Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems, 2021
This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is a tra... more This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is a traditional medicinal herb and has a potential osteoprotective effect. CQ is a perennial climber of family Vitaceae that is commonly found in the hotter parts of India. It is most widely used in India for improving bone health and is well known as "hadjod." It shows an anti-osteoporotic effect through different pathways mechanisms. It is natural matrices of excellence with proven bioactivity. Several cell line and animal studies demonstrated its protective nature against many diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, gastric ulcers etc. This review also highlights the phytochemicals identified to the date and related pharmacological applications. The discussion has also expanded to its oral formulations, which has been proven for its efficacy practically. However, the scientific information of CQ is not in the proper documentation for reference, and so availability of scientific k...
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 2012
Solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553 was optimized to ... more Solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553 was optimized to maximize the yield of xylanase. Preliminary experiments carried out with various lignocellulosic materials revealed sugarcane bagasse to be the most suitable substrate for producing xylanase. Response surface methodology was used in the optimization. Xylanase activity was maximized in a 5-day batch fermentation carried out under the following conditions: a substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:5 by mass, an initial pH of 7.0 and an incubation temperature of 30 °C. Under the optimal conditions, the final activity of xylanase was 1645 U g of dry substrate. Xylanase was recovered from an extract of the fermented solids by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The crude enzyme was further purified by dialysis. The activity of the enzyme was enhanced in the presence of Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co and Tween 80. The enzyme was inhibited by Hg, Ca and the chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (...
Food processing is a series of unit operations to convert unprocessed food-to-foodstuffs with pro... more Food processing is a series of unit operations to convert unprocessed food-to-foodstuffs with prolonged shelf life and enable storage that abolishes or reduces time or effort spent in culinary procedures for increased consumption. The principle of food processing in the majority of developing countries helps to modify taste, aroma, and texture to enhance shelf life and aesthetic properties and to improve the nutritional value of foods. High-quality foods in greatest demand are also highly perishable foods. Fortunately most perishable foods can be preserved by the judicious use of present technology. With the successful application of commercial food preservation technologies, the availability of perishable foods can be extended, thereby contributing to human welfare. In spite of increasing demand for new processed products, the basic principles of food processing remain the same for sustainable availability during scarcity. The processed food industries struggle to accomplish consum...
Dietary fibre consumption offers numerous health beneficial effects. In the present study dietary... more Dietary fibre consumption offers numerous health beneficial effects. In the present study dietary fibre was isolated from kinnow peel using enzymatic gravimetric method with 47 ± 0.23% yield. Various physiochemical properties of kinnow peel and the isolated dietary fibre samples were studied. The water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity were 6.92 g and 1.26 g per g of the fibre sample respectively. Elemental analysis was also done for kinnow peel powder (0.74% nitrogen, 29.60% carbon, 6.70% hydrogen and 62.97% oxygen) and for the extracted fibres (41.78% carbon, 6.42% hydrogen and 51.80% oxygen). SEM and FTIR tests were used for examining the changes in the structures of dietary fibres. From the results of elemental analysis and FTIR, it was clear that the extracted fibre does not contain proteins. Rheology of the extracted dietary fibres exhibit non-Newtonian behavior and shear thinning properties.
In the current work, moth bean starch was separated from the moth bean seeds which were cultivate... more In the current work, moth bean starch was separated from the moth bean seeds which were cultivated in the semi arid regions of Haryana and Rajasthan, India using alkali treatment technique and characterized. Isolated and purified moth bean starch comprised (12.89–20.37%) amylose, 0.8% protein, 0.4% ash, swelling index and solubility were 10.8–14.7% and 6.4–9.8% respectively. For wrapping application, starch was modified using citric acid as cross linking agent (1–7% w/w of total starch) and film was made using casting method, and investigated the influence of citric acid on the functional properties of the films such as moisture content, solubility, swelling index, water vapor permeability and mechanical property. Significant difference in the functional properties among native and modified moth bean starch films was noticed. Interactions among starch chains due to cross linking in the modified starch films were reported using FTIR spectra. Surface micrographs of both purfied starch granules and films were studied using scanning electron microscopy. From the outcomes, it was exhibited that obtained starch granules has range large to small size with distorted cylinder and oval shapes. While cross linked starch films showed compact, slightly rough and homogeneous surface. Tested modified moth bean starch films containing citric acid (CA) and sorbitol were utilized as wrapping films to improve the shelf life of fresh lemon. Outcomes showed that the film contains 5% CA could be most promising wrapping materials for lemon that enhanced the shelf life of lemon additionally up to 12 days.
