Point 1 : In the introduction the author talked about the negative impacts of taxes, including th... more Point 1 : In the introduction the author talked about the negative impacts of taxes, including the consequence of unemployment. The authors mentioned some historical works and quotes. In this context it is worth mentioning the famous work of Ibn Khaldun (). Ibn Khaldun, in his renowned book "The Muqaddimah" or "The Introduction," discussed the negative effects of taxes. One of his notable observations was the inverse relationship between taxation and revenue over the lifespan of a dynasty. He stated, "At the beginning of a dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments." Ibn Khaldun's statement highlights a fundamental principle in economics known as the Laffer curve, which illustrates the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue. According to his analysis, during the early stages of a dynasty or a new regime, the tax burden on the population is relatively low. Consequently, individuals have a greater incentive to work, invest, and engage in economic activities. This increased economic activity leads to higher tax revenue despite the low tax rates. However, as the dynasty progresses and establishes its dominance, the tax burden tends to increase. Higher tax rates discourage productivity and economic participation among the population. People may be less motivated to work, innovate, or invest due to the heavy tax burden. This can result in a decline in economic output, leading to lower tax revenue despite the higher tax rates. Ibn Khaldun's observation suggests that excessive taxation, especially when accompanied by oppressive or exploitative practices, can have detrimental effects on economic growth, productivity, and overall prosperity. As tax assessments increase, individuals and businesses may resort to various strategies to avoid or evade taxes, leading to a decline in revenue for the ruling dynasty. Overall, Ibn Khaldun's insights serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that must be maintained in taxation policies. It emphasizes the importance of fair and reasonable taxation to foster economic growth, incentivize productivity, and ensure sustainable revenue generation for the state. Ibn Khaldun also discussed the problem of unemployment in his work "The Muqaddimah." He recognized that high levels
2018 4th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP)
Image authentication watermarking scheme can substantially solve the security of digital images t... more Image authentication watermarking scheme can substantially solve the security of digital images transmitted through insecure channel. In this paper we propose a semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication, localizing and recovering. The approximation sub-band of the second Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT), LL2 is used as recovery watermark while the fifth approximation sub-band LL5 is used as authentication and localizing watermark. The two watermarks are embedded into the first approximation sub-band LL1 using the Quantization Index Modulation (QIM). To reduce the size of the recovery watermark, Data Representation through Combination (DRC) is practically used. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can resist JPEG compression and give an acceptable estimation of the watermarked image even after the watermarked image has been tampered.
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics
In this paper, we propose a special design for energy recovery from used batteries into a renewab... more In this paper, we propose a special design for energy recovery from used batteries into a renewable power source. The proposed technique consists in designing and implementing proportional-integral (PI) and fuzzy-logic (FL) controllers to ensure a high ability of conversion. The suggested controllers are designed specially to adapt the dynamic aspect of the batteries' charge and discharge. To obtain the optimum residual energy, both methods are compared using MATLAB-Simulink. In our case, it turned out that the fuzzy-logic controller method improves the performance and the rapidity of the system.
2020 5th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP)
In real life, people treat with their interlocutors face-to-face. In virtual life, our interlocut... more In real life, people treat with their interlocutors face-to-face. In virtual life, our interlocutors are behind the walls of internet, and we do not whether they are human beings or programs. Thus, an issue of identity rises. Special attention is given to on-line banking since it is a delicate issue. We propose a hybrid software/hardware solution to overcome this problem of identity identification. The bank provides the client with a hardware device including a set of passwords. Each password is valid for only one on-line transaction. If a password is intercepted by an unauthorized person then it is useless. The password is entered by a device with a USB connector after a validation of the identity through fingerprints or other biometric measures. The concept has been validated by designing a USB card including a fingerprint reader.
2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)
In this work, we propose applying a non-linear strategy to estimate the novel synthetic intensity... more In this work, we propose applying a non-linear strategy to estimate the novel synthetic intensity component through a second-order polynomial regression analysis, such that it could be expressed as a linear combination of multispectral bands in addition to their weighted joint products. Details maps are, therefore, obtained as the residual between the panchromatic (PAN) and the novel synthetic intensity component. Indeed, the high-resolution Multispectral (MS) image is produced by transferring the details into the expanded multispectral bands. The quality improvements achievable by our proposal are evaluated by using two high resolution data sets collected by the WorldView-3 and WorldView-4 sensors. The performance of our proposed technique is clearly shown against the existing state-of-the-art pansharpening methods (especially with linear schemes) and particularly for multispectral channels with non-overlapping spectral wavelengths with respect to the PAN image.
