Equine filariosis (EF) is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by nematode species belonging t... more Equine filariosis (EF) is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by nematode species belonging to the Onchocercidae and Setariidae families. Aside from their zoonotic potential, some species are responsible for serious health problems in equids worldwide, leading to significant economic difficulties. Here, we molecularly investigated equine blood samples (320 horses and 109 donkeys from Egypt) and four adult worms isolated from the peritoneal cavity of 5 out of the 94 slaughtered donkeys. In addition, quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) targeting circulating cytokines were used to identify whether the immunological profile of the infected animals is a Th1 (i.e., INF-gamma as indicator) or Th2 (i.e., IL-5 and IL-10 as indicators) response type. Overall, 13.8% and 0.3% of the donkeys and horses, respectively, were scored as positive for filaroid DNA. The 18S phylogeny revealed the occurrence of three different filaroid species, identified here as Mansonella (Tetrapetalon...
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that infect domestic animals, humans, and wildlife... more Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that infect domestic animals, humans, and wildlife. Ticks can transmit a wide range of pathogens (viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, parasites, etc.), and some of those are of zoonotic importance. Tick-borne diseases have a negative economic impact in several tropical and subtropical countries. With climate change, tick distribution and tick-associated pathogens have increased. Currently, tick control procedures have more environmental drawbacks and there are pitfalls in vaccination process. Since vaccinations have helped to prevent several diseases and infections, several vaccination trials are ongoing to control ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, autoimmune reactions to vaccinations are reported as an adverse reaction since vaccines were used to protect against disease in humans and animals. The antibodies against the vaccine antigen might harm similar antigen in the host. Therefore, in this chapter, we attempt to shed light on the ...
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Features of the BcSBP4 protein: the BcSBP4 was predicted to be secr... more Additional file 2: Figure S1. Features of the BcSBP4 protein: the BcSBP4 was predicted to be secreted. The location of the predicted signal peptide and the regions containing the two peptides selected for antibody production are indicated by a green rectangle. The predictions were performed using online software at http://wlab.ethz.ch/protter .
Additional file 6: Figure S5. Specificity of the anti BcSBP4 peptide rabbit antibodies: western b... more Additional file 6: Figure S5. Specificity of the anti BcSBP4 peptide rabbit antibodies: western blot analysis against (i) normal horse RBC lysate, (ii) B. caballi-infected RBC lysate, (iii) recombinant B. caballi Spb4 and (iv) recombinant B. bovis Hap2 using serum indicated above. Abbreviation: M, size markers.
Additional file 5: Figure S4. a Anti-histidin antibodies recognize a 37 kDa antigen in a cell lys... more Additional file 5: Figure S4. a Anti-histidin antibodies recognize a 37 kDa antigen in a cell lysate of recombinant E. coli transformed with TOPO® TA plasmid containing the full-length Bcsbp4 gene. Lane 1: (+ ve) cultures induced with L-Arabinose; Lane 2: (- ve) non-Arabinose induced cultures. b Specific recognition of rBcSBP4 protein by B. caballi positive serum in ELISA (a 1:100 dilution of serum was serially diluted by two-fold) using: serum from an equid derived from a horse experimentally infected with B. caballi (blue columns); field horse positive for B. caballi infection (orange columns); and horse that tested negative to infection with B. caballi (grey columns).
Additional file 3: Figure S2. a Sequence alignment among the deduced SBP-4 amino acid sequences f... more Additional file 3: Figure S2. a Sequence alignment among the deduced SBP-4 amino acid sequences from Egypt and USA B. caballi isolates (1, 2) and SBP4 from Babesia bovis (3). Consensus sequences are shown in the bottom row. bIn silico prediction of trans-membrane domains and signal peptides in Egyptian B. caballi SBP-4 using TMHMM2.
Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Echino... more Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm infect different intermediate hosts including sheep, cattle, and camels. The intermediate host's immune response to the hydatid cyst is still conflict and complex. The current study was designed to evaluate the immune response in sera of hydatid naturally infected sheep, cattle, and camels in the form of features of inflammatory cell infiltrations, levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, besides the humoral specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine sheep, 74 cattle, and 79 camels' sera were collected and considered as CE naturally infected and ten samples from each species were graded as non-infected. Lung specimens were collected for histopathological examination. The quantitative concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined. Different antigens were prepared from hydatid cys...
Setaria equina (S. equina) is a filarial worm that exists in peritoneal cavity of equines. This s... more Setaria equina (S. equina) is a filarial worm that exists in peritoneal cavity of equines. This study aimed to evaluate cytokine mediators tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in spontaneously S. equina infected and non-infected donkeys with emphasis on choosing the best antigen that could be used in diagnosis of such filarial infection. A total of 87 donkeys were examined. Two S. equina antigens: crude somatic S. equina antigen (CSS) and excretory secretory S. equina antigen (ESS) were prepared. They were evaluated in diagnosis of the infection using indirect ELISA and electrophoretically characterised through sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting technique. The results indicated that both TNF-α and IL-4 in the serum of infected donkeys were significantly higher compared with the non-infected group at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively. However, the IL-4 level of infe...
