Compared to the relatively well-trodden concepts of other workplace mistreatments, workplace back... more Compared to the relatively well-trodden concepts of other workplace mistreatments, workplace backlash has received little attention from HRD academics. Therefore, our primary research objective is to identify how workplace backlash manifests and how it is addressed in the HRD and relevant literature. Through the analysis of 40 empirical studies on workplace backlash, we identified three types of backlash: backlash against gender equality, backlash against work-family balance, and backlash against racial justice. Additionally, we identified the consequences of each type of backlash and the coping strategies used by victims. Based on the findings, we discussed them from the recent conversations on diversity and inclusiveness in HRD from a social justice perspective and found ways to overcome workplace backlash. This study provides meaningful insights for HRD professionals and helps to advance diversity and inclusiveness research in HRD.
The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of wom... more The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of women achieve leadership positions, not yet reaching 15% in all sectors, except the political sector, where 51 women (17%) were selected in the 2016 parliamentary election. Korea occupies one of the lowest women representation in senior roles, boards, and executive committees in Asia and in the world. Korean women’s low status in global rankings is quite alarming given the nation’s prestigious status as a world economic power. Why has Korea’s remarkable economic success failed to translate into women’s corresponding status? In this chapter, we attempted to answer this driving question, though there is no single answer. We reviewed literature on women in leadership in Korea and shared the study results we found from our recent research on women leaders in Korea. We begin with our operational definition of women leaders, provide statistical analysis of women’s participation in the labor marke...
The Problem Research on South Korean women entrepreneurs in the information technology (IT) indus... more The Problem Research on South Korean women entrepreneurs in the information technology (IT) industry is limited, and thus learning how they start and develop their businesses will address a gap in the literature. In addition, as our previous study on women entrepreneurs in Korea encompassed all industries, we did not sufficiently capture how women entrepreneurs in the IT industry started and developed their businesses. We feel a strong need to conduct a follow-up study on three women entrepreneurs who (a) started an IT business to become independent; (b) have stayed in their businesses for approximately 20 years; and (c) became role models as women entrepreneurs in the industry. The Solution We conducted semi-structured interviews with three women entrepreneurs in the IT industry and analyzed each case on three themes: motivation, challenges, and success factors. Although each case has its distinctive features, we found that all cases had success factors in common: technical experti...
Despite the promulgation of the South Korean Constitution—which publically guaranteed equality fo... more Despite the promulgation of the South Korean Constitution—which publically guaranteed equality for all citizens—gender inequality and the low status of women in several sectors are lasting social problems. In the 1980s, the increased global interest in women’s movements, along with democratization movements in Korea, caused the government to become aware of women’s issues. Since the 1990s, a variety of policies and legislation to address the social needs of women have been enacted. In Chap. 5 we deal with the stream of policies and legislation in Korea since the 1990s.
Current Perspectives on Asian Women in Leadership, 2017
The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of wom... more The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of women achieve leadership positions, not yet reaching 15% in all sectors, except the political sector, where 51 women (17%) were selected in the 2016 parliamentary election. Korea occupies one of the lowest women representation in senior roles, boards, and executive committees in Asia and in the world. Korean women’s low status in global rankings is quite alarming given the nation’s prestigious status as a world economic power. Why has Korea’s remarkable economic success failed to translate into women’s corresponding status? In this chapter, we attempted to answer this driving question, though there is no single answer. We reviewed literature on women in leadership in Korea and shared the study results we found from our recent research on women leaders in Korea. We begin with our operational definition of women leaders, provide statistical analysis of women’s participation in the labor market, discuss challenges and opportunities women leaders face, and present research agendas for further investigation.
Since the late 1990s, Korea has been experiencing a trend of international immigration with a dra... more Since the late 1990s, Korea has been experiencing a trend of international immigration with a dramatic increase in international females moving primarily from less-developed southeast Asian countries to marry Korean men. This growth in marriage immigrants has resulted in social and cultural change, and a diverse workplace. Appropriate career development models or theories for this population are lacking. Such a model or theory is needed to reflect their burdens when it comes to career development. The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual model of career development for female international marriage immigrants to Korea through the use of intersectionality and hope theory. Particularly, an individual’s positive psychological perspective based on hope theory was emphasized. The resultant model may also apply to other developed countries in southeast Asia.