2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, 2021
In this paper, a graph-based pan-sharpening technique is proposed which is processed on multiple ... more In this paper, a graph-based pan-sharpening technique is proposed which is processed on multiple regions defined as a graph-based superpixels generated from texture descriptor of PAN image. To this end, the PAN texture is to over-segmented into a set of superpixels, which are considered as initialization for the Region Adjacency Graph (RAG). Then, the fusion process is accomplished by inferring details into their corresponding up-sampled MS at feature level guided by the graph-based textural segmentation map. Our proposal has been evaluated using two datasets acquired by the WorldView-2 and WorldView-4 sensors. Its performance is clearly demonstrated in comparison with several state-of-the-art pansharpening methods both at pixel and region levels.
CO2 glass ablation technology provides a very high degree of flexibility in the design of optical... more CO2 glass ablation technology provides a very high degree of flexibility in the design of optical fiber sensors and optical probes for medical, sensing and industrial applications. In this paper, we review fabrication techniques for the design and manufacture of such devices, including diffusers, lensed fibers and cladding light strippers. We present an experimental characterization of the optical performance as well as a detailed description of the fabrication process for these devices.
Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The ... more Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out. Pretested well-designed questionnaires were distributed during the period from May to October 2014. Results: Parents of 1700 children out of 4000 have completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.5%, 1082 (63.6%) of them were male. Asthma prevalence among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%), but this was insignificant. Asthma prevalence was significantly higher among Saudi participants (14.4%) than non-Saudi (5.9%). Nature of residency, the presence of a plant or presence of pets at home had no significant effect on asthma prevalence. A smoking of family member and a history of asthma in the family had an important association on asthma prevalence rate. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was among the younger children (<3 years). Symptoms of asthma enhanced during exercise. The positive association between asthma and both cough and breathlessness was noted. Asthma had no effect on schools absenteeism, visiting or admission to hospitals. Body mass index had no effect on the prevalence of asthma. Conclusion: The asthma prevalence rate among children was 13.1%, whereas smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Future studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity.
Automated Enterprise Systems for Maximizing Business Performance
In this chapter, various aspects pertaining to the open operating system Android OS such as its h... more In this chapter, various aspects pertaining to the open operating system Android OS such as its history, architecture, features, and utility for business purposes will be introduced, following which the role of Android in enterprise management will be explained. The chapter will be concluded by a detailed report of the BYOD approach that uses Android for industrial control and automation. Since mobile devices have become progressively more powerful and accessible, mobile computing has greatly changed our daily lives. As one of the most popular mobile operating systems, Android provides the tools and API for Android developers to develop Android applications. Android is an open source operating system for mobile devices. Today its primary use is lodged in the mobile phone industry. During the recent past years, many projects have been created, with the objective to elevate Android to other platforms, such as sub-notebooks or embedded systems.
2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015
Since the emergence of smartphones, there is a noticeable shift in our daily lives from desktop u... more Since the emergence of smartphones, there is a noticeable shift in our daily lives from desktop use to mobile use while maintaining interactivity, improving the use of these devices. Mobile gaming is an area that can provide a very personalized way to enjoy life for smartphone users. Today, while smart devices have the ability to recognize facial expressions, robust recognition of facial expressions in real time remains a challenge due to difficulties in accurately extracting the most pertinent emotional characteristics. A valuable objective is to define a computerized system facilitating the design and implementation of behavior detection on mobile devices for various applications. Our work aims to detect emotions through the face recognition of a smartphone user in order to synthesize his behavior while playing.
2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2014
This paper presents a robust object tracking method based on the methodologies of statistical tex... more This paper presents a robust object tracking method based on the methodologies of statistical texture analysis of 2D images based on the theory of monogenic signal analysis, jointed with the color histogram. This novel feature extraction method is embedded thereafter in the mean shift framework. Compared with methods of state-of-the-art mean shift trackers, this method proves to be more discriminant and less sensitive to noise. The experimental results proved that our proposed method can achieve robust tracking performances in complex situations with fewer mean shift iterations.
ABSTRACT This paper is a presentation of array illuminators based on diffractive optical elements... more ABSTRACT This paper is a presentation of array illuminators based on diffractive optical elements. These devices are among the most commonly used nowadays. Particular attention is paid to three of them: Dammann gratings and similar elements, Talbot illuminators and lenslet arrays. Although they are very close in terms of design and fabrication, they differ, by the diffraction regimes in which they operate. Therefore, we emphasize this peculiarity which results from the properties of the respective diffraction regimes and we show how the choice of an array illuminator is mainly dependent on the application requirements.