Equine filariosis (EF) is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by nematode species belonging t... more Equine filariosis (EF) is a neglected vector-borne disease caused by nematode species belonging to the Onchocercidae and Setariidae families. Aside from their zoonotic potential, some species are responsible for serious health problems in equids worldwide, leading to significant economic difficulties. Here, we molecularly investigated equine blood samples (320 horses and 109 donkeys from Egypt) and four adult worms isolated from the peritoneal cavity of 5 out of the 94 slaughtered donkeys. In addition, quantitative enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) targeting circulating cytokines were used to identify whether the immunological profile of the infected animals is a Th1 (i.e., INF-gamma as indicator) or Th2 (i.e., IL-5 and IL-10 as indicators) response type. Overall, 13.8% and 0.3% of the donkeys and horses, respectively, were scored as positive for filaroid DNA. The 18S phylogeny revealed the occurrence of three different filaroid species, identified here as Mansonella (Tetrapetalon...
Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that infect domestic animals, humans, and wildlife... more Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that infect domestic animals, humans, and wildlife. Ticks can transmit a wide range of pathogens (viruses, rickettsia, bacteria, parasites, etc.), and some of those are of zoonotic importance. Tick-borne diseases have a negative economic impact in several tropical and subtropical countries. With climate change, tick distribution and tick-associated pathogens have increased. Currently, tick control procedures have more environmental drawbacks and there are pitfalls in vaccination process. Since vaccinations have helped to prevent several diseases and infections, several vaccination trials are ongoing to control ticks and tick-borne pathogens. However, autoimmune reactions to vaccinations are reported as an adverse reaction since vaccines were used to protect against disease in humans and animals. The antibodies against the vaccine antigen might harm similar antigen in the host. Therefore, in this chapter, we attempt to shed light on the ...
Additional file 2: Figure S1. Features of the BcSBP4 protein: the BcSBP4 was predicted to be secr... more Additional file 2: Figure S1. Features of the BcSBP4 protein: the BcSBP4 was predicted to be secreted. The location of the predicted signal peptide and the regions containing the two peptides selected for antibody production are indicated by a green rectangle. The predictions were performed using online software at http://wlab.ethz.ch/protter .
Additional file 6: Figure S5. Specificity of the anti BcSBP4 peptide rabbit antibodies: western b... more Additional file 6: Figure S5. Specificity of the anti BcSBP4 peptide rabbit antibodies: western blot analysis against (i) normal horse RBC lysate, (ii) B. caballi-infected RBC lysate, (iii) recombinant B. caballi Spb4 and (iv) recombinant B. bovis Hap2 using serum indicated above. Abbreviation: M, size markers.
Additional file 5: Figure S4. a Anti-histidin antibodies recognize a 37 kDa antigen in a cell lys... more Additional file 5: Figure S4. a Anti-histidin antibodies recognize a 37 kDa antigen in a cell lysate of recombinant E. coli transformed with TOPO® TA plasmid containing the full-length Bcsbp4 gene. Lane 1: (+ ve) cultures induced with L-Arabinose; Lane 2: (- ve) non-Arabinose induced cultures. b Specific recognition of rBcSBP4 protein by B. caballi positive serum in ELISA (a 1:100 dilution of serum was serially diluted by two-fold) using: serum from an equid derived from a horse experimentally infected with B. caballi (blue columns); field horse positive for B. caballi infection (orange columns); and horse that tested negative to infection with B. caballi (grey columns).
Additional file 3: Figure S2. a Sequence alignment among the deduced SBP-4 amino acid sequences f... more Additional file 3: Figure S2. a Sequence alignment among the deduced SBP-4 amino acid sequences from Egypt and USA B. caballi isolates (1, 2) and SBP4 from Babesia bovis (3). Consensus sequences are shown in the bottom row. bIn silico prediction of trans-membrane domains and signal peptides in Egyptian B. caballi SBP-4 using TMHMM2.
Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Echino... more Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm infect different intermediate hosts including sheep, cattle, and camels. The intermediate host's immune response to the hydatid cyst is still conflict and complex. The current study was designed to evaluate the immune response in sera of hydatid naturally infected sheep, cattle, and camels in the form of features of inflammatory cell infiltrations, levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, besides the humoral specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine sheep, 74 cattle, and 79 camels' sera were collected and considered as CE naturally infected and ten samples from each species were graded as non-infected. Lung specimens were collected for histopathological examination. The quantitative concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined. Different antigens were prepared from hydatid cys...
Setaria equina (S. equina) is a filarial worm that exists in peritoneal cavity of equines. This s... more Setaria equina (S. equina) is a filarial worm that exists in peritoneal cavity of equines. This study aimed to evaluate cytokine mediators tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in spontaneously S. equina infected and non-infected donkeys with emphasis on choosing the best antigen that could be used in diagnosis of such filarial infection. A total of 87 donkeys were examined. Two S. equina antigens: crude somatic S. equina antigen (CSS) and excretory secretory S. equina antigen (ESS) were prepared. They were evaluated in diagnosis of the infection using indirect ELISA and electrophoretically characterised through sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and western blotting technique. The results indicated that both TNF-α and IL-4 in the serum of infected donkeys were significantly higher compared with the non-infected group at P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively. However, the IL-4 level of infe...
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