Recenzentai: Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lietuvos agrarinių ir miskų mokslų centras), Loreta Semaskienė... more Recenzentai: Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lietuvos agrarinių ir miskų mokslų centras), Loreta Semaskienė (Kauno miskų ir aplinkos inžinerijos kolegija), Julius Backaitis (Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Žemės ūkio akademija)
Pastaruoju metu Lietuvos miškuose sparciai diegiama mašinin miško kirtimo technologija. I nauja t... more Pastaruoju metu Lietuvos miškuose sparciai diegiama mašinin miško kirtimo technologija. I nauja technika investuojamos didel s l šos, tod l svarbu, kad ji teiktu didžiausia nauda. Tyrimo tikslas buvo kompleksiškai ivertinti mašininio miško kirtimo efektyvuma Lietuvos salygomis, atsižvelgiant i technologinius, ekonominius, ekologinius bei socialinius veiksnius. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje šiuo metu labiausiai paplitusios didel s galios (skirtos plyniesiems kirtimams) ir vikšrin s medkirt s bei medkirt smedvež s. Daugiausia kertama plynuju pušynu ir eglynu biržiu. Palyginamomis salygomis (vienodos kertamos medžiu rušys ir vienodas kertamas stiebu turis) didel s galios medkirt s darbo našumas yra 10–20 proc. didesnis negu vikšrin s medkirt s bei 40–70 proc. didesnis negu medkirt s-medvež s. Palyginamomis salygomis pigiausia yra medienos ruoša vikšrine medkirte. Didžiausi kaštai – kertant medkirte-medveže. Medžiu nupjovimo, šaku gen jimo, sortimentavimo ir sortimentu sud jimo blogesn s kokyb s, dirbant medkirt mis, didesnio sisteminio nuokrypio nenustatyta. Nuvažiuojant nuo valksmu sausose augaviet se didesn s žalos dirvožemiui nepadaroma. Medkirciu mašinu naudojimas mažina užimtuma medienos ruošoje, didina socialini šios veiklos patraukluma, gerina dirbanciuju saugaRecently, the new fully mechanized technology of forest operations has been implemented in Lithuania. The new machinery requires substantial investment which is expected to bring the greatest benefit. This benefit is determined by various technological, economic, social and environmental factors. The objective of survey is to carry out an integrated assessment of the machine efficiency in Lithuanian conditions, taking into account economic, ecological and social factors. The harvesters of high power (for clear cutting) and excavator-based harvesters as well as harvester-forwarder are the most common ones in Lithuania. Clear cutting of pine and spruce stands prevail in Lithuania. The labor productivity of high power harvesters is by 10 to 20 percent higher than that of excavator-based harvesters and by 40 to70 percent – than that of harvester-forwarder under the same working conditions (the same tree species, and equal volume of harvested stems). The lowest harvesting cost has been determined for excavator-based harvesters. The harvester-forwarder incurs the highest harvesting cost. There is no significant systematic deviation towards bad side of tree cutting, pruning, assortment quality when the operations are done by harvesters. The using of harvesters for forest operations reduces the quantitative employment in logging, but increases social attractiveness of the activity, improves the safety and increases the productivity of workersVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Pajamų kapitalizavimas yra vienas iš turto vertinimo metodų. Metodo taikymas miškų vertinimui yra... more Pajamų kapitalizavimas yra vienas iš turto vertinimo metodų. Metodo taikymas miškų vertinimui yra specifiškas dėl ilgo miškų auginimo laikotarpio bei miškų daugiafunkciškumo. Ekonominio vertinimo tikslais tyrime taikyta tokia Lietuvos miško išteklių ir funkcijų klasifikacija: mediena, miško grybai, miško uogos, miško vaistiniai augalai, medžiojamieji gyvūnai, miško rekreacinės funkcijos, CO2 naudojimas, biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimas, vandenų apsauga, priešerozinės funkcijos, laukų apsauginės funkcijos, sanitarinės bei higieninės funkcijos. Lietuvos miškai pagal medieną įvertinti dviem metodais: miško įmonių grynųjų pajamų kapitalizavimo ir pagal Faustmano formulę. Pagal nemedieninius miško išteklius ir funkcijas miškai vertinti dviem etapais: 1) metinės naudos įvertinimas; 2) grynųjų pajamų apskaičiavimas ir kapitalizavimas. Žaliavinių nemedieninių miško išteklių naudojimo metinės pajamos įvertintos remiantis jų rinkos kainomis. Miško rekreacinių išteklių vertinimui taikytas kontingentinio vertinimo metodas. CO2 sunaudojimui vertinti – taršos leidimų kainos. Biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimo funkcijai – alternatyviųjų išlaidų metodas. Vandenų apsauginėms funkcijoms, priešerozinėms ir sanitarinėms bei higieninėms miško funkcijoms – išvengtų išlaidų bei produktyvumo pokyčių metodai. Nustatyta Lietuvos miškų kompleksinė vertė – 26,7 mlrd.Lt medieną vertinant pagal Faustmano formulę). Miškų vertė pagal nemedieninius išteklius ir funkcijas sudarė 36,9 %Direct income capitalization approach is one of the valuation methods of asset and the adaptation of this method to evaluate the forest is a complicated matter because of multifunctionality. The following classification of forest functions and resources were used in this study: wood, mushrooms, berries, herbs, hunting, recreation, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, water protection, soil protection, sanitary-hygienic functions. The capitalization of forest enterprises net income and the Faustmann formula were used to evaluate Lithuanian forests in accordance with wood. The following two stages were applied to evaluate forests regarding non-wood products and functions: 1) annual benefit evaluation; 2) net income calculation and capitalization. In the process of forest land area evaluation using the direct income capitalization approach, the income and costs of mature stands that are allowable to cut were prognosticated. The income and costs were capitalized. The net discounted revenue was calculated as the subtraction of income from costs. Analogous with the prognostic value, estimation of net discounted revenue from subsequent rotations was made. Therein the value of forest land area was calculated as the composition of discounted cash flow of present and future stands. During the evaluation of forest enterprises, the net annual income was discounted and capitalized. The direct income from timber resources was evaluated using market prices. Forest recreation was evaluated using the contingent valuation method. The value of emission permits were used to evaluate carbon sequestration. The value of biodiversity was estimated using the method of alternative costs. Water protection, soil protection and sanitary-hygienic functions were evaluated using the avoided cost method and the method of productivity changeVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Due to the purpose to increase the public interests in the state budget, more attention is given ... more Due to the purpose to increase the public interests in the state budget, more attention is given for the studies on efficiency regarding state forest enterprises in Lithuania. Firstly, the general problem of measuring efficiency is the creation of a reliable system of indices compound by inputs and outputs. Then, the identification of weights, and finally, the system of indices need to be appropriate for all concerned. This paper analyses the principles of indices system formulation regarding efficiency evaluation of performance of state forest enterprises. The system of indices was formulated by a two level sample. The idea of defining efficiency was to divide indices into the so called inputs (resources that need to be saved, and outputs (products and/or services that need to be produced more. It was identified that by the system of accountancy of Directorate General of State Forests the system of indices could be created based on objectivity. The most considerable weight (15.5% within inputs was given to the index of “Annual allowable cut” and the most considerable weight (0.6% within outputs was given to “Revenues of roundwood sales”.The following three groups of estimated effectiveness were formed of state forest enterprises: containing 18 state forest enterprises with the coefficient of effectiveness kj ≥ 0.9, containing 20 state forest enterprises with coefficient kj ≥ 0.64 <0.9, and containing 4 state forest enterprises with coefficient kj<0.64. The state forest enterprises the largest by forest land area and the biggest by annual allowable cut were identified as the most effective
This study aimed to explore if changes in stem increment of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) cou... more This study aimed to explore if changes in stem increment of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) could be related to changes in ambient ozone concentration when the impact of tree dendrometric parameters (age, diameter) and crown defoliation are accounted for. More than 200 dominant and codominant trees from 12 pine stands, for which crown defoliation had been assessed since 1994, were chosen for increment boring and basal area increment computing. Stands are located in Lithuanian national parks, where since 1994-95 Integrated Monitoring Stations have been operating. Findings of the study provide statistical evidence that peak concentrations of ambient ozone (O3) can have a negative impact on pine tree stem growth under field conditions where O3 exposure is below phytotoxic levels.
The key source of income from forestry activities typically comes from timber harvesting and the ... more The key source of income from forestry activities typically comes from timber harvesting and the level of forest utilisation is one of key forest policy ques-tions in any European country. Utilisation policy in-volves a search for a trade-off between contradictory objectives of economic ...