Educational institutions pay careful attention to the design of program curricula, which represen... more Educational institutions pay careful attention to the design of program curricula, which represent a framework to meet institutional goals and missions. Of course, the success of any institution depends highly on the quality of its program curriculum. The development of such a curriculum and, more importantly, the evaluation of its quality are complex and time-consuming processes. This traditional approach requires many cumbersome manual iterations, making it a long and error-prone process. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a new curriculum support engine as an alternative approach. The proposed curriculum support engine is a Web-based application that helps in designing any program curriculum in real time. The engine incorporates several important features, allowing the verification of the proposed curriculum coherence and the generation of statistics necessary for academic and accreditation purposes. Useful viewing and editing tools are also provided. The proposed curriculum support engine is flexible and allows additional criteria that the curriculum designer can specify to be incorporated. In particular, the engine covers the Accreditation of Canadian Engineering Programs (CEAB), the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), and the Commission of Academic Accreditation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of UAE (CAA-UAE).
The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2008
In image processing, the Wavelet Transform (WT) is largely used. However, time requirements for l... more In image processing, the Wavelet Transform (WT) is largely used. However, time requirements for large two-dimensional image transforms are hard to meet with sequential implementations. Parallel implementation decreases the processing time and allows to reach a real-time operation in image coding. Unfortunately, this parallel coding increases the hardware complexity. We propose an optical implementation of the JPEG2000 compression using a special implementation of the WT. Special attention is paid to propose a simple all optical setup carrying out the optical implementation of JPEG2000 compression for gray-level images. Finally, an adaptation of our technique to colored images is proposed.
Point 1 : In the introduction the author talked about the negative impacts of taxes, including th... more Point 1 : In the introduction the author talked about the negative impacts of taxes, including the consequence of unemployment. The authors mentioned some historical works and quotes. In this context it is worth mentioning the famous work of Ibn Khaldun (). Ibn Khaldun, in his renowned book "The Muqaddimah" or "The Introduction," discussed the negative effects of taxes. One of his notable observations was the inverse relationship between taxation and revenue over the lifespan of a dynasty. He stated, "At the beginning of a dynasty, taxation yields a large revenue from small assessments. At the end of the dynasty, taxation yields a small revenue from large assessments." Ibn Khaldun's statement highlights a fundamental principle in economics known as the Laffer curve, which illustrates the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue. According to his analysis, during the early stages of a dynasty or a new regime, the tax burden on the population is relatively low. Consequently, individuals have a greater incentive to work, invest, and engage in economic activities. This increased economic activity leads to higher tax revenue despite the low tax rates. However, as the dynasty progresses and establishes its dominance, the tax burden tends to increase. Higher tax rates discourage productivity and economic participation among the population. People may be less motivated to work, innovate, or invest due to the heavy tax burden. This can result in a decline in economic output, leading to lower tax revenue despite the higher tax rates. Ibn Khaldun's observation suggests that excessive taxation, especially when accompanied by oppressive or exploitative practices, can have detrimental effects on economic growth, productivity, and overall prosperity. As tax assessments increase, individuals and businesses may resort to various strategies to avoid or evade taxes, leading to a decline in revenue for the ruling dynasty. Overall, Ibn Khaldun's insights serve as a reminder of the delicate balance that must be maintained in taxation policies. It emphasizes the importance of fair and reasonable taxation to foster economic growth, incentivize productivity, and ensure sustainable revenue generation for the state. Ibn Khaldun also discussed the problem of unemployment in his work "The Muqaddimah." He recognized that high levels
2018 4th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP)
Image authentication watermarking scheme can substantially solve the security of digital images t... more Image authentication watermarking scheme can substantially solve the security of digital images transmitted through insecure channel. In this paper we propose a semi-fragile watermarking scheme for image authentication, localizing and recovering. The approximation sub-band of the second Discrete Wavelet Transformation (DWT), LL2 is used as recovery watermark while the fifth approximation sub-band LL5 is used as authentication and localizing watermark. The two watermarks are embedded into the first approximation sub-band LL1 using the Quantization Index Modulation (QIM). To reduce the size of the recovery watermark, Data Representation through Combination (DRC) is practically used. The experimental results show that our proposed algorithm can resist JPEG compression and give an acceptable estimation of the watermarked image even after the watermarked image has been tampered.