Beta-carotene (BC), a red-colored pigment found in plants and animals, is one of the most extensi... more Beta-carotene (BC), a red-colored pigment found in plants and animals, is one of the most extensively investigated carotenoids due to its provitamin-A, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The anticancer activity of BC through oral administration is severely affected due to its low bioavailability and oxidative degradation. The present study aimed to formulate and characterize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of BC for enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Beta-carotene-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (BC-SLNs) were prepared employing different combinations of glyceryl monostearate and gelucire. The characterization studies were performed for particle size, morphology, release behavior, and stability. BC-SLNs were also studied for in vitro cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats. The cytotoxicity studies confirmed that encapsulation of BC within the lipid bilayers of nanoparticles did not affect its anticancer efficacy. An improved anticancer activity was observed in BC-SLNs as compared to the free BC. BC-SLNs enhanced the bioavailability of BC on oral administration by sustaining its release from the lipid core and prolongation of circulation time in the body. Similarly, area under the curve (AUCtotal) enhanced 1.92-times more when BC was incorporated into SLNs as compared to free BC. In conclusion, solid lipid nanoparticles could be an effective and promising strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of carotenoids for anticancer effects.
Abstract Fruits and vegetable processing industries produce huge waste in the form of peels, seed... more Abstract Fruits and vegetable processing industries produce huge waste in the form of peels, seeds, liquid, and molasses which are a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibres, vitamins, and minerals. This waste can be utilized for the production of biocolors using fermentation. Utilization of this waste not only valorizes waste disposal problems but also eliminate environmental pollution. The aim of the present work was to extract and optimize environmental factors for production of β-carotene from fruits and vegetable waste (orange, carrot, and papaya peels) using microbial strain Blakeslea trispora (+) MTCC 884 in solid state fermentation. It was observed that the production of β-carotene was significantly influenced by varying all factors and gave a maximum yield of 0.127 mg/mL. Characterization of the extracted color was done with techniques like HPLC, LCMS, FTIR and Mass Spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy of extracted color represented the m/z value 537.608 and LCMS analysis gave the eluted peaks at (Rt 13.37), which confirmed the presence of β-carotene. Furthermore, β-carotene percentage estimated by HPLC and LCMS was over 76% suggesting that these fruits and vegetable wastes may be used for the production of β-carotene with high purity and gave good antioxidant properties as determined by DPPH and ABTS.
β-Carotene, abundant majorly in carrot, pink guava yams, spinach, kale, sweet potato, and palm oi... more β-Carotene, abundant majorly in carrot, pink guava yams, spinach, kale, sweet potato, and palm oil, is an important nutrient for human health due to its scavenging action upon reactive free radicals wherever produced in the body. Inclusion of liposoluble β-carotene in foods and food ingredients is a challenging aspect due to its labile nature and low absorption from natural sources. This fact has led to the application of encapsulation of β-carotene to improve stability and bioavailability. The present work was aimed to fabricate microcapsules (MCs) of β-carotene oily dispersion using the complex coacervation technique with casein (CA) and guar gum (GG) blend. The ratio of CA:GG was found to be 1:0.5 (w/v) when optimized on the basis of zeta potential-yield stress phenomenon. These possessed a higher percentage yield (71.34 ± 0.55%), lower particle size (176.47 ± 4.65 μm), higher encapsulation efficiency (65.95 ± 5.33%), and in general, a uniform surface morphology was observed with...
