Drugs with complex pharmacology are used in the management of drug use disorder (DUD) and HIV/AID... more Drugs with complex pharmacology are used in the management of drug use disorder (DUD) and HIV/AIDS in Malaysia and in parts of South-East Asia. Their multiethnic populations suggest complexity due to the genetic polymorphism, such as CYP2B6 that metabolizes methadone and anti-retroviral. Our aim was to explore the genetic polymorphism of CYP2B6 among Malays, Chinese, Indians, and opiate-dependent individuals in Malaysia. The study utilized DNA from our previous studies on CYPs and new recruitments from opiate-dependent individuals. For the new recruitment, after obtaining consent and baseline demography, 5 ml blood was obtained from patients attending methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) Clinics. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard methods. 10 nucleotide changes associated with CYP2B6*10, CYP2B6*2, CYP2B6*17, CYP2B6*11, CYP2B6*8, CYP2B6*14, CYP2B6*9, CYP2B6*4, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*27, and CYP2B6*20 were determined using multiplex nested allele-specific PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic data. Differences in allele frequencies between populations were tested using Chi-squared test and were corrected using the Bonferroni test. CYP2B6 polymorphism in Malaysia is variable with trends that suggest an ethnic difference. Reduced activity CYP2B6*6 occurred in 13% to 26% among Malays, Chinese, Indians and opiate-dependent individuals. Another 'reduced activity', CYP2B6*2 allele, was found at much lower percentages in the groups. The relative commonness of reduced-activity CYP2B6 alleles in our study called for attention in terms of dosage requirements for MMT and ARV in Malaysia. It also implored follow-up association studies to determine its relevance and consequences in personalized medicine for drug use disorder and HIV/AIDS.
The writer studied Freedom Writers-Film as the object of research. This research was focused on a... more The writer studied Freedom Writers-Film as the object of research. This research was focused on analyzing the character of Erin Gruwell by using the descriptive qualitative method and psychological approach especially Hierarchy Needs Theory. This research aimed to know how Erin Gruwell reaches her selfactualization needs by being a teacher at Wilson High School. In this research, the writer concluded that Erin Gruwell had fulfilled five grades of Hierarchy of Need as Abraham H. Maslow proposed. The five grade needs were physiological need, safety need, love and belonging need, self-esteem need and self-actualization need. And the writer found that the main motive of Erin to help her students was the self-actualization need. She felt happiness and her life meaningful when she helped and dedicated her life to her student
Penyelidikan yang dijalankan ini adalah bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan penghasilan Kepuk Pusara m... more Penyelidikan yang dijalankan ini adalah bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan penghasilan Kepuk Pusara melalui videografik.Kepuk Pusara merupakan sesuatu yang penting kepada masyarakat Melayu dan Islam.Kepuk Pusara merupakan sesebuah penanda bagi menandakan sesebuah kubur.Hal yang demikian kerana Kepuk Pusara ini mempunyai nilai-nilai yang murni patut kita ketahui.Kewujudan warisan ini juga melambangkan budaya dan tradisi sesuatu tempat.Ramai yang sudah tahu kewujudan Kepuk Pusara ini.Namun begitu masih ada yang belum mengetahui cara penghasilan Kepuk Pusara.Oleh itu,bagi menyampaikan informasi ini ke tahap yang lebih tinggi,videografik akan digunakan sebagai medium penyampaian dan ini akan memberi maklumat tentang penghasilan Kepuk Pusara.Teori minimalism juga digunakan sebagai cara pergerakan grafik didalam videografik : Kepuk Pusara ini.Hal ini kerana,videografik mampu menarik minat audiens memandangkan ianya melibatkan gabungan elemen-elemen reka bentuk yang terdiri daripada video,anim...
In order to identify the functional structure as well as new active variants of the trans-acting ... more In order to identify the functional structure as well as new active variants of the trans-acting genomic ribozyme of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV), we applied an in vitro selection procedure. After 10 generations, a randomized pool of trans-acting ribozymes accumulated in which the secondary structure of each ribozyme confirmed to the pseudoknot model and important bases in single-stranded regions were all conserved. We were surprised that mutated ribozymes derived from genomic sequence were changed to anti-genomic-like sequences. Further investigations of the most active variant confirmed that each mutated base was the most appropriate nucleotide at every position of HDV ribozyme.
This study builds on and contributes to work in the area of educational epistemology and feminist... more This study builds on and contributes to work in the area of educational epistemology and feminist theory. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper perception of the potential role which feminist thought can continue to play within the educational context. To advance this critical exploration, I endeavour to provide a tolerably coherent account of the dominant epistemological framework within which many feminist presumptions have emerged. Given that it is popularly believed that the goals of feminism have been met and thus that feminism, especially in the educational context, is no longer such a pressing issue, I seek to demonstrate why such considerations are still applicable in the so-called ‘post-feminist’ era. One of my central objectives in this thesis will be to urge strongly that this is a temptation to be resisted, and I try to show why we should do so. Although the feminist movement has done a great deal to advance the cause of the emancipation of women, a close examina...