International Journal of Intelligent Engineering Informatics
In this paper, we propose a special design for energy recovery from used batteries into a renewab... more In this paper, we propose a special design for energy recovery from used batteries into a renewable power source. The proposed technique consists in designing and implementing proportional-integral (PI) and fuzzy-logic (FL) controllers to ensure a high ability of conversion. The suggested controllers are designed specially to adapt the dynamic aspect of the batteries' charge and discharge. To obtain the optimum residual energy, both methods are compared using MATLAB-Simulink. In our case, it turned out that the fuzzy-logic controller method improves the performance and the rapidity of the system.
2020 5th International Conference on Advanced Technologies for Signal and Image Processing (ATSIP)
In real life, people treat with their interlocutors face-to-face. In virtual life, our interlocut... more In real life, people treat with their interlocutors face-to-face. In virtual life, our interlocutors are behind the walls of internet, and we do not whether they are human beings or programs. Thus, an issue of identity rises. Special attention is given to on-line banking since it is a delicate issue. We propose a hybrid software/hardware solution to overcome this problem of identity identification. The bank provides the client with a hardware device including a set of passwords. Each password is valid for only one on-line transaction. If a password is intercepted by an unauthorized person then it is useless. The password is entered by a device with a USB connector after a validation of the identity through fingerprints or other biometric measures. The concept has been validated by designing a USB card including a fingerprint reader.
2021 International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (IWCMC)
In this work, we propose applying a non-linear strategy to estimate the novel synthetic intensity... more In this work, we propose applying a non-linear strategy to estimate the novel synthetic intensity component through a second-order polynomial regression analysis, such that it could be expressed as a linear combination of multispectral bands in addition to their weighted joint products. Details maps are, therefore, obtained as the residual between the panchromatic (PAN) and the novel synthetic intensity component. Indeed, the high-resolution Multispectral (MS) image is produced by transferring the details into the expanded multispectral bands. The quality improvements achievable by our proposal are evaluated by using two high resolution data sets collected by the WorldView-3 and WorldView-4 sensors. The performance of our proposed technique is clearly shown against the existing state-of-the-art pansharpening methods (especially with linear schemes) and particularly for multispectral channels with non-overlapping spectral wavelengths with respect to the PAN image.
2021 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS, 2021
In this paper, a graph-based pan-sharpening technique is proposed which is processed on multiple ... more In this paper, a graph-based pan-sharpening technique is proposed which is processed on multiple regions defined as a graph-based superpixels generated from texture descriptor of PAN image. To this end, the PAN texture is to over-segmented into a set of superpixels, which are considered as initialization for the Region Adjacency Graph (RAG). Then, the fusion process is accomplished by inferring details into their corresponding up-sampled MS at feature level guided by the graph-based textural segmentation map. Our proposal has been evaluated using two datasets acquired by the WorldView-2 and WorldView-4 sensors. Its performance is clearly demonstrated in comparison with several state-of-the-art pansharpening methods both at pixel and region levels.
CO2 glass ablation technology provides a very high degree of flexibility in the design of optical... more CO2 glass ablation technology provides a very high degree of flexibility in the design of optical fiber sensors and optical probes for medical, sensing and industrial applications. In this paper, we review fabrication techniques for the design and manufacture of such devices, including diffusers, lensed fibers and cladding light strippers. We present an experimental characterization of the optical performance as well as a detailed description of the fabrication process for these devices.
Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The ... more Background: The prevalence of asthma has increased considerably in the last few years. Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asthma and its related risk factors among children in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was carried out. Pretested well-designed questionnaires were distributed during the period from May to October 2014. Results: Parents of 1700 children out of 4000 have completed the questionnaire with a response rate of 42.5%, 1082 (63.6%) of them were male. Asthma prevalence among girls (14.4%) was higher than boys (12.4%), but this was insignificant. Asthma prevalence was significantly higher among Saudi participants (14.4%) than non-Saudi (5.9%). Nature of residency, the presence of a plant or presence of pets at home had no significant effect on asthma prevalence. A smoking of family member and a history of asthma in the family had an important association on asthma prevalence rate. The highest prevalence of asthma (29.7%) was among the younger children (<3 years). Symptoms of asthma enhanced during exercise. The positive association between asthma and both cough and breathlessness was noted. Asthma had no effect on schools absenteeism, visiting or admission to hospitals. Body mass index had no effect on the prevalence of asthma. Conclusion: The asthma prevalence rate among children was 13.1%, whereas smoking and a history of asthma in the family increased this rate. Future studies are recommended to investigate asthma prevalence based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis to explore the link between asthma and obesity.
