Abstarct This study was carried out in Abia State Southeast Nigeria to unstitch the uncertainty s... more Abstarct This study was carried out in Abia State Southeast Nigeria to unstitch the uncertainty surrounding the profitability or otherwise of plantain and banana production. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100 plantain/ banana producers from a pre-survey sampling frame of 345 farmers. Data were collected using cost-route approach with the aid of well structured questionnaire administered by the researcher and trained enumerators. The relevant analyses were done using descriptive statistics and cost-return approach (gross margin analysis). The results revealed that farmers in the study area have mean age of 46 years, 7 years level of education and farm land averaging 1.42 hectares. It also showed a total output of 2,674.54kg/ha, unit price of N104.94/kg, total revenue of N280, 666.23/ha, and a total variable cost of N122, 542.59/ha which gave rise to a gross margin of N158, 123.64/ha from the business of plantain/ banana production. It was therefo...
This study estimated technical efficiency of rice farmers in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Multi... more This study estimated technical efficiency of rice farmers in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to sample 300 rice farmers. A stochastic frontier production function was used to estimate technical efficiency. The study further assessed the factors that affect technical efficiency of the rice farmers. All the coefficients were found to have positively influenced paddy rice productivity. The level of efficiency of rice farmers was found to be 0.63. The study further found that gender and household size were significant determinants of technical efficiency. The study therefore recommended policies that will ensure that costs of productive inputs are affordable to farmers and improving households’ income through better prices for their output. Provision of labor saving equipment is also important in reducing inefficiencies in paddy production through reduction in labor cost.
This study analyzed the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of... more This study analyzed the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, which identified the different sources of risk involved in its production and also compared the effects of the risk management practices and techniques adopted by farmers in the course of a profitable production. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, gross margin model and multiple regression analysis to determine the socio-economic characteristics, profitability and relationship between the risk management techniques investigated and the farmer’s profit respectively. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. It was interesting to realize that all respondents had one form of education or the other and their average farm size was 15 ha producing about 3.2 tons of paddy per ha. The average variable cost incurr...
International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2012
This article examines the livelihood strategies of land scarce peasants in Ethiopian. Land scarce... more This article examines the livelihood strategies of land scarce peasants in Ethiopian. Land scarce peasants have a limited livelihood security on a sustainable manner and bypassed by major development programmes. The study was centred on two sets of rationales. First, for those peasants who do not have sufficient farmland, agriculture provides only a limited portion of households’ livelihood security sustainably. Second, although there are ample studies on rural livelihoods and agricultural land scarcity, little is known, for instance, about the dynamics of agricultural land scarce farmers’ livelihood strategies in the Central highlands of Ethiopia. The field study surveyed 75 land scarce households and conducted a number of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and transect walks to get first hand information and consulted several secondary sources. The result showed that the respondents are still predominantly pursuing agricultural based livelihood ...
Lofty policies and programmes of successive governments in research and development have failed t... more Lofty policies and programmes of successive governments in research and development have failed to yield the desired results in ensuring sustained increases in agricultural productivity. This is partly attributable to poor adoption of the research innovations by the rural clientele due to their socio-economic features. This study was conducted in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria to unravel the socio-economic determinants of the productivity of garden egg producers. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from 96 randomly selected garden egg farmers drawn from a pre-survey sample frame of 320 garden egg farmers present in the three agricultural zones of the state. Data were collected on the socioeconomic variables, quantities of inputs and outputs in physical and in value terms. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares multiple regression techniques. Results showed that land rent(X1), labour cost(X2) , age of the farmer (X6) and farm size((X7) ...
This paper is an effort to comparatively analyze the profitability and productivity of public ban... more This paper is an effort to comparatively analyze the profitability and productivity of public banks against private banks in Ethiopia. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of the respective banks and National Bank of Ethiopia and the period of study cover twelve years from 1996/7 to 2007/8. The study found that mean difference between the profitability of public and private was statistically insignificant. However, the productivity of public banks was statistically found significant than private banks and indicates that the branches and employees of public banks are more efficient than the branches and employees of private banks
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo Sta... more Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. E-mail: csonyemauwa@yahoo.com ... Abstract: Agriculture has been considered as one of the important sectors that could help and improve the income distribution ...
This study analysed climate change trend and the appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies... more This study analysed climate change trend and the appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies in Southeast Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 312 cassava based food crop farmers whose responses formed part of the data for this study. Secondary time series data on climate variables were collected from National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike, an agro-metrological station found within the study location. Data were analysed using appropriate descriptive statistical tools like mean, frequencies, percentages and frequency polygon/line graphs. Result showed that temperature and rainfall which are the two most significant climate elements that affect food crop production in Nigeria, exhibited increasing trend. It was found also that adaptation strategies that were more appropriate to farmers in the study area were late commencement of planting, use of fertilizers, choice of cropping systems, breakage of daily work schedule and planting of cover c...