Recenzentai: Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lietuvos agrarinių ir miskų mokslų centras), Loreta Semaskienė... more Recenzentai: Virgilijus Baliuckas (Lietuvos agrarinių ir miskų mokslų centras), Loreta Semaskienė (Kauno miskų ir aplinkos inžinerijos kolegija), Julius Backaitis (Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Žemės ūkio akademija)
Pastaruoju metu Lietuvos miškuose sparciai diegiama mašinin miško kirtimo technologija. I nauja t... more Pastaruoju metu Lietuvos miškuose sparciai diegiama mašinin miško kirtimo technologija. I nauja technika investuojamos didel s l šos, tod l svarbu, kad ji teiktu didžiausia nauda. Tyrimo tikslas buvo kompleksiškai ivertinti mašininio miško kirtimo efektyvuma Lietuvos salygomis, atsižvelgiant i technologinius, ekonominius, ekologinius bei socialinius veiksnius. Nustatyta, kad Lietuvoje šiuo metu labiausiai paplitusios didel s galios (skirtos plyniesiems kirtimams) ir vikšrin s medkirt s bei medkirt smedvež s. Daugiausia kertama plynuju pušynu ir eglynu biržiu. Palyginamomis salygomis (vienodos kertamos medžiu rušys ir vienodas kertamas stiebu turis) didel s galios medkirt s darbo našumas yra 10–20 proc. didesnis negu vikšrin s medkirt s bei 40–70 proc. didesnis negu medkirt s-medvež s. Palyginamomis salygomis pigiausia yra medienos ruoša vikšrine medkirte. Didžiausi kaštai – kertant medkirte-medveže. Medžiu nupjovimo, šaku gen jimo, sortimentavimo ir sortimentu sud jimo blogesn s kokyb s, dirbant medkirt mis, didesnio sisteminio nuokrypio nenustatyta. Nuvažiuojant nuo valksmu sausose augaviet se didesn s žalos dirvožemiui nepadaroma. Medkirciu mašinu naudojimas mažina užimtuma medienos ruošoje, didina socialini šios veiklos patraukluma, gerina dirbanciuju saugaRecently, the new fully mechanized technology of forest operations has been implemented in Lithuania. The new machinery requires substantial investment which is expected to bring the greatest benefit. This benefit is determined by various technological, economic, social and environmental factors. The objective of survey is to carry out an integrated assessment of the machine efficiency in Lithuanian conditions, taking into account economic, ecological and social factors. The harvesters of high power (for clear cutting) and excavator-based harvesters as well as harvester-forwarder are the most common ones in Lithuania. Clear cutting of pine and spruce stands prevail in Lithuania. The labor productivity of high power harvesters is by 10 to 20 percent higher than that of excavator-based harvesters and by 40 to70 percent – than that of harvester-forwarder under the same working conditions (the same tree species, and equal volume of harvested stems). The lowest harvesting cost has been determined for excavator-based harvesters. The harvester-forwarder incurs the highest harvesting cost. There is no significant systematic deviation towards bad side of tree cutting, pruning, assortment quality when the operations are done by harvesters. The using of harvesters for forest operations reduces the quantitative employment in logging, but increases social attractiveness of the activity, improves the safety and increases the productivity of workersVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Pajamų kapitalizavimas yra vienas iš turto vertinimo metodų. Metodo taikymas miškų vertinimui yra... more Pajamų kapitalizavimas yra vienas iš turto vertinimo metodų. Metodo taikymas miškų vertinimui yra specifiškas dėl ilgo miškų auginimo laikotarpio bei miškų daugiafunkciškumo. Ekonominio vertinimo tikslais tyrime taikyta tokia Lietuvos miško išteklių ir funkcijų klasifikacija: mediena, miško grybai, miško uogos, miško vaistiniai augalai, medžiojamieji gyvūnai, miško rekreacinės funkcijos, CO2 naudojimas, biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimas, vandenų apsauga, priešerozinės funkcijos, laukų apsauginės funkcijos, sanitarinės bei higieninės funkcijos. Lietuvos miškai pagal medieną įvertinti dviem metodais: miško įmonių grynųjų pajamų kapitalizavimo ir pagal Faustmano formulę. Pagal nemedieninius miško išteklius ir funkcijas miškai vertinti dviem etapais: 1) metinės naudos įvertinimas; 2) grynųjų pajamų apskaičiavimas ir kapitalizavimas. Žaliavinių nemedieninių miško išteklių naudojimo metinės pajamos įvertintos remiantis jų rinkos kainomis. Miško rekreacinių išteklių vertinimui taikytas kontingentinio vertinimo metodas. CO2 sunaudojimui vertinti – taršos leidimų kainos. Biologinės įvairovės išsaugojimo funkcijai – alternatyviųjų išlaidų metodas. Vandenų apsauginėms funkcijoms, priešerozinėms ir sanitarinėms bei higieninėms miško funkcijoms – išvengtų išlaidų bei produktyvumo pokyčių metodai. Nustatyta Lietuvos miškų kompleksinė vertė – 26,7 mlrd.Lt medieną vertinant pagal Faustmano formulę). Miškų vertė pagal nemedieninius išteklius ir funkcijas sudarė 36,9 %Direct income capitalization approach is one of the valuation methods