Automated Enterprise Systems for Maximizing Business Performance
In this chapter, various aspects pertaining to the open operating system Android OS such as its h... more In this chapter, various aspects pertaining to the open operating system Android OS such as its history, architecture, features, and utility for business purposes will be introduced, following which the role of Android in enterprise management will be explained. The chapter will be concluded by a detailed report of the BYOD approach that uses Android for industrial control and automation. Since mobile devices have become progressively more powerful and accessible, mobile computing has greatly changed our daily lives. As one of the most popular mobile operating systems, Android provides the tools and API for Android developers to develop Android applications. Android is an open source operating system for mobile devices. Today its primary use is lodged in the mobile phone industry. During the recent past years, many projects have been created, with the objective to elevate Android to other platforms, such as sub-notebooks or embedded systems.
2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015
Since the emergence of smartphones, there is a noticeable shift in our daily lives from desktop u... more Since the emergence of smartphones, there is a noticeable shift in our daily lives from desktop use to mobile use while maintaining interactivity, improving the use of these devices. Mobile gaming is an area that can provide a very personalized way to enjoy life for smartphone users. Today, while smart devices have the ability to recognize facial expressions, robust recognition of facial expressions in real time remains a challenge due to difficulties in accurately extracting the most pertinent emotional characteristics. A valuable objective is to define a computerized system facilitating the design and implementation of behavior detection on mobile devices for various applications. Our work aims to detect emotions through the face recognition of a smartphone user in order to synthesize his behavior while playing.
2014 22nd International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2014
This paper presents a robust object tracking method based on the methodologies of statistical tex... more This paper presents a robust object tracking method based on the methodologies of statistical texture analysis of 2D images based on the theory of monogenic signal analysis, jointed with the color histogram. This novel feature extraction method is embedded thereafter in the mean shift framework. Compared with methods of state-of-the-art mean shift trackers, this method proves to be more discriminant and less sensitive to noise. The experimental results proved that our proposed method can achieve robust tracking performances in complex situations with fewer mean shift iterations.
ABSTRACT This paper is a presentation of array illuminators based on diffractive optical elements... more ABSTRACT This paper is a presentation of array illuminators based on diffractive optical elements. These devices are among the most commonly used nowadays. Particular attention is paid to three of them: Dammann gratings and similar elements, Talbot illuminators and lenslet arrays. Although they are very close in terms of design and fabrication, they differ, by the diffraction regimes in which they operate. Therefore, we emphasize this peculiarity which results from the properties of the respective diffraction regimes and we show how the choice of an array illuminator is mainly dependent on the application requirements.
Educational institutions pay careful attention to the design of program curricula, which represen... more Educational institutions pay careful attention to the design of program curricula, which represent a framework to meet institutional goals and missions. Of course, the success of any institution depends highly on the quality of its program curriculum. The development of such a curriculum and, more importantly, the evaluation of its quality are complex and time-consuming processes. This traditional approach requires many cumbersome manual iterations, making it a long and error-prone process. To overcome these problems, this paper proposes a new curriculum support engine as an alternative approach. The proposed curriculum support engine is a Web-based application that helps in designing any program curriculum in real time. The engine incorporates several important features, allowing the verification of the proposed curriculum coherence and the generation of statistics necessary for academic and accreditation purposes. Useful viewing and editing tools are also provided. The proposed curriculum support engine is flexible and allows additional criteria that the curriculum designer can specify to be incorporated. In particular, the engine covers the Accreditation of Canadian Engineering Programs (CEAB), the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), and the Commission of Academic Accreditation of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research of UAE (CAA-UAE).
The European Physical Journal Applied Physics, 2008
In image processing, the Wavelet Transform (WT) is largely used. However, time requirements for l... more In image processing, the Wavelet Transform (WT) is largely used. However, time requirements for large two-dimensional image transforms are hard to meet with sequential implementations. Parallel implementation decreases the processing time and allows to reach a real-time operation in image coding. Unfortunately, this parallel coding increases the hardware complexity. We propose an optical implementation of the JPEG2000 compression using a special implementation of the WT. Special attention is paid to propose a simple all optical setup carrying out the optical implementation of JPEG2000 compression for gray-level images. Finally, an adaptation of our technique to colored images is proposed.
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Papers by Habib Hamam