethodsA questionnaire including established instruments measuring shift work tolerance, personality, work schedule and lifestyle factors was administered between November 2008–May 2010. Randomly selected Norwegian nurses (n = 749) participated in the study; 322 were new and 427 were experienced in night work.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in shift work tolerance between the new to night work nurses and the nurses who were experienced in night work. Young age...
Data are collected through an online survey including a film vignette case of a simulated clinica... more Data are collected through an online survey including a film vignette case of a simulated clinical consultation, which participants (general practitioners) will watch and be asked to answer questions regarding what clinical decisions they would have made about this patient and how certain they are about those decisions. Study subjects are randomly assigned to 1 of 4 different treatment groups: evaluating either a Somali refugee or a Norwegian patient, and either a female or a male.
Six EMSInauts were isolated in the hyperbaric chambers at NUTEC for a period of 28 days at 5-msw ... more Six EMSInauts were isolated in the hyperbaric chambers at NUTEC for a period of 28 days at 5-msw overpressure. Based on previous studies of analogous conditions, the hypothesis was advanced that group and communication problems could possibly occur during the isolation period, and that this could be partly related to personality aspects. The scientific methods for the present study consisted of the following: (1) the team members were systematically observed through wide-angle cameras, and the activities in the working chamber were taped during the entire isolation period; (2) daily questionnaires regarding group functioning and communication were administered; and (3) post-isolation assessment interviews were given. Results were obtained by analysis of: (1) video tapes from the daily meetings; (2) questionnaires on group behavior and communication; (3) post-isolation interviews; and (4) personality inventories (DMT, Helmreich Test, MMPI). The following observations were made: 1. Al...
What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty intention? This... more What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty intention? This is the main question this paper addresses, using an online survey among 396 (short-term, N = 182) and (long-term, N = 214) international students at a Norwegian university. Structural equation model-AMOS was conducted to examine relationships among personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intentions. The results showed that: (1) universalism was positively related to subjective well-being for short-term students; and (2) subjective well-being was positively related to destination-loyalty intention for all groups. We found that relatively stable and happy individuals might be important for ensuring destination-loyalty intentions. Results also indicated that personal values that emphasize justice and equity are also important for short-term international students' well-being.
Background: Much of our present understanding about psychology in space is based on studies of gr... more Background: Much of our present understanding about psychology in space is based on studies of groups operating in so-called analogue environments where personnel are exposed to many of the same stressors as those experienced by astronauts in space. One possible problem with extrapolating results is that personnel operating in various hazardous and confined environments might differ in characteristics influencing coping,
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2013
Employing an experimental design, we investigated how Norwegian managers’ ( N = 78) evaluations a... more Employing an experimental design, we investigated how Norwegian managers’ ( N = 78) evaluations and intended hiring decisions varied with job applicants’ ethnic background (immigrant vs. native Norwegian mainstreamer) and the degree to which the candidates’ self-presentation fitted Norwegian cultural norms (level of cultural fit). The participants viewed video clips of applicants whose ethnicity and self-presentation was manipulated. Irrespective of ethnic background, low cultural fit candidates were evaluated as less similar, less likable, less likely to perform well, and as more poorly fitting the managers’ organization. However, low and high cultural fit candidates were evaluated as exhibiting similar levels of person–job fit. Logistic regression analyses showed that low cultural fit candidates were about six times less likely to be hired than high cultural fit candidates. In practice, immigrant applicants are more likely to exhibit low cultural fit. It is concluded that emphasis...
Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology, 2001
As the duration of space flights increases and crews become more heterogeneous, psychosocial fact... more As the duration of space flights increases and crews become more heterogeneous, psychosocial factors are likely to play an increasingly important role in determining mission success. The operations of the International Space Station and planning of interplanetary missions represent important future challenges for how to select, train and monitor crews. So far, empirical evidence about psychological factors in space is based on simulations and personnel in analog environments (i.e. polar expeditions, submarines). It is apparent that attempts to transfer from these environments to space requires a thorough analysis of the human behavior specific to the fields. Recommendations for research include the effects of multi-nationality on crew interaction, development of tension within crews and between Mission Control, and prediction of critical phases in adaptation over time. Selection of interpersonally compatible crews, pre-mission team training and implementation of tools for self-monit...
Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space, 1998
There has been a substantial increase in the number of people living and operating in isolated, c... more There has been a substantial increase in the number of people living and operating in isolated, confined, and artificially engineered environments, such as spacecraft, deep diving, weather stations, submarines, and polar outposts. This article gives an overview of research undertaken in a variety of extreme environments in an effort to better understand how semiautonomous, task-oriented groups operating within these environments develop over time, as well as identification of the individual characteristics that promote performance under such circumstances. Research reviewed includes space simulation studies for the European Space Agency (ESA) where groups were isolated in hyperbaric chambers, as well as findings from polar expeditions, space missions, submarine missions, and other military settings. Findings from the space simulation studies in hyperbaric chambers provided empirical evidence for interpersonal issues anecdotally reported in Antarctica and in other isolated, operation...
To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in is... more To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in isolated and confined settings on Earth. This study examines the possibility of generalizing psychological findings across such environments. Psychological reactions among personnel in different Antarctic environments show similar time patterns. Antarctic personnel differ in personality from submariners to crews confined in hyperbaric chambers to military recruits. Psychological reactions were evaluated by the Revised Antarctic Questionnaire. The Personality Characteristic Inventory was used to measure personality. Personnel stationed on a ship (n = 19) showed high coping during the whole mission, whereas personnel on land bases (n = 18) showed a marked decline around the third quarter. Reduced coping in the land-based groups was associated with stress from interpersonal relationships. Compared with submariners (n = 54) and hyperbaric chamber crews (n = 20), Antarctic personnel scored lowe...
BACKGROUND: Groups in society that are under-represented in the workforce encounter various barri... more BACKGROUND: Groups in society that are under-represented in the workforce encounter various barriers in the job-seeking process. Some of these barriers are found on the employer’s side of the table. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates supervisors’ and employees’ assessments of job seekers with different forms of disabilities, health issues, or with a minority background. It also investigates respondents’ previous experience with such colleagues, and whether supervisor status affects their assessments. METHODS: A survey was distributed among supervisors (n = 305) and employees (n = 925) using a vignette design with ten characters, inquiring about willingness to include such an employee in their work group. The vignettes described job seekers with either a mental illness, a physical disability or a cultural minority. Risk ratio (RR) was calculated for being assessed positively, using a vignette character describing a single mother as reference. RESULTS: Vignette characters describing m...
AimTo identify individual, situational and lifestyle variables related to shift work tolerance am... more AimTo identify individual, situational and lifestyle variables related to shift work tolerance among nurses who have worked night shifts for less than 1 year and nurses who have worked night shift for more than 6 years, all engaged in rotating shift work.BackgroundWorking shifts is related to negative health consequences. Factors related to shift work tolerance may differ between nurses with little experience and nurses with extensive experience in night work.DesignCross‐sectional questionnaire study.MethodsA questionnaire including established instruments measuring shift work tolerance, personality, work schedule and lifestyle factors was administered between November 2008–May 2010. Randomly selected Norwegian nurses (n = 749) participated in the study; 322 were new and 427 were experienced in night work.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in shift work tolerance between the new to night work nurses and the nurses who were experienced in night work. Young age...
Data are collected through an online survey including a film vignette case of a simulated clinica... more Data are collected through an online survey including a film vignette case of a simulated clinical consultation, which participants (general practitioners) will watch and be asked to answer questions regarding what clinical decisions they would have made about this patient and how certain they are about those decisions. Study subjects are randomly assigned to 1 of 4 different treatment groups: evaluating either a Somali refugee or a Norwegian patient, and either a female or a male.
Six EMSInauts were isolated in the hyperbaric chambers at NUTEC for a period of 28 days at 5-msw ... more Six EMSInauts were isolated in the hyperbaric chambers at NUTEC for a period of 28 days at 5-msw overpressure. Based on previous studies of analogous conditions, the hypothesis was advanced that group and communication problems could possibly occur during the isolation period, and that this could be partly related to personality aspects. The scientific methods for the present study consisted of the following: (1) the team members were systematically observed through wide-angle cameras, and the activities in the working chamber were taped during the entire isolation period; (2) daily questionnaires regarding group functioning and communication were administered; and (3) post-isolation assessment interviews were given. Results were obtained by analysis of: (1) video tapes from the daily meetings; (2) questionnaires on group behavior and communication; (3) post-isolation interviews; and (4) personality inventories (DMT, Helmreich Test, MMPI). The following observations were made: 1. Al...
