A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the sa... more A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the same time the modern information environment requires different communicative competences from everyone. A comparison between EU communication and education policies reveals common elements, referring mostly to the individual’s ability to seek, choose, process, analyze, and evaluate the information he or she needs. The aim of this study is to propose a new integrated communications policy model and ...
A distinction should be made between institutional media accountability and journal- istic accoun... more A distinction should be made between institutional media accountability and journal- istic accountability. Th e latter individualizes the accountability of media organizations and enables the public to see the individual journalist (with his own ideas, sense of moral values) instead of a homo- geneous mass that fi ts into the corporate journalistic system. Th is paper focuses on the possibilities accomplished by journalists' blogs: are these new instruments of accountability that enable individual journalists to highlight their personal moral sensitivity and open their information processing prac- tices to the public? Do Estonian journalists have enough incentives and autonomy to use weblogs as an opportunity to explain their professional decisions or even openly confront the editorial opinion? Th e analysis draws on 11 qualitative interviews conducted with Estonian journalists and editors. Th e fi ndings indicate that the fading interest in weblogs is not the main reason why personal blogs of professional journalists would not function as accountability instruments. Journalists seldom describe attitudes that would characterize the "socially responsible existentialist."
Time-shifting technologies have considerable implications for the media's role as a rhythm-ma... more Time-shifting technologies have considerable implications for the media's role as a rhythm-maker. Mobile devices enable people to fulfil, as well as take, pauses – the numerous moments or periods each day they use to look for news, chat, validate the data and post their own messages or images. The aim of the present study is to conceptualize pauses for media usage via empirical qualitative analysis of media-usage diaries of Estonian family members reported by diarists. We propose four types of media usage pauses: as a benchmark, as a respite, waiting for pause and cut-off from action. The concept of pause in media usage reveals the resources the media economy is struggling to attract: the audience's attention and time. Although these resources do have limits, the approach by pauses of media usage exposes the opportunities within lifestyles and job specifications to enable taking pauses that actually extend both the time and attention that people devote to media. Clever usage...
Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri. Estonian Journal of Education
See uurimus analüüsib Eesti õpetaja arusaamu väärtustele keskenduvast dialoogilisest kommunikatsi... more See uurimus analüüsib Eesti õpetaja arusaamu väärtustele keskenduvast dialoogilisest kommunikatsioonist (VKDK) mitmekultuurilises õpikeskkonnas, keskendudes küsimusele, milliseid VKDK olukordi ja vajadusi märkavad mitmekultuurilise õpikeskkonna kogemusega õpetajad. Kultuuridevahelisi väärtusi puudutavad arutelud eeldavad vastastikust kuulamist ja mõistmist, mistõttu lähtub siinne uurimus teoreetiliselt dialoogilise kommunikatsiooni kontseptsioonist. Samast kontseptsioonist lähtub ka Tartu Ülikooli eetikakeskusese õpilaste mäng "Väärtuste avastajad", mille lisapakett on suunatud kultuuriliste väärtuste alaste arutelude algatamiseks ja juhtimiseks. Õpetajate arusaamu ja praktilisi kogemusi koguti poolstruktureeritud intervjuude kaudu. Valimi moodustavad üheksa TÜ eetikakeskuse ja Eesti Pagulasabi pagulus ja -rändeteemalises projektis osalenud õpetajat, kelle kogemuste refleksioon vaatleb nii VKDK praktikaid kui ka õpilaste mängu kasutamisel ilmnenud võimalusi ja piiranguid....
The average Estonian journalist is a woman in her early 40s and holds a university degree in jour... more The average Estonian journalist is a woman in her early 40s and holds a university degree in journalism or communication. Estonia is among the 19 countries (out of 66 surveyed countries) where majority of journalists are women. Of the 274 interviewed journalists, 160 were women, making for a proportion of 58.4 percent of the overall sample. On average, Estonian journalists were 40.94 years old (s=11.11), while half of the journalists were under 40 years old. 81.7 percent of the respondents held a university degree: 27.1 had Bachelor’s degree, 54.2 percent held Master’s degree, one respondent had a doctorate. Another 10.3 percent had undertaken some university studies but did not complete their studies. Of those respondents who held a university degree, 44.8 percent had specialized in journalism, 8.1 percent in communication and 3.2 percent in both journalism and communication.
This study addresses the question about which groups journalists in 12 European and two Arab coun... more This study addresses the question about which groups journalists in 12 European and two Arab countries feel that they are accountable to. In their daily work, journalists do not only face dilemmas about conflicting values, but they also have to make decisions about whose interests they should protect in the first instance. Academic scholarship has developed well argued discourses on pressure groups and conflicting interests, as well as on the various incentives that influence journalists' loyalties. The present study aims to empirically analyze journalists' accountability perceptions and discuss what kinds of loyalty ideologies would be most widely disseminated by the professional community. Five profiles are constructed and analyzed based on a cluster analysis of responses from 1,215 journalists.