of asset and the adaptation of this method to evaluate the forest is a complicated matter because of multifunctionality. The following classification of forest functions and resources were used in this study: wood, mushrooms, berries, herbs, hunting, recreation, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, water protection, soil protection, sanitary-hygienic functions. The capitalization of forest enterprises net income and the Faustmann formula were used to evaluate Lithuanian forests in accordance with wood. The following two stages were applied to evaluate forests regarding non-wood products and functions: 1) annual benefit evaluation; 2) net income calculation and capitalization. In the process of forest land area evaluation using the direct income capitalization approach, the income and costs of mature stands that are allowable to cut were prognosticated. The income and costs were capitalized. The net discounted revenue was calculated as the subtraction of income from costs. Analogous with the prognostic value, estimation of net discounted revenue from subsequent rotations was made. Therein the value of forest land area was calculated as the composition of discounted cash flow of present and future stands. During the evaluation of forest enterprises, the net annual income was discounted and capitalized. The direct income from timber resources was evaluated using market prices. Forest recreation was evaluated using the contingent valuation method. The value of emission permits were used to evaluate carbon sequestration. The value of biodiversity was estimated using the method of alternative costs. Water protection, soil protection and sanitary-hygienic functions were evaluated using the avoided cost method and the method of productivity changeVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij
Due to the purpose to increase the public interests in the state budget, more attention is given ... more Due to the purpose to increase the public interests in the state budget, more attention is given for the studies on efficiency regarding state forest enterprises in Lithuania. Firstly, the general problem of measuring efficiency is the creation of a reliable system of indices compound by inputs and outputs. Then, the identification of weights, and finally, the system of indices need to be appropriate for all concerned. This paper analyses the principles of indices system formulation regarding efficiency evaluation of performance of state forest enterprises. The system of indices was formulated by a two level sample. The idea of defining efficiency was to divide indices into the so called inputs (resources that need to be saved, and outputs (products and/or services that need to be produced more. It was identified that by the system of accountancy of Directorate General of State Forests the system of indices could be created based on objectivity. The most considerable weight (15.5% within inputs was given to the index of “Annual allowable cut” and the most considerable weight (0.6% within outputs was given to “Revenues of roundwood sales”.The following three groups of estimated effectiveness were formed of state forest enterprises: containing 18 state forest enterprises with the coefficient of effectiveness kj ≥ 0.9, containing 20 state forest enterprises with coefficient kj ≥ 0.64 <0.9, and containing 4 state forest enterprises with coefficient kj<0.64. The state forest enterprises the largest by forest land area and the biggest by annual allowable cut were identified as the most effective
This study aimed to explore if changes in stem increment of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) cou... more This study aimed to explore if changes in stem increment of Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) could be related to changes in ambient ozone concentration when the impact of tree dendrometric parameters (age, diameter) and crown defoliation are accounted for. More than 200 dominant and codominant trees from 12 pine stands, for which crown defoliation had been assessed since 1994, were chosen for increment boring and basal area increment computing. Stands are located in Lithuanian national parks, where since 1994-95 Integrated Monitoring Stations have been operating. Findings of the study provide statistical evidence that peak concentrations of ambient ozone (O3) can have a negative impact on pine tree stem growth under field conditions where O3 exposure is below phytotoxic levels.
The key source of income from forestry activities typically comes from timber harvesting and the ... more The key source of income from forestry activities typically comes from timber harvesting and the level of forest utilisation is one of key forest policy ques-tions in any European country. Utilisation policy in-volves a search for a trade-off between contradictory objectives of economic ...
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