The rate of heritage growth in a country is determined by the type of heritage tourism the countr... more The rate of heritage growth in a country is determined by the type of heritage tourism the country develops. The case study focuses on a specialised form of heritage that promotes rapid heritage tourism growth. It argues that diaspora tourism is the future of heritage tourism development in Ghana. Specifically, the need for Ghana to take advantage of diaspora tourism as an opportunity to develop its heritage tourism sector. Two case studies at Cape Coast Castle (CCC) and Bonwire Kente Town (BKT) are presented to disclose the opportunities and flaws of ‘genealogy tourism’ in Ghana, as well as why the government should embrace it. With the view to understanding the main reasons why the Ghanaian government should pursue diaspora tourism, the study has investigated its capabilities to increase awareness of the socio-cultural, historical, economic and community development that can manifest from a proper development, operation, and management of diaspora tourism. The study recommends tha...
BACKGROUND Childhood household injuries incur a major proportion of the global disease burden, pa... more BACKGROUND Childhood household injuries incur a major proportion of the global disease burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, household injury hazards are differentially distributed across developed environments. Therefore, we aimed to compare incidence of childhood household injuries and prevalence of risk factors between communities in urban and rural Ghana to inform prevention initiatives. METHODS Data from urban and a rural cluster-randomized, population-based surveys of caregivers of children <5 years in Ghana were combined. In both studies, caregivers were interviewed about childhood injuries that occurred within the past 6 months and 200 meters of the home that resulted in missed school/work, hospitalization, and/or death. Sampling weights were applied, injuries and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were described, and multi-level regression was used to identify and compare risk factors. RESULTS We sampled 200 urban and 357 rural households that represented 20,575 children in Asawase and 14,032 children in Amakom, Ghana, respectively. There were 143 and 351 injuries in our urban and rural samples, which equated to 594 and 542 injuries per 1,000 child-years, respectively (IRR 1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.14). Toddler-aged children had the highest odds of injury both urban and rural communities (OR 3.77 vs 3.17, 95%CI 1.34-10.55 vs 1.86-5.42 compared to infants, respectively). Urban children were more commonly injured by falling (IRR 1.50, 95%CI 1.41-1.60), but less commonly injured by flame/hot substances (IRR 0.51, 95%CI 0.44-0.59), violence (IRR 0.41, 95%CI 0.36-0.48), or motor vehicle (IRR 0.50, 95%CI 0.39-0.63). Rural households that cooked outside of the home (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.22-0.60) and that also supervised older children (OR 0.33, 95%CI 0.17-0.62) had lower odds of childhood injuries than those that did not. CONCLUSIONS Childhood injuries were similarly common in both urban and rural Ghana, but with different patterns of mechanisms and risk factors that must be taken into account when planning prevention strategies. However, the data suggest that several interventions could be effective, including: community-based, multi-strategy initiatives (e.g., home hazard reduction, provision of safety equipment, establishing community creches); traffic calming interventions in rural community clusters; and passive injury surveillance systems that collect data to inform violence and broader prevention strategies.
Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio C... more Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation As a Route to Synthesize Functional Poly(Arylene Ether)s Two monomers, 4’,3,5-trifluorodiphenylsulfone, 1, and 4’,3,5trifluorobenzophenone, 2, have been investigated for their potential use as special BB’B’’type monomers to synthesize functionalized, linear PAEs via a process called reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation (RRCP). A model study with monomer 1 resulted in a mixture of unreacted starting material, two mono-substitution products (paraand meta-F substitution) and a significant amount of di-substitution products as evidenced by the GC/MS and 13C DEPT-90 NMR spectroscopy. Conversely, subjecting monomer 2 to similar conditions, using 3-aminophenol (3f) as the nucleophile, afforded monosubstitution exclusively. A series of functionalized, linear PAEs polymers were prepared by reaction of compound 2 with selected phenols to generate functional B2 ty...
Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio C... more Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation As a Route to Synthesize Functional Poly(Arylene Ether)s Two monomers, 4’,3,5-trifluorodiphenylsulfone, 1, and 4’,3,5trifluorobenzophenone, 2, have been investigated for their potential use as special BB’B’’type monomers to synthesize functionalized, linear PAEs via a process called reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation (RRCP). A model study with monomer 1 resulted in a mixture of unreacted starting material, two mono-substitution products (paraand meta-F substitution) and a significant amount of di-substitution products as evidenced by the GC/MS and 13C DEPT-90 NMR spectroscopy. Conversely, subjecting monomer 2 to similar conditions, using 3-aminophenol (3f) as the nucleophile, afforded monosubstitution exclusively. A series of functionalized, linear PAEs polymers were prepared by reaction of compound 2 with selected phenols to generate functional B2 ty...
This study investigated the compositional characteristics and shelf-life of Njangsa seed oil (NSO... more This study investigated the compositional characteristics and shelf-life of Njangsa seed oil (NSO). Oil from Njangsa had a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of which alpha eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an unusual conjugated linoleic acid was the most prevalent (about 52%). Linoleic acid was also present in appreciable amounts (approximately 34%). Our investigations also indicated that the acid-catalyzed transesterification of NSO resulted in lower yields of α-ESA methyl esters, due to isomerization, a phenomenon which was not observed under basic conditions. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profile analysis showed the presence of at least 1 α-ESA fatty acid chain in more than 95% of the oil's TAGs. Shelf-life was determined by the Weibull Hazard Sensory Method, where the end of shelf-life was defined as the time at which 50% of panelists found the flavor of NSO to be unacceptable. This was determined as 21 wk. Our findings therefore support the potential commercial viability o...