Compared to the relatively well-trodden concepts of other workplace mistreatments, workplace back... more Compared to the relatively well-trodden concepts of other workplace mistreatments, workplace backlash has received little attention from HRD academics. Therefore, our primary research objective is to identify how workplace backlash manifests and how it is addressed in the HRD and relevant literature. Through the analysis of 40 empirical studies on workplace backlash, we identified three types of backlash: backlash against gender equality, backlash against work-family balance, and backlash against racial justice. Additionally, we identified the consequences of each type of backlash and the coping strategies used by victims. Based on the findings, we discussed them from the recent conversations on diversity and inclusiveness in HRD from a social justice perspective and found ways to overcome workplace backlash. This study provides meaningful insights for HRD professionals and helps to advance diversity and inclusiveness research in HRD.
The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of wom... more The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of women achieve leadership positions, not yet reaching 15% in all sectors, except the political sector, where 51 women (17%) were selected in the 2016 parliamentary election. Korea occupies one of the lowest women representation in senior roles, boards, and executive committees in Asia and in the world. Korean women’s low status in global rankings is quite alarming given the nation’s prestigious status as a world economic power. Why has Korea’s remarkable economic success failed to translate into women’s corresponding status? In this chapter, we attempted to answer this driving question, though there is no single answer. We reviewed literature on women in leadership in Korea and shared the study results we found from our recent research on women leaders in Korea. We begin with our operational definition of women leaders, provide statistical analysis of women’s participation in the labor marke...
The Problem Research on South Korean women entrepreneurs in the information technology (IT) indus... more The Problem Research on South Korean women entrepreneurs in the information technology (IT) industry is limited, and thus learning how they start and develop their businesses will address a gap in the literature. In addition, as our previous study on women entrepreneurs in Korea encompassed all industries, we did not sufficiently capture how women entrepreneurs in the IT industry started and developed their businesses. We feel a strong need to conduct a follow-up study on three women entrepreneurs who (a) started an IT business to become independent; (b) have stayed in their businesses for approximately 20 years; and (c) became role models as women entrepreneurs in the industry. The Solution We conducted semi-structured interviews with three women entrepreneurs in the IT industry and analyzed each case on three themes: motivation, challenges, and success factors. Although each case has its distinctive features, we found that all cases had success factors in common: technical experti...
Despite the promulgation of the South Korean Constitution—which publically guaranteed equality fo... more Despite the promulgation of the South Korean Constitution—which publically guaranteed equality for all citizens—gender inequality and the low status of women in several sectors are lasting social problems. In the 1980s, the increased global interest in women’s movements, along with democratization movements in Korea, caused the government to become aware of women’s issues. Since the 1990s, a variety of policies and legislation to address the social needs of women have been enacted. In Chap. 5 we deal with the stream of policies and legislation in Korea since the 1990s.
Current Perspectives on Asian Women in Leadership, 2017
The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of wom... more The status of women leaders in Korea is still considered token because only a small number of women achieve leadership positions, not yet reaching 15% in all sectors, except the political sector, where 51 women (17%) were selected in the 2016 parliamentary election. Korea occupies one of the lowest women representation in senior roles, boards, and executive committees in Asia and in the world. Korean women’s low status in global rankings is quite alarming given the nation’s prestigious status as a world economic power. Why has Korea’s remarkable economic success failed to translate into women’s corresponding status? In this chapter, we attempted to answer this driving question, though there is no single answer. We reviewed literature on women in leadership in Korea and shared the study results we found from our recent research on women leaders in Korea. We begin with our operational definition of women leaders, provide statistical analysis of women’s participation in the labor market, discuss challenges and opportunities women leaders face, and present research agendas for further investigation.
Since the late 1990s, Korea has been experiencing a trend of international immigration with a dra... more Since the late 1990s, Korea has been experiencing a trend of international immigration with a dramatic increase in international females moving primarily from less-developed southeast Asian countries to marry Korean men. This growth in marriage immigrants has resulted in social and cultural change, and a diverse workplace. Appropriate career development models or theories for this population are lacking. Such a model or theory is needed to reflect their burdens when it comes to career development. The purpose of this study was to develop a conceptual model of career development for female international marriage immigrants to Korea through the use of intersectionality and hope theory. Particularly, an individual’s positive psychological perspective based on hope theory was emphasized. The resultant model may also apply to other developed countries in southeast Asia.
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Papers by Hyounju Kang