A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the sa... more A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the same time the modern information environment requires different communicative competences from everyone. A comparison between EU communication and education policies reveals common elements, referring mostly to the individual’s ability to seek, choose, process, analyze, and evaluate the information he or she needs. The aim of this study is to propose a new integrated communications policy model and ...
The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically af... more The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically affecting the working environment of journalists and challenging their autonomy more than ever. This article focuses on how journalists in specific European countries perceive professional autonomy and analyzes the various factors that affect such autonomy. Continuity and discontinuity in journalism cultures are factors that can help us to understand the barriers to media independence and the occupational freedom of journalists. Periods of political and economic instability or crisis can bring about a break down in professional values, the loss of whole journalistic communities, and abrupt changes to journalistic practices, all of which have a detrimental impact on journalistic autonomy. Our analysis leads us to suggest that an integrated media policy should not focus solely on discrete elements observable within media systems and practices (such as ownership structures, public service bro...
Valeria Jakobson - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tart... more Valeria Jakobson - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: valeriajakobson@hotmail.comHalliki Harro-Loit - Head of the Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: Halliki.harro@ut.eeKadri Ugur - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: kadri.ugur@ut.eeKristina Veidenbaum - TV Journalist. E-mail: kristina.veidenbaum@gmail.comThis article endeavors to analyze how different the perceptions of young people from different ethnolinguistic groups in Estonia could be with respect to the same cultural television news; and how these differences correspond to the national identity. Could one actually speak of forming citizenship identity in the Estonian Republic at all?The study is somewhat experimental and is based on the materials from three focus groups. It has been established that Estonian and Russian teenagers are critical of how politicians interpret history in their own interests and how mass media helps to raise the conflict in a society. The event makers and events themselves in Estonian culture are regarded by young people from both ethnic groups as a part of Estonian history rather than Estonia as a nation. Estonian history is perceived by teenagers as something which belongs to Estonians as an ethnic group. At the same time, Russian-speaking teenagers perceive their ‘own’ history being transmitted through Russian channels and their families. In their ‘own’ history, what matters are the territorial and linguistic aspects. They know Estonian language and culture and are open to a dialog with Estonians, although only if the latter perceive them exactly as Russians in Estonia. It is thought too early to speak of any kind of single citizenship identity.
A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the sa... more A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the same time the modern information environment requires different communicative competences from everyone. A comparison between EU communication and education policies reveals common elements, referring mostly to the individual’s ability to seek, choose, process, analyze, and evaluate the information he or she needs. The aim of this study is to propose a new integrated communications policy model and ...
A distinction should be made between institutional media accountability and journal- istic accoun... more A distinction should be made between institutional media accountability and journal- istic accountability. Th e latter individualizes the accountability of media organizations and enables the public to see the individual journalist (with his own ideas, sense of moral values) instead of a homo- geneous mass that fi ts into the corporate journalistic system. Th is paper focuses on the possibilities accomplished by journalists' blogs: are these new instruments of accountability that enable individual journalists to highlight their personal moral sensitivity and open their information processing prac- tices to the public? Do Estonian journalists have enough incentives and autonomy to use weblogs as an opportunity to explain their professional decisions or even openly confront the editorial opinion? Th e analysis draws on 11 qualitative interviews conducted with Estonian journalists and editors. Th e fi ndings indicate that the fading interest in weblogs is not the main reason why personal blogs of professional journalists would not function as accountability instruments. Journalists seldom describe attitudes that would characterize the "socially responsible existentialist."
Time-shifting technologies have considerable implications for the media's role as a rhythm-ma... more Time-shifting technologies have considerable implications for the media's role as a rhythm-maker. Mobile devices enable people to fulfil, as well as take, pauses – the numerous moments or periods each day they use to look for news, chat, validate the data and post their own messages or images. The aim of the present study is to conceptualize pauses for media usage via empirical qualitative analysis of media-usage diaries of Estonian family members reported by diarists. We propose four types of media usage pauses: as a benchmark, as a respite, waiting for pause and cut-off from action. The concept of pause in media usage reveals the resources the media economy is struggling to attract: the audience's attention and time. Although these resources do have limits, the approach by pauses of media usage exposes the opportunities within lifestyles and job specifications to enable taking pauses that actually extend both the time and attention that people devote to media. Clever usage...