This study was carried out in Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to selec... more This study was carried out in Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 312 cassava producer farmers from whom primary data were collected. Data bothering on the farmers socio-economic characteristics, number of manhours agreed between employers and labourers for a day’s work, time spent from this man-hours to rest, eat, smoke, etc; and their perception on how climate element change were collected. Secondary data for the study were collected from agro-metrological institution like the National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike. These included data on mean annual climate elements for a period of forty (40) years (1972-2011). Data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistical tools like mean, frequency polygon or line graph and ordinary least square multiple regression analytical tools. Results show that the mean age, annual income, household size and level of education of farmers in the study area were 51.3years, ₦391530.64, 8persons,...
The study examined the effects of inadequate information on the profitability of cassava farmers ... more The study examined the effects of inadequate information on the profitability of cassava farmers in rural communities in Imo State. Of the three Agricultural Zones in the State, Owerri Agricultural Zone was purposively selected owing to the great potential in terms of natural and human resources. Using a multistage sampling technique, a total of 160 farmers were randomly selected from communities drawn from four groups of local government areas in the zone. The groups were: Mbailoti/Ikeduru, Ohaji/Egbema/Oguta, Owerri and Mbaise LGA"s. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The primary data were collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and personal observations and these were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results suggested that the farmers were found to be essentially subsistence and small-scale operators with minimal level of education. Female cassava farmers were found to outnumber their male counter...
The study was designed to investigate the income distribution among rice-based farming households... more The study was designed to investigate the income distribution among rice-based farming households in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A sample of 120 rice-based farmers was selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a well structured questionnaire administered to 120 randomly selected rice farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Gini-coefficient model was also employed. The socio-economic characteristic of the farmers revealed that majority of the farmers were educated. Besides, majority of them also had appreciable experience in rice farming which makes them better rice farmers. It was revealed that income share percentage of the richest households was 17.65% followed by the second richest group with income share percentage of 13.27%. Those in the twelfth decile represented the poorest group with a cumulative share percentage 2.82%. The Gini-coefficient of distribution of 0.32 showed that...
International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2011
The paper determined optimum farm plan for food security among smallholder farmers in Imo State, ... more The paper determined optimum farm plan for food security among smallholder farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were collected with structured and validated questionnaire from 180 smallholder crops farmers in Imo State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages), budgetary analysis and linear programming model. Results show that the mean age of the farmers was 41 years, mean household size was 9 persons, mean farm size was 1.25 hectares mean farming experience was 19years and mean level of education was 8.3 years. The enterprises that contributed greatly to the smallholder farmers’ net return were food crops and cash crops with net returns per annum of N122666 and N116850 respectively. The profit lines as determined with the linear programming model were 6.8 and 4.9 for food crops and cash crops respectively, and this is the optimal feasible solution. [Ohajianya, D. O et al. Optimum Farm Plan for Food Security among Smallholder Farm...
This study determined the net returns from garden egg production in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria.... more This study determined the net returns from garden egg production in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from 96 smallholder garden egg farmers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages), cost- returns analysis and multiple regression techniques. Results showed that the mean age, level of education, household size, farming experience and farm size were 51years, 12years, 6 persons, 23years, and 0.511 hectares respectively. The results also showed that labour cost took the highest proportion with 61.17% of the total expenses incurred in garden egg production, while marketing charges took the lowest proportion with 1.25%. The mean net return per hectare from garden egg production was N105, 140.07.The results also showed that cost of agro-chemicals and size of farm land were the major determinants of net returns from garden egg production by showing a statistically significant effect at 5% le...
The obvious high demand for plantain banana without a corresponding supply epitomized by the pers... more The obvious high demand for plantain banana without a corresponding supply epitomized by the persistent high prices prompted this study. The study was conducted in Abia State, Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was employed in the selection of 100 respondents used for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical tools and Return on Investment analytical approaches to identify the problems and prospects in P/B production respectively. The results showed that the major problems militating against P/B production in the study area were the frequent and long period of drought, myriads of marketing challenges, lack of storage facilities, incidence of pests and disease infestation, and the menace of wind storm. It also showed that P/B production is a farm business of very high prospect with a return on investment of ₦1.12k. It was therefore concluded that P/B production is a viable farm business enterprise to engage-in irrespective of the myriads of ass...