The present study investigates the anticancer efficacy of lycopene loaded lipidic nanostructured ... more The present study investigates the anticancer efficacy of lycopene loaded lipidic nanostructured particles. With a homogenization-evaporation technique, lycopene loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (LYC-SLNs) were fabricated with different ratios of biocompatible viz. compritol ATO 888 and gelucire, and evaluated for their micromeretics properties, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cells. Effects of anticancer potential of LYC-SLNs on the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a well-established anticancer agent, was evaluated thereafter. Cell culture experiments revealed a considerably higher cellular uptake of LYC-SLNs in MCF-7 cells, as compared to the free LYC. The concentration and time dependent cell survival of MCF-7 cells was significantly reduced by LYC-SLNs, as compared to their free LYC counterparts. Additionally, the combined cytotoxicity of the LYC and its nanostructured formulation with MTX was evaluated. The results of cytot...
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
Complex coacervation in casein/gum tragacanth (CAS/GT) mixtures was studied as a function of pH, ... more Complex coacervation in casein/gum tragacanth (CAS/GT) mixtures was studied as a function of pH, initial protein to polysaccharide mixing ratio (Pr:Ps), total biopolymer concentration, core material load and ionic strength. This study is aimed at understanding how these parameters influence the coacervation kinetics, the coacervate yield, and entrapment efficiency. At a Pr:Ps=2:1, an optimum pH of complex coacervation was found 4.35, at which the intensity of electrostatic interaction was maximum. At these conditions, the phase separation occurred the fastest and the final coacervate yield and entrapment efficiency were the largest. Moreover, the developed β-carotene loaded microcapsules formulation was found to have particle size 159.71±2.16μm, coacervates yield 82.51±0.412%, entrapment efficiency 79.36±0.541%. Varying the Pr:Ps shifted the value of optimum pH. Electrostatic interaction and formation of coacervates was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectra. Size and surface properties of coacervates were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Entrapment of core material within the coacervates was confirmed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). The resultant formulation was evaluated for release study and antioxidant activity. Stability of encapsulated β-carotene was evaluated under three levels of temperature (5, 25 and 40°C) for 3 months. Encapsulation strongly increased the stability of micronutrients. Our results advocate potential of microcapsules as a novel carrier for the safeguard and sustained release of micronutrient.
Abstractβ-Carotene is a red–orange pigment, a known source of vitamin A and has exceptional antio... more Abstractβ-Carotene is a red–orange pigment, a known source of vitamin A and has exceptional antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential. However, uses of β-carotene in food industry are inadequate mostly because of their poor water solubility and low stability. Using the complex coacervation technique, the work is meant to fabricate the microcapsules of β-carotene, to examine the physicochemical properties of microcapsules and finally to evaluate the extent of stability improvement. The configuration of electrostatic complexes between whey protein isolate (WPI) and gum acacia (Acacia arabica, GA) was optimized as a function of pH, ionic strength, WPI/GA ratio, core material load and size of final micromolecules. The optimum process conditions were balanced by the ratio of wall materials WPI/GA 2.0/1.0 % and pH value 4.2. Morphological observations showed that microcapsules presented spherical shape, and smooth and continuous surface. The effective amount of encapsulated core was greater than 70 % for all formulations evaluated. In vitro release data indicated an initial burst release followed by sustained release behavior. The microstructure and viscoelastic properties of WPI and GA complex were studied using dynamic rheometer. The encapsulation method and the wall materials used in this work gave effective protection during storage and eventually resulted sustained release of bioactive while used in food matrix, at suitable conditions.
