The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characteri... more The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characterized in mice models of obesity. In order to study the hemodynamics of these models at rest and during sensory stimulation, we have developed a multi exposure speckle imaging system. It allows wide field superficial imaging of blood flow of the mice cortex. We have characterized the performances of the system using microfluidic phantoms. The capacity of the technique to retrieve accurate relative flow values was studied as a function of the diameter of vessels and the scatterers concentration. New biological data have been obtained in mice models of obesity (high fat diet mice) at rest and under sensory activation.
In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for ima... more In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for imaging cerebral blood flow at the rodent brain surface in vivo. The technique relies on the calculation of the spatial speckle contrast, which is related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The implementation of the technique requires a partial craniotomy so that the brain tissues of interest can be illuminated with a laser diode. However, the studies of changes in the microcirculation during disease progression or treatment require longitudinal studies (i.e. imaging is done repeatedly over weeks or even months). Practically, the less invasive way to obtain such data is to image through the thinned skull without a craniotomy. However the presence of static scatterers (skull) will affect the speckle calculation and produce a bias in the estimation of the microcirculation changes. An extension to LSCI, termed Multi-Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) was proposed and validated a few years ago that address these limitations. It relies on a model of the speckle contrast as a function of the exposure time and the proportion of static scatterers. Here, we used MESI with the aim of repeatedly imaging the olfactory bulb of mice models of obesity. First, we have developed a MESI set up which was characterized on microfluidic flow phantoms with different flow-rates and channel diameters to simulate blood flow in animal model characteristics. Second, we show that MESI can discriminate flows in the presence of static scatterers and it can measure flow changes consistently. Finally we provide an in vivo validation of the technique in mice with and without a craniotomy.
Understanding the cellular mechanisms of energy supply to neurons following physiological activat... more Understanding the cellular mechanisms of energy supply to neurons following physiological activation is still challenging and has strong implications to the interpretation of clinical functional images based on metabolic signals such as Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging or 18F-Fluorodexoy-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography. Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging provides with high spatio temporal resolution in vivo imaging in the anaesthetized
Multiple exposure speckle imaging has demonstrated its improved accuracy compared to single expos... more Multiple exposure speckle imaging has demonstrated its improved accuracy compared to single exposure speckle imaging for relative quantitation of blood flow in vivo. However, the calculation of blood flow maps relies on a pixelwise non-linear fit of a multi-parametric model to the speckle contrasts. This approach has two major drawbacks. First, it is computer-intensive and prevents real time imaging and, second, the mathematical model is not universal and should in principle be adapted to the type of blood vessels. We evaluated a model-free machine learning approach based on a convolutional neural network as an alternative to the non-linear fit approach. A network was designed and trained with annotated speckle contrast data from microfluidic experiments. The neural network performances are then compared to the non-linear fit approach applied to in vitro and in vivo data. The study demonstrates the potential of convolutional networks to provide relative blood flow maps from multiple...
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In add... more The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care VI, 2018
Vascular activity is necessary to provide suitable energy supply for cellular activity in the bra... more Vascular activity is necessary to provide suitable energy supply for cellular activity in the brain. Obesity, has become an important health and social issue worldwide. Yet, very little is known regarding morphological and functional vascular changes in the brain in obese patients. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the influence of this pathology on blood flow, vasodilation and vasoconstriction at rest and during sensory stimulation, in normal and obese mice. In order to obtain dynamic and quantitative maps of vascular activity over wide field of cortical tissues in anesthetized mice brain, we have developed a multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI) system. MESI relies on the sequential recording of speckle images of the brain tissues illuminated with coherent light for increasing durations. For each of these multi exposure images the local speckle contrast is derived. This contrast is assumed to be related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The acquisition of speckle contrast for different expositions time allows discriminating the contribution of static and moving scatterers to the speckle pattern. Therefore, it allows mapping the blood flow changes over large cortical areas. Blood flow response to sensory activation was studied by imaging the olfactory bulb during olfactory stimulation trials. Data obtained in wild -type and high fat diet obesity model mice are presented showing a different hemodynamic response to olfactory stimulation.
The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characteri... more The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characterized in mice models of obesity. In order to study the hemodynamics of these models at rest and during sensory stimulation, we have developed a multi exposure speckle imaging system. It allows wide field superficial imaging of blood flow of the mice cortex. We have characterized the performances of the system using microfluidic phantoms where blood mimicking fluids speed is set between 1mm/s and 1cm/s. The acquisition of speckle contrast for different expositions time allows discriminate moving and static diffusers and therefore to image quantitatively with limited invasiveness through a thin layer of bone. In vivo speckle imaging of the mice brain will be presented. The spatial resolution of speckle limits access to the smaller capillaries as well as to capillaries in layers III-IV of the cortex. Therefore, in vivo two photon imaging was chosen as a complementary technique. It allowed to ...