This study compared and analyzed indigenous and modern agricultural technologies used in cassava ... more This study compared and analyzed indigenous and modern agricultural technologies used in cassava production in Anambra State. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in sample selection. A total of 160 farmers were purposively selected from the four Agricultural zones that made up the state based on the use of modern and indigenous technologies. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and total factor productivity were used in analyzing the data. The result of the analysis showed that both categories of farmers are within the working class age bracket of 40 and 60 years. The modern technology users were found to be more educated, have larger farm holding and higher average income per hectare than their counterparts. Farmers that used indigenous technologies have larger household size than those that used modern technologies. The total factor productivity (TFP) ratios computed for modern and indigenous technology users are 1.493 and 0.758 respective...
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2016
This study investigated the factors affecting credit accessibility in Owerri agricultural zone of... more This study investigated the factors affecting credit accessibility in Owerri agricultural zone of Imo state. Multi-stage sampling technique was used for sample selection. Data were collected with the use of structured and validated questionnaire from 7 purposively selected institutionalized credit sources and 60 randomly selected credit beneficiaries, comprising 20 farmers from each of the 3 purposively selected LGAs in the study area. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). The result showed that (78%) of the farmers were in their active working age (40years) and majority (92%) of them were married; with a mean family size of 8 persons. This study has identified interest rate, lack of collateral and guarantor as major factors that negatively affected credit accessibility in the study area. The study recommended that the farmers should take advantage of the various credit facilitates offered by institutionalized sources in order to expand their production. The institutionalized credit sources should also put in place a comprehensive credit risk management process to identify, measure, monitor/control credit risk and where appropriate, hold capital against these risks in order to reduce risk of delinquencies and defaults.
Abstarct This study was carried out in Abia State Southeast Nigeria to unstitch the uncertainty s... more Abstarct This study was carried out in Abia State Southeast Nigeria to unstitch the uncertainty surrounding the profitability or otherwise of plantain and banana production. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100 plantain/ banana producers from a pre-survey sampling frame of 345 farmers. Data were collected using cost-route approach with the aid of well structured questionnaire administered by the researcher and trained enumerators. The relevant analyses were done using descriptive statistics and cost-return approach (gross margin analysis). The results revealed that farmers in the study area have mean age of 46 years, 7 years level of education and farm land averaging 1.42 hectares. It also showed a total output of 2,674.54kg/ha, unit price of N104.94/kg, total revenue of N280, 666.23/ha, and a total variable cost of N122, 542.59/ha which gave rise to a gross margin of N158, 123.64/ha from the business of plantain/ banana production. It was therefo...
This study estimated technical efficiency of rice farmers in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Multi... more This study estimated technical efficiency of rice farmers in Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to sample 300 rice farmers. A stochastic frontier production function was used to estimate technical efficiency. The study further assessed the factors that affect technical efficiency of the rice farmers. All the coefficients were found to have positively influenced paddy rice productivity. The level of efficiency of rice farmers was found to be 0.63. The study further found that gender and household size were significant determinants of technical efficiency. The study therefore recommended policies that will ensure that costs of productive inputs are affordable to farmers and improving households’ income through better prices for their output. Provision of labor saving equipment is also important in reducing inefficiencies in paddy production through reduction in labor cost.
This study analyzed the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of... more This study analyzed the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State, which identified the different sources of risk involved in its production and also compared the effects of the risk management practices and techniques adopted by farmers in the course of a profitable production. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, gross margin model and multiple regression analysis to determine the socio-economic characteristics, profitability and relationship between the risk management techniques investigated and the farmer’s profit respectively. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. It was interesting to realize that all respondents had one form of education or the other and their average farm size was 15 ha producing about 3.2 tons of paddy per ha. The average variable cost incurr...
International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2012
This article examines the livelihood strategies of land scarce peasants in Ethiopian. Land scarce... more This article examines the livelihood strategies of land scarce peasants in Ethiopian. Land scarce peasants have a limited livelihood security on a sustainable manner and bypassed by major development programmes. The study was centred on two sets of rationales. First, for those peasants who do not have sufficient farmland, agriculture provides only a limited portion of households’ livelihood security sustainably. Second, although there are ample studies on rural livelihoods and agricultural land scarcity, little is known, for instance, about the dynamics of agricultural land scarce farmers’ livelihood strategies in the Central highlands of Ethiopia. The field study surveyed 75 land scarce households and conducted a number of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, direct observations and transect walks to get first hand information and consulted several secondary sources. The result showed that the respondents are still predominantly pursuing agricultural based livelihood ...