Eesti Haridusteaduste Ajakiri. Estonian Journal of Education
See uurimus analüüsib Eesti õpetaja arusaamu väärtustele keskenduvast dialoogilisest kommunikatsi... more See uurimus analüüsib Eesti õpetaja arusaamu väärtustele keskenduvast dialoogilisest kommunikatsioonist (VKDK) mitmekultuurilises õpikeskkonnas, keskendudes küsimusele, milliseid VKDK olukordi ja vajadusi märkavad mitmekultuurilise õpikeskkonna kogemusega õpetajad. Kultuuridevahelisi väärtusi puudutavad arutelud eeldavad vastastikust kuulamist ja mõistmist, mistõttu lähtub siinne uurimus teoreetiliselt dialoogilise kommunikatsiooni kontseptsioonist. Samast kontseptsioonist lähtub ka Tartu Ülikooli eetikakeskusese õpilaste mäng "Väärtuste avastajad", mille lisapakett on suunatud kultuuriliste väärtuste alaste arutelude algatamiseks ja juhtimiseks. Õpetajate arusaamu ja praktilisi kogemusi koguti poolstruktureeritud intervjuude kaudu. Valimi moodustavad üheksa TÜ eetikakeskuse ja Eesti Pagulasabi pagulus ja -rändeteemalises projektis osalenud õpetajat, kelle kogemuste refleksioon vaatleb nii VKDK praktikaid kui ka õpilaste mängu kasutamisel ilmnenud võimalusi ja piiranguid....
The average Estonian journalist is a woman in her early 40s and holds a university degree in jour... more The average Estonian journalist is a woman in her early 40s and holds a university degree in journalism or communication. Estonia is among the 19 countries (out of 66 surveyed countries) where majority of journalists are women. Of the 274 interviewed journalists, 160 were women, making for a proportion of 58.4 percent of the overall sample. On average, Estonian journalists were 40.94 years old (s=11.11), while half of the journalists were under 40 years old. 81.7 percent of the respondents held a university degree: 27.1 had Bachelor’s degree, 54.2 percent held Master’s degree, one respondent had a doctorate. Another 10.3 percent had undertaken some university studies but did not complete their studies. Of those respondents who held a university degree, 44.8 percent had specialized in journalism, 8.1 percent in communication and 3.2 percent in both journalism and communication.
This study addresses the question about which groups journalists in 12 European and two Arab coun... more This study addresses the question about which groups journalists in 12 European and two Arab countries feel that they are accountable to. In their daily work, journalists do not only face dilemmas about conflicting values, but they also have to make decisions about whose interests they should protect in the first instance. Academic scholarship has developed well argued discourses on pressure groups and conflicting interests, as well as on the various incentives that influence journalists' loyalties. The present study aims to empirically analyze journalists' accountability perceptions and discuss what kinds of loyalty ideologies would be most widely disseminated by the professional community. Five profiles are constructed and analyzed based on a cluster analysis of responses from 1,215 journalists.
A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the sa... more A media policy paradigm has shifted from a media to a communication-noriented approach. At the same time the modern information environment requires different communicative competences from everyone. A comparison between EU communication and education policies reveals common elements, referring mostly to the individual’s ability to seek, choose, process, analyze, and evaluate the information he or she needs. The aim of this study is to propose a new integrated communications policy model and ...
The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically af... more The current combination of economic recession and info-technological revolution is drastically affecting the working environment of journalists and challenging their autonomy more than ever. This article focuses on how journalists in specific European countries perceive professional autonomy and analyzes the various factors that affect such autonomy. Continuity and discontinuity in journalism cultures are factors that can help us to understand the barriers to media independence and the occupational freedom of journalists. Periods of political and economic instability or crisis can bring about a break down in professional values, the loss of whole journalistic communities, and abrupt changes to journalistic practices, all of which have a detrimental impact on journalistic autonomy. Our analysis leads us to suggest that an integrated media policy should not focus solely on discrete elements observable within media systems and practices (such as ownership structures, public service bro...
Valeria Jakobson - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tart... more Valeria Jakobson - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: valeriajakobson@hotmail.comHalliki Harro-Loit - Head of the Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: Halliki.harro@ut.eeKadri Ugur - Research Fellow, Institute of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu. Address: 18, Ulikooli, Tartu, 50090, Estonia. E-mail: kadri.ugur@ut.eeKristina Veidenbaum - TV Journalist. E-mail: kristina.veidenbaum@gmail.comThis article endeavors to analyze how different the perceptions of young people from different ethnolinguistic groups in Estonia could be with respect to the same cultural television news; and how these differences correspond to the national identity. Could one actually speak of forming citizenship identity in the Estonian Republic at all?The study is somewhat experimental and is based on the materials from three focus groups. It has been established that Estonian and Russian teenagers are critical of how politicians interpret history in their own interests and how mass media helps to raise the conflict in a society. The event makers and events themselves in Estonian culture are regarded by young people from both ethnic groups as a part of Estonian history rather than Estonia as a nation. Estonian history is perceived by teenagers as something which belongs to Estonians as an ethnic group. At the same time, Russian-speaking teenagers perceive their ‘own’ history being transmitted through Russian channels and their families. In their ‘own’ history, what matters are the territorial and linguistic aspects. They know Estonian language and culture and are open to a dialog with Estonians, although only if the latter perceive them exactly as Russians in Estonia. It is thought too early to speak of any kind of single citizenship identity.
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