Critical reviews in therapeutic drug carrier systems, 2021
This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is a tra... more This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ), which is a traditional medicinal herb and has a potential osteoprotective effect. CQ is a perennial climber of family Vitaceae that is commonly found in the hotter parts of India. It is most widely used in India for improving bone health and is well known as "hadjod." It shows an anti-osteoporotic effect through different pathways mechanisms. It is natural matrices of excellence with proven bioactivity. Several cell line and animal studies demonstrated its protective nature against many diseases such as osteoporosis, arthritis, gastric ulcers etc. This review also highlights the phytochemicals identified to the date and related pharmacological applications. The discussion has also expanded to its oral formulations, which has been proven for its efficacy practically. However, the scientific information of CQ is not in the proper documentation for reference, and so availability of scientific k...
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly, 2012
Solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553 was optimized to ... more Solid-state fermentation of sugarcane bagasse by Penicillium citrinum MTCC 2553 was optimized to maximize the yield of xylanase. Preliminary experiments carried out with various lignocellulosic materials revealed sugarcane bagasse to be the most suitable substrate for producing xylanase. Response surface methodology was used in the optimization. Xylanase activity was maximized in a 5-day batch fermentation carried out under the following conditions: a substrate-to-moisture ratio of 1:5 by mass, an initial pH of 7.0 and an incubation temperature of 30 °C. Under the optimal conditions, the final activity of xylanase was 1645 U g of dry substrate. Xylanase was recovered from an extract of the fermented solids by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The crude enzyme was further purified by dialysis. The activity of the enzyme was enhanced in the presence of Na, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co and Tween 80. The enzyme was inhibited by Hg, Ca and the chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (...
Food processing is a series of unit operations to convert unprocessed food-to-foodstuffs with pro... more Food processing is a series of unit operations to convert unprocessed food-to-foodstuffs with prolonged shelf life and enable storage that abolishes or reduces time or effort spent in culinary procedures for increased consumption. The principle of food processing in the majority of developing countries helps to modify taste, aroma, and texture to enhance shelf life and aesthetic properties and to improve the nutritional value of foods. High-quality foods in greatest demand are also highly perishable foods. Fortunately most perishable foods can be preserved by the judicious use of present technology. With the successful application of commercial food preservation technologies, the availability of perishable foods can be extended, thereby contributing to human welfare. In spite of increasing demand for new processed products, the basic principles of food processing remain the same for sustainable availability during scarcity. The processed food industries struggle to accomplish consum...
Dietary fibre consumption offers numerous health beneficial effects. In the present study dietary... more Dietary fibre consumption offers numerous health beneficial effects. In the present study dietary fibre was isolated from kinnow peel using enzymatic gravimetric method with 47 ± 0.23% yield. Various physiochemical properties of kinnow peel and the isolated dietary fibre samples were studied. The water holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity were 6.92 g and 1.26 g per g of the fibre sample respectively. Elemental analysis was also done for kinnow peel powder (0.74% nitrogen, 29.60% carbon, 6.70% hydrogen and 62.97% oxygen) and for the extracted fibres (41.78% carbon, 6.42% hydrogen and 51.80% oxygen). SEM and FTIR tests were used for examining the changes in the structures of dietary fibres. From the results of elemental analysis and FTIR, it was clear that the extracted fibre does not contain proteins. Rheology of the extracted dietary fibres exhibit non-Newtonian behavior and shear thinning properties.