Multisensory interactions are essential to make sense of the environment by transforming the mosa... more Multisensory interactions are essential to make sense of the environment by transforming the mosaic of sensory inputs received by the organism into a unified perception. Brain rhythms allow coherent processing within areas or between distant brain regions and could thus be instrumental in functionally connecting remote brain areas in the context of multisensory interactions. Still, odor and sound processing relate to two sensory systems with specific anatomofunctional characteristics. How does the brain handle their association? Rats were challenged to discriminate between unisensory stimulation (odor or sound) and the multisensory combination of both. During learning, we observed a progressive establishment of high power beta oscillations (15–35 Hz) spanning on the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex and the perirhinal cortex, but not the primary auditory cortex. In the piriform cortex, beta oscillations power was higher in the multisensory condition compared to the presentation of...
In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for ima... more In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for imaging cerebral blood flow at the rodent brain surface in vivo. The technique relies on the calculation of the spatial speckle contrast, which is related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The implementation of the technique requires a partial craniotomy so that the brain tissues of interest can be illuminated with a laser diode. However, the studies of changes in the microcirculation during disease progression or treatment require longitudinal studies (i.e. imaging is done repeatedly over weeks or even months). Practically, the less invasive way to obtain such data is to image through the thinned skull without a craniotomy. However the presence of static scatterers (skull) will affect the speckle calculation and produce a bias in the estimation of the microcirculation changes. An extension to LSCI, termed Multi-Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) was proposed and validated a few years ago that address these limitations. It relies on a model of the speckle contrast as a function of the exposure time and the proportion of static scatterers. Here, we used MESI with the aim of repeatedly imaging the olfactory bulb of mice models of obesity. First, we have developed a MESI set up which was characterized on microfluidic flow phantoms with different flow-rates and channel diameters to simulate blood flow in animal model characteristics. Second, we show that MESI can discriminate flows in the presence of static scatterers and it can measure flow changes consistently. Finally we provide an in vivo validation of the technique in mice with and without a craniotomy.
The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characteri... more The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characterized in mice models of obesity. In order to study the hemodynamics of these models at rest and during sensory stimulation, we have developed a multi exposure speckle imaging system. It allows wide field superficial imaging of blood flow of the mice cortex. We have characterized the performances of the system using microfluidic phantoms. The capacity of the technique to retrieve accurate relative flow values was studied as a function of the diameter of vessels and the scatterers concentration. New biological data have been obtained in mice models of obesity (high fat diet mice) at rest and under sensory activation.
In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for ima... more In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for imaging cerebral blood flow at the rodent brain surface in vivo. The technique relies on the calculation of the spatial speckle contrast, which is related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The implementation of the technique requires a partial craniotomy so that the brain tissues of interest can be illuminated with a laser diode. However, the studies of changes in the microcirculation during disease progression or treatment require longitudinal studies (i.e. imaging is done repeatedly over weeks or even months). Practically, the less invasive way to obtain such data is to image through the thinned skull without a craniotomy. However the presence of static scatterers (skull) will affect the speckle calculation and produce a bias in the estimation of the microcirculation changes. An extension to LSCI, termed Multi-Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) was proposed and validated a few years ago that address these limitations. It relies on a model of the speckle contrast as a function of the exposure time and the proportion of static scatterers. Here, we used MESI with the aim of repeatedly imaging the olfactory bulb of mice models of obesity. First, we have developed a MESI set up which was characterized on microfluidic flow phantoms with different flow-rates and channel diameters to simulate blood flow in animal model characteristics. Second, we show that MESI can discriminate flows in the presence of static scatterers and it can measure flow changes consistently. Finally we provide an in vivo validation of the technique in mice with and without a craniotomy.
Understanding the cellular mechanisms of energy supply to neurons following physiological activat... more Understanding the cellular mechanisms of energy supply to neurons following physiological activation is still challenging and has strong implications to the interpretation of clinical functional images based on metabolic signals such as Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging or 18F-Fluorodexoy-Glucose Positron Emission Tomography. Intrinsic Optical Signal Imaging provides with high spatio temporal resolution in vivo imaging in the anaesthetized
Multiple exposure speckle imaging has demonstrated its improved accuracy compared to single expos... more Multiple exposure speckle imaging has demonstrated its improved accuracy compared to single exposure speckle imaging for relative quantitation of blood flow in vivo. However, the calculation of blood flow maps relies on a pixelwise non-linear fit of a multi-parametric model to the speckle contrasts. This approach has two major drawbacks. First, it is computer-intensive and prevents real time imaging and, second, the mathematical model is not universal and should in principle be adapted to the type of blood vessels. We evaluated a model-free machine learning approach based on a convolutional neural network as an alternative to the non-linear fit approach. A network was designed and trained with annotated speckle contrast data from microfluidic experiments. The neural network performances are then compared to the non-linear fit approach applied to in vitro and in vivo data. The study demonstrates the potential of convolutional networks to provide relative blood flow maps from multiple...