The rate of heritage growth in a country is determined by the type of heritage tourism the countr... more The rate of heritage growth in a country is determined by the type of heritage tourism the country develops. The case study focuses on a specialised form of heritage that promotes rapid heritage tourism growth. It argues that diaspora tourism is the future of heritage tourism development in Ghana. Specifically, the need for Ghana to take advantage of diaspora tourism as an opportunity to develop its heritage tourism sector. Two case studies at Cape Coast Castle (CCC) and Bonwire Kente Town (BKT) are presented to disclose the opportunities and flaws of ‘genealogy tourism’ in Ghana, as well as why the government should embrace it. With the view to understanding the main reasons why the Ghanaian government should pursue diaspora tourism, the study has investigated its capabilities to increase awareness of the socio-cultural, historical, economic and community development that can manifest from a proper development, operation, and management of diaspora tourism. The study recommends tha...
BACKGROUND Childhood household injuries incur a major proportion of the global disease burden, pa... more BACKGROUND Childhood household injuries incur a major proportion of the global disease burden, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, household injury hazards are differentially distributed across developed environments. Therefore, we aimed to compare incidence of childhood household injuries and prevalence of risk factors between communities in urban and rural Ghana to inform prevention initiatives. METHODS Data from urban and a rural cluster-randomized, population-based surveys of caregivers of children <5 years in Ghana were combined. In both studies, caregivers were interviewed about childhood injuries that occurred within the past 6 months and 200 meters of the home that resulted in missed school/work, hospitalization, and/or death. Sampling weights were applied, injuries and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were described, and multi-level regression was used to identify and compare risk factors. RESULTS We sampled 200 urban and 357 rural households that represented 20,575 children in Asawase and 14,032 children in Amakom, Ghana, respectively. There were 143 and 351 injuries in our urban and rural samples, which equated to 594 and 542 injuries per 1,000 child-years, respectively (IRR 1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.14). Toddler-aged children had the highest odds of injury both urban and rural communities (OR 3.77 vs 3.17, 95%CI 1.34-10.55 vs 1.86-5.42 compared to infants, respectively). Urban children were more commonly injured by falling (IRR 1.50, 95%CI 1.41-1.60), but less commonly injured by flame/hot substances (IRR 0.51, 95%CI 0.44-0.59), violence (IRR 0.41, 95%CI 0.36-0.48), or motor vehicle (IRR 0.50, 95%CI 0.39-0.63). Rural households that cooked outside of the home (OR 0.36, 95%CI 0.22-0.60) and that also supervised older children (OR 0.33, 95%CI 0.17-0.62) had lower odds of childhood injuries than those that did not. CONCLUSIONS Childhood injuries were similarly common in both urban and rural Ghana, but with different patterns of mechanisms and risk factors that must be taken into account when planning prevention strategies. However, the data suggest that several interventions could be effective, including: community-based, multi-strategy initiatives (e.g., home hazard reduction, provision of safety equipment, establishing community creches); traffic calming interventions in rural community clusters; and passive injury surveillance systems that collect data to inform violence and broader prevention strategies.
Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio C... more Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation As a Route to Synthesize Functional Poly(Arylene Ether)s Two monomers, 4’,3,5-trifluorodiphenylsulfone, 1, and 4’,3,5trifluorobenzophenone, 2, have been investigated for their potential use as special BB’B’’type monomers to synthesize functionalized, linear PAEs via a process called reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation (RRCP). A model study with monomer 1 resulted in a mixture of unreacted starting material, two mono-substitution products (paraand meta-F substitution) and a significant amount of di-substitution products as evidenced by the GC/MS and 13C DEPT-90 NMR spectroscopy. Conversely, subjecting monomer 2 to similar conditions, using 3-aminophenol (3f) as the nucleophile, afforded monosubstitution exclusively. A series of functionalized, linear PAEs polymers were prepared by reaction of compound 2 with selected phenols to generate functional B2 ty...
Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio C... more Boakye, Godfred. M.S., Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, 2014. Reactivity Ratio Controlled Polycondensation As a Route to Synthesize Functional Poly(Arylene Ether)s Two monomers, 4’,3,5-trifluorodiphenylsulfone, 1, and 4’,3,5trifluorobenzophenone, 2, have been investigated for their potential use as special BB’B’’type monomers to synthesize functionalized, linear PAEs via a process called reactivity ratio controlled polycondensation (RRCP). A model study with monomer 1 resulted in a mixture of unreacted starting material, two mono-substitution products (paraand meta-F substitution) and a significant amount of di-substitution products as evidenced by the GC/MS and 13C DEPT-90 NMR spectroscopy. Conversely, subjecting monomer 2 to similar conditions, using 3-aminophenol (3f) as the nucleophile, afforded monosubstitution exclusively. A series of functionalized, linear PAEs polymers were prepared by reaction of compound 2 with selected phenols to generate functional B2 ty...
This study investigated the compositional characteristics and shelf-life of Njangsa seed oil (NSO... more This study investigated the compositional characteristics and shelf-life of Njangsa seed oil (NSO). Oil from Njangsa had a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content of which alpha eleostearic acid (α-ESA), an unusual conjugated linoleic acid was the most prevalent (about 52%). Linoleic acid was also present in appreciable amounts (approximately 34%). Our investigations also indicated that the acid-catalyzed transesterification of NSO resulted in lower yields of α-ESA methyl esters, due to isomerization, a phenomenon which was not observed under basic conditions. The triacylglycerol (TAG) profile analysis showed the presence of at least 1 α-ESA fatty acid chain in more than 95% of the oil's TAGs. Shelf-life was determined by the Weibull Hazard Sensory Method, where the end of shelf-life was defined as the time at which 50% of panelists found the flavor of NSO to be unacceptable. This was determined as 21 wk. Our findings therefore support the potential commercial viability o...
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