In the current work, moth bean starch was separated from the moth bean seeds which were cultivate... more In the current work, moth bean starch was separated from the moth bean seeds which were cultivated in the semi arid regions of Haryana and Rajasthan, India using alkali treatment technique and characterized. Isolated and purified moth bean starch comprised (12.89–20.37%) amylose, 0.8% protein, 0.4% ash, swelling index and solubility were 10.8–14.7% and 6.4–9.8% respectively. For wrapping application, starch was modified using citric acid as cross linking agent (1–7% w/w of total starch) and film was made using casting method, and investigated the influence of citric acid on the functional properties of the films such as moisture content, solubility, swelling index, water vapor permeability and mechanical property. Significant difference in the functional properties among native and modified moth bean starch films was noticed. Interactions among starch chains due to cross linking in the modified starch films were reported using FTIR spectra. Surface micrographs of both purfied starch granules and films were studied using scanning electron microscopy. From the outcomes, it was exhibited that obtained starch granules has range large to small size with distorted cylinder and oval shapes. While cross linked starch films showed compact, slightly rough and homogeneous surface. Tested modified moth bean starch films containing citric acid (CA) and sorbitol were utilized as wrapping films to improve the shelf life of fresh lemon. Outcomes showed that the film contains 5% CA could be most promising wrapping materials for lemon that enhanced the shelf life of lemon additionally up to 12 days.
Beta-carotene (BC), a red-colored pigment found in plants and animals, is one of the most extensi... more Beta-carotene (BC), a red-colored pigment found in plants and animals, is one of the most extensively investigated carotenoids due to its provitamin-A, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The anticancer activity of BC through oral administration is severely affected due to its low bioavailability and oxidative degradation. The present study aimed to formulate and characterize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of BC for enhanced bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Beta-carotene-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (BC-SLNs) were prepared employing different combinations of glyceryl monostearate and gelucire. The characterization studies were performed for particle size, morphology, release behavior, and stability. BC-SLNs were also studied for in vitro cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7) and pharmacokinetic studies in Wistar rats. The cytotoxicity studies confirmed that encapsulation of BC within the lipid bilayers of nanoparticles did not affect its anticancer efficacy. An improved anticancer activity was observed in BC-SLNs as compared to the free BC. BC-SLNs enhanced the bioavailability of BC on oral administration by sustaining its release from the lipid core and prolongation of circulation time in the body. Similarly, area under the curve (AUCtotal) enhanced 1.92-times more when BC was incorporated into SLNs as compared to free BC. In conclusion, solid lipid nanoparticles could be an effective and promising strategy to improve the biopharmaceutical properties of carotenoids for anticancer effects.
Abstract Fruits and vegetable processing industries produce huge waste in the form of peels, seed... more Abstract Fruits and vegetable processing industries produce huge waste in the form of peels, seeds, liquid, and molasses which are a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, fibres, vitamins, and minerals. This waste can be utilized for the production of biocolors using fermentation. Utilization of this waste not only valorizes waste disposal problems but also eliminate environmental pollution. The aim of the present work was to extract and optimize environmental factors for production of β-carotene from fruits and vegetable waste (orange, carrot, and papaya peels) using microbial strain Blakeslea trispora (+) MTCC 884 in solid state fermentation. It was observed that the production of β-carotene was significantly influenced by varying all factors and gave a maximum yield of 0.127 mg/mL. Characterization of the extracted color was done with techniques like HPLC, LCMS, FTIR and Mass Spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopy of extracted color represented the m/z value 537.608 and LCMS analysis gave the eluted peaks at (Rt 13.37), which confirmed the presence of β-carotene. Furthermore, β-carotene percentage estimated by HPLC and LCMS was over 76% suggesting that these fruits and vegetable wastes may be used for the production of β-carotene with high purity and gave good antioxidant properties as determined by DPPH and ABTS.
β-Carotene, abundant majorly in carrot, pink guava yams, spinach, kale, sweet potato, and palm oi... more β-Carotene, abundant majorly in carrot, pink guava yams, spinach, kale, sweet potato, and palm oil, is an important nutrient for human health due to its scavenging action upon reactive free radicals wherever produced in the body. Inclusion of liposoluble β-carotene in foods and food ingredients is a challenging aspect due to its labile nature and low absorption from natural sources. This fact has led to the application of encapsulation of β-carotene to improve stability and bioavailability. The present work was aimed to fabricate microcapsules (MCs) of β-carotene oily dispersion using the complex coacervation technique with casein (CA) and guar gum (GG) blend. The ratio of CA:GG was found to be 1:0.5 (w/v) when optimized on the basis of zeta potential-yield stress phenomenon. These possessed a higher percentage yield (71.34 ± 0.55%), lower particle size (176.47 ± 4.65 μm), higher encapsulation efficiency (65.95 ± 5.33%), and in general, a uniform surface morphology was observed with...