The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In add... more The olfactory system is at the crossroad between sensory processing and metabolic sensing. In addition to being the center of detection and identification of food odors, it is a sensor for most of the hormones and nutrients responsible for feeding behavior regulation. The consequences of modifications in body homeostasis, nutrient overload and alteration of this brain network in the pathological condition of food-induced obesity and type 2 diabetes are still not elucidated. The aim of this review was first to use both humans and animal studies to report on the current knowledge of the consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes on odorant threshold and olfactory perception including identification discrimination and memory. We then discuss how olfactory processing can be modified by an alteration of the metabolic homeostasis of the organism and available elements on pharmacological treatments that regulate olfaction. We focus on data within the olfactory system but also on the interactions between the olfactory system and other brain networks impacted by metabolic diseases.
Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care VI, 2018
Vascular activity is necessary to provide suitable energy supply for cellular activity in the bra... more Vascular activity is necessary to provide suitable energy supply for cellular activity in the brain. Obesity, has become an important health and social issue worldwide. Yet, very little is known regarding morphological and functional vascular changes in the brain in obese patients. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the influence of this pathology on blood flow, vasodilation and vasoconstriction at rest and during sensory stimulation, in normal and obese mice. In order to obtain dynamic and quantitative maps of vascular activity over wide field of cortical tissues in anesthetized mice brain, we have developed a multi-exposure speckle imaging (MESI) system. MESI relies on the sequential recording of speckle images of the brain tissues illuminated with coherent light for increasing durations. For each of these multi exposure images the local speckle contrast is derived. This contrast is assumed to be related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The acquisition of speckle contrast for different expositions time allows discriminating the contribution of static and moving scatterers to the speckle pattern. Therefore, it allows mapping the blood flow changes over large cortical areas. Blood flow response to sensory activation was studied by imaging the olfactory bulb during olfactory stimulation trials. Data obtained in wild -type and high fat diet obesity model mice are presented showing a different hemodynamic response to olfactory stimulation.
The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characteri... more The morphological and functional changes in cerebral blood vessels network is not well characterized in mice models of obesity. In order to study the hemodynamics of these models at rest and during sensory stimulation, we have developed a multi exposure speckle imaging system. It allows wide field superficial imaging of blood flow of the mice cortex. We have characterized the performances of the system using microfluidic phantoms where blood mimicking fluids speed is set between 1mm/s and 1cm/s. The acquisition of speckle contrast for different expositions time allows discriminate moving and static diffusers and therefore to image quantitatively with limited invasiveness through a thin layer of bone. In vivo speckle imaging of the mice brain will be presented. The spatial resolution of speckle limits access to the smaller capillaries as well as to capillaries in layers III-IV of the cortex. Therefore, in vivo two photon imaging was chosen as a complementary technique. It allowed to ...
Multisensory interactions are essential to make sense of the environment by transforming the mosa... more Multisensory interactions are essential to make sense of the environment by transforming the mosaic of sensory inputs received by the organism into a unified perception. Brain rhythms allow coherent processing within areas or between distant brain regions and could thus be instrumental in functionally connecting remote brain areas in the context of multisensory interactions. Still, odor and sound processing relate to two sensory systems with specific anatomofunctional characteristics. How does the brain handle their association? Rats were challenged to discriminate between unisensory stimulation (odor or sound) and the multisensory combination of both. During learning, we observed a progressive establishment of high power beta oscillations (15–35 Hz) spanning on the olfactory bulb, the piriform cortex and the perirhinal cortex, but not the primary auditory cortex. In the piriform cortex, beta oscillations power was higher in the multisensory condition compared to the presentation of...
In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for ima... more In the last decade, Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging (LSCI) has been proposed and validated for imaging cerebral blood flow at the rodent brain surface in vivo. The technique relies on the calculation of the spatial speckle contrast, which is related to the velocity of scatterers (red blood cells). The implementation of the technique requires a partial craniotomy so that the brain tissues of interest can be illuminated with a laser diode. However, the studies of changes in the microcirculation during disease progression or treatment require longitudinal studies (i.e. imaging is done repeatedly over weeks or even months). Practically, the less invasive way to obtain such data is to image through the thinned skull without a craniotomy. However the presence of static scatterers (skull) will affect the speckle calculation and produce a bias in the estimation of the microcirculation changes. An extension to LSCI, termed Multi-Exposure Speckle Imaging (MESI) was proposed and validated a few years ago that address these limitations. It relies on a model of the speckle contrast as a function of the exposure time and the proportion of static scatterers. Here, we used MESI with the aim of repeatedly imaging the olfactory bulb of mice models of obesity. First, we have developed a MESI set up which was characterized on microfluidic flow phantoms with different flow-rates and channel diameters to simulate blood flow in animal model characteristics. Second, we show that MESI can discriminate flows in the presence of static scatterers and it can measure flow changes consistently. Finally we provide an in vivo validation of the technique in mice with and without a craniotomy.
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