Drugs with complex pharmacology are used in the management of drug use disorder (DUD) and HIV/AID... more Drugs with complex pharmacology are used in the management of drug use disorder (DUD) and HIV/AIDS in Malaysia and in parts of South-East Asia. Their multiethnic populations suggest complexity due to the genetic polymorphism, such as CYP2B6 that metabolizes methadone and anti-retroviral. Our aim was to explore the genetic polymorphism of CYP2B6 among Malays, Chinese, Indians, and opiate-dependent individuals in Malaysia. The study utilized DNA from our previous studies on CYPs and new recruitments from opiate-dependent individuals. For the new recruitment, after obtaining consent and baseline demography, 5 ml blood was obtained from patients attending methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) Clinics. Genomic DNA was extracted using standard methods. 10 nucleotide changes associated with CYP2B6*10, CYP2B6*2, CYP2B6*17, CYP2B6*11, CYP2B6*8, CYP2B6*14, CYP2B6*9, CYP2B6*4, CYP2B6*6, CYP2B6*27, and CYP2B6*20 were determined using multiplex nested allele-specific PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic data. Differences in allele frequencies between populations were tested using Chi-squared test and were corrected using the Bonferroni test. CYP2B6 polymorphism in Malaysia is variable with trends that suggest an ethnic difference. Reduced activity CYP2B6*6 occurred in 13% to 26% among Malays, Chinese, Indians and opiate-dependent individuals. Another 'reduced activity', CYP2B6*2 allele, was found at much lower percentages in the groups. The relative commonness of reduced-activity CYP2B6 alleles in our study called for attention in terms of dosage requirements for MMT and ARV in Malaysia. It also implored follow-up association studies to determine its relevance and consequences in personalized medicine for drug use disorder and HIV/AIDS.
The writer studied Freedom Writers-Film as the object of research. This research was focused on a... more The writer studied Freedom Writers-Film as the object of research. This research was focused on analyzing the character of Erin Gruwell by using the descriptive qualitative method and psychological approach especially Hierarchy Needs Theory. This research aimed to know how Erin Gruwell reaches her selfactualization needs by being a teacher at Wilson High School. In this research, the writer concluded that Erin Gruwell had fulfilled five grades of Hierarchy of Need as Abraham H. Maslow proposed. The five grade needs were physiological need, safety need, love and belonging need, self-esteem need and self-actualization need. And the writer found that the main motive of Erin to help her students was the self-actualization need. She felt happiness and her life meaningful when she helped and dedicated her life to her student
Penyelidikan yang dijalankan ini adalah bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan penghasilan Kepuk Pusara m... more Penyelidikan yang dijalankan ini adalah bertujuan untuk memperkenalkan penghasilan Kepuk Pusara melalui videografik.Kepuk Pusara merupakan sesuatu yang penting kepada masyarakat Melayu dan Islam.Kepuk Pusara merupakan sesebuah penanda bagi menandakan sesebuah kubur.Hal yang demikian kerana Kepuk Pusara ini mempunyai nilai-nilai yang murni patut kita ketahui.Kewujudan warisan ini juga melambangkan budaya dan tradisi sesuatu tempat.Ramai yang sudah tahu kewujudan Kepuk Pusara ini.Namun begitu masih ada yang belum mengetahui cara penghasilan Kepuk Pusara.Oleh itu,bagi menyampaikan informasi ini ke tahap yang lebih tinggi,videografik akan digunakan sebagai medium penyampaian dan ini akan memberi maklumat tentang penghasilan Kepuk Pusara.Teori minimalism juga digunakan sebagai cara pergerakan grafik didalam videografik : Kepuk Pusara ini.Hal ini kerana,videografik mampu menarik minat audiens memandangkan ianya melibatkan gabungan elemen-elemen reka bentuk yang terdiri daripada video,anim...
In order to identify the functional structure as well as new active variants of the trans-acting ... more In order to identify the functional structure as well as new active variants of the trans-acting genomic ribozyme of human hepatitis delta virus (HDV), we applied an in vitro selection procedure. After 10 generations, a randomized pool of trans-acting ribozymes accumulated in which the secondary structure of each ribozyme confirmed to the pseudoknot model and important bases in single-stranded regions were all conserved. We were surprised that mutated ribozymes derived from genomic sequence were changed to anti-genomic-like sequences. Further investigations of the most active variant confirmed that each mutated base was the most appropriate nucleotide at every position of HDV ribozyme.
This study builds on and contributes to work in the area of educational epistemology and feminist... more This study builds on and contributes to work in the area of educational epistemology and feminist theory. The aim of this thesis is to provide a deeper perception of the potential role which feminist thought can continue to play within the educational context. To advance this critical exploration, I endeavour to provide a tolerably coherent account of the dominant epistemological framework within which many feminist presumptions have emerged. Given that it is popularly believed that the goals of feminism have been met and thus that feminism, especially in the educational context, is no longer such a pressing issue, I seek to demonstrate why such considerations are still applicable in the so-called ‘post-feminist’ era. One of my central objectives in this thesis will be to urge strongly that this is a temptation to be resisted, and I try to show why we should do so. Although the feminist movement has done a great deal to advance the cause of the emancipation of women, a close examina...
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