The present study investigates the anticancer efficacy of lycopene loaded lipidic nanostructured ... more The present study investigates the anticancer efficacy of lycopene loaded lipidic nanostructured particles. With a homogenization-evaporation technique, lycopene loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (LYC-SLNs) were fabricated with different ratios of biocompatible viz. compritol ATO 888 and gelucire, and evaluated for their micromeretics properties, in vitro release, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and apoptosis induced in MCF-7 cells. Effects of anticancer potential of LYC-SLNs on the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX), a well-established anticancer agent, was evaluated thereafter. Cell culture experiments revealed a considerably higher cellular uptake of LYC-SLNs in MCF-7 cells, as compared to the free LYC. The concentration and time dependent cell survival of MCF-7 cells was significantly reduced by LYC-SLNs, as compared to their free LYC counterparts. Additionally, the combined cytotoxicity of the LYC and its nanostructured formulation with MTX was evaluated. The results of cytot...
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016
Complex coacervation in casein/gum tragacanth (CAS/GT) mixtures was studied as a function of pH, ... more Complex coacervation in casein/gum tragacanth (CAS/GT) mixtures was studied as a function of pH, initial protein to polysaccharide mixing ratio (Pr:Ps), total biopolymer concentration, core material load and ionic strength. This study is aimed at understanding how these parameters influence the coacervation kinetics, the coacervate yield, and entrapment efficiency. At a Pr:Ps=2:1, an optimum pH of complex coacervation was found 4.35, at which the intensity of electrostatic interaction was maximum. At these conditions, the phase separation occurred the fastest and the final coacervate yield and entrapment efficiency were the largest. Moreover, the developed β-carotene loaded microcapsules formulation was found to have particle size 159.71±2.16μm, coacervates yield 82.51±0.412%, entrapment efficiency 79.36±0.541%. Varying the Pr:Ps shifted the value of optimum pH. Electrostatic interaction and formation of coacervates was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) spectra. Size and surface properties of coacervates were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Entrapment of core material within the coacervates was confirmed by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). The resultant formulation was evaluated for release study and antioxidant activity. Stability of encapsulated β-carotene was evaluated under three levels of temperature (5, 25 and 40°C) for 3 months. Encapsulation strongly increased the stability of micronutrients. Our results advocate potential of microcapsules as a novel carrier for the safeguard and sustained release of micronutrient.
Abstractβ-Carotene is a red–orange pigment, a known source of vitamin A and has exceptional antio... more Abstractβ-Carotene is a red–orange pigment, a known source of vitamin A and has exceptional antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential. However, uses of β-carotene in food industry are inadequate mostly because of their poor water solubility and low stability. Using the complex coacervation technique, the work is meant to fabricate the microcapsules of β-carotene, to examine the physicochemical properties of microcapsules and finally to evaluate the extent of stability improvement. The configuration of electrostatic complexes between whey protein isolate (WPI) and gum acacia (Acacia arabica, GA) was optimized as a function of pH, ionic strength, WPI/GA ratio, core material load and size of final micromolecules. The optimum process conditions were balanced by the ratio of wall materials WPI/GA 2.0/1.0 % and pH value 4.2. Morphological observations showed that microcapsules presented spherical shape, and smooth and continuous surface. The effective amount of encapsulated core was greater than 70 % for all formulations evaluated. In vitro release data indicated an initial burst release followed by sustained release behavior. The microstructure and viscoelastic properties of WPI and GA complex were studied using dynamic rheometer. The encapsulation method and the wall materials used in this work gave effective protection during storage and eventually resulted sustained release of bioactive while used in food matrix, at suitable conditions.
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