What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty intention? This... more What are the factors that predict international students' destination-loyalty intention? This is the main question this paper addresses, using an online survey among 396 (short-term, N = 182) and (long-term, N = 214) international students at a Norwegian university. Structural equation model-AMOS was conducted to examine relationships among personal values, subjective well-being and destination-loyalty intentions. The results showed that: (1) universalism was positively related to subjective well-being for short-term students; and (2) subjective well-being was positively related to destination-loyalty intention for all groups. We found that relatively stable and happy individuals might be important for ensuring destination-loyalty intentions. Results also indicated that personal values that emphasize justice and equity are also important for short-term international students' well-being.
Background: Much of our present understanding about psychology in space is based on studies of gr... more Background: Much of our present understanding about psychology in space is based on studies of groups operating in so-called analogue environments where personnel are exposed to many of the same stressors as those experienced by astronauts in space. One possible problem with extrapolating results is that personnel operating in various hazardous and confined environments might differ in characteristics influencing coping,
International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 2013
Employing an experimental design, we investigated how Norwegian managers’ ( N = 78) evaluations a... more Employing an experimental design, we investigated how Norwegian managers’ ( N = 78) evaluations and intended hiring decisions varied with job applicants’ ethnic background (immigrant vs. native Norwegian mainstreamer) and the degree to which the candidates’ self-presentation fitted Norwegian cultural norms (level of cultural fit). The participants viewed video clips of applicants whose ethnicity and self-presentation was manipulated. Irrespective of ethnic background, low cultural fit candidates were evaluated as less similar, less likable, less likely to perform well, and as more poorly fitting the managers’ organization. However, low and high cultural fit candidates were evaluated as exhibiting similar levels of person–job fit. Logistic regression analyses showed that low cultural fit candidates were about six times less likely to be hired than high cultural fit candidates. In practice, immigrant applicants are more likely to exhibit low cultural fit. It is concluded that emphasis...
Gravitational and space biology bulletin : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Biology, 2001
As the duration of space flights increases and crews become more heterogeneous, psychosocial fact... more As the duration of space flights increases and crews become more heterogeneous, psychosocial factors are likely to play an increasingly important role in determining mission success. The operations of the International Space Station and planning of interplanetary missions represent important future challenges for how to select, train and monitor crews. So far, empirical evidence about psychological factors in space is based on simulations and personnel in analog environments (i.e. polar expeditions, submarines). It is apparent that attempts to transfer from these environments to space requires a thorough analysis of the human behavior specific to the fields. Recommendations for research include the effects of multi-nationality on crew interaction, development of tension within crews and between Mission Control, and prediction of critical phases in adaptation over time. Selection of interpersonally compatible crews, pre-mission team training and implementation of tools for self-monit...
Life support & biosphere science : international journal of earth space, 1998
There has been a substantial increase in the number of people living and operating in isolated, c... more There has been a substantial increase in the number of people living and operating in isolated, confined, and artificially engineered environments, such as spacecraft, deep diving, weather stations, submarines, and polar outposts. This article gives an overview of research undertaken in a variety of extreme environments in an effort to better understand how semiautonomous, task-oriented groups operating within these environments develop over time, as well as identification of the individual characteristics that promote performance under such circumstances. Research reviewed includes space simulation studies for the European Space Agency (ESA) where groups were isolated in hyperbaric chambers, as well as findings from polar expeditions, space missions, submarine missions, and other military settings. Findings from the space simulation studies in hyperbaric chambers provided empirical evidence for interpersonal issues anecdotally reported in Antarctica and in other isolated, operation...
To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in is... more To gain knowledge about psychological issues in space, data have been collected from groups in isolated and confined settings on Earth. This study examines the possibility of generalizing psychological findings across such environments. Psychological reactions among personnel in different Antarctic environments show similar time patterns. Antarctic personnel differ in personality from submariners to crews confined in hyperbaric chambers to military recruits. Psychological reactions were evaluated by the Revised Antarctic Questionnaire. The Personality Characteristic Inventory was used to measure personality. Personnel stationed on a ship (n = 19) showed high coping during the whole mission, whereas personnel on land bases (n = 18) showed a marked decline around the third quarter. Reduced coping in the land-based groups was associated with stress from interpersonal relationships. Compared with submariners (n = 54) and hyperbaric chamber crews (n = 20), Antarctic personnel scored lowe...
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