Lofty policies and programmes of successive governments in research and development have failed t... more Lofty policies and programmes of successive governments in research and development have failed to yield the desired results in ensuring sustained increases in agricultural productivity. This is partly attributable to poor adoption of the research innovations by the rural clientele due to their socio-economic features. This study was conducted in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria to unravel the socio-economic determinants of the productivity of garden egg producers. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from 96 randomly selected garden egg farmers drawn from a pre-survey sample frame of 320 garden egg farmers present in the three agricultural zones of the state. Data were collected on the socioeconomic variables, quantities of inputs and outputs in physical and in value terms. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares multiple regression techniques. Results showed that land rent(X1), labour cost(X2) , age of the farmer (X6) and farm size((X7) ...
This paper is an effort to comparatively analyze the profitability and productivity of public ban... more This paper is an effort to comparatively analyze the profitability and productivity of public banks against private banks in Ethiopia. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of the respective banks and National Bank of Ethiopia and the period of study cover twelve years from 1996/7 to 2007/8. The study found that mean difference between the profitability of public and private was statistically insignificant. However, the productivity of public banks was statistically found significant than private banks and indicates that the branches and employees of public banks are more efficient than the branches and employees of private banks
Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo Sta... more Department of Agricultural Economics, Federal University of Technology, PMB 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. E-mail: csonyemauwa@yahoo.com ... Abstract: Agriculture has been considered as one of the important sectors that could help and improve the income distribution ...
This study analysed climate change trend and the appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies... more This study analysed climate change trend and the appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies in Southeast Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 312 cassava based food crop farmers whose responses formed part of the data for this study. Secondary time series data on climate variables were collected from National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike, an agro-metrological station found within the study location. Data were analysed using appropriate descriptive statistical tools like mean, frequencies, percentages and frequency polygon/line graphs. Result showed that temperature and rainfall which are the two most significant climate elements that affect food crop production in Nigeria, exhibited increasing trend. It was found also that adaptation strategies that were more appropriate to farmers in the study area were late commencement of planting, use of fertilizers, choice of cropping systems, breakage of daily work schedule and planting of cover c...
This study was carried out in Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to selec... more This study was carried out in Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a sample of 312 cassava producer farmers from whom primary data were collected. Data bothering on the farmers socio-economic characteristics, number of manhours agreed between employers and labourers for a day’s work, time spent from this man-hours to rest, eat, smoke, etc; and their perception on how climate element change were collected. Secondary data for the study were collected from agro-metrological institution like the National Root Crop Research Institute Umudike. These included data on mean annual climate elements for a period of forty (40) years (1972-2011). Data were analysed with the use of descriptive statistical tools like mean, frequency polygon or line graph and ordinary least square multiple regression analytical tools. Results show that the mean age, annual income, household size and level of education of farmers in the study area were 51.3years, ₦391530.64, 8persons,...
The study examined the effects of inadequate information on the profitability of cassava farmers ... more The study examined the effects of inadequate information on the profitability of cassava farmers in rural communities in Imo State. Of the three Agricultural Zones in the State, Owerri Agricultural Zone was purposively selected owing to the great potential in terms of natural and human resources. Using a multistage sampling technique, a total of 160 farmers were randomly selected from communities drawn from four groups of local government areas in the zone. The groups were: Mbailoti/Ikeduru, Ohaji/Egbema/Oguta, Owerri and Mbaise LGA"s. Both primary and secondary data were collected for the study. The primary data were collected using questionnaire, interview schedule and personal observations and these were analyzed with descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The results suggested that the farmers were found to be essentially subsistence and small-scale operators with minimal level of education. Female cassava farmers were found to outnumber their male counter...
The study was designed to investigate the income distribution among rice-based farming households... more The study was designed to investigate the income distribution among rice-based farming households in Okigwe Agricultural Zone of Imo State, Nigeria. A sample of 120 rice-based farmers was selected by multistage sampling technique. Data were collected with a well structured questionnaire administered to 120 randomly selected rice farmers. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Gini-coefficient model was also employed. The socio-economic characteristic of the farmers revealed that majority of the farmers were educated. Besides, majority of them also had appreciable experience in rice farming which makes them better rice farmers. It was revealed that income share percentage of the richest households was 17.65% followed by the second richest group with income share percentage of 13.27%. Those in the twelfth decile represented the poorest group with a cumulative share percentage 2.82%. The Gini-coefficient of distribution of 0.32 showed that...
International Journal of Agricultural Science, Research and Technology in Extension and Education Systems, 2011
The paper determined optimum farm plan for food security among smallholder farmers in Imo State, ... more The paper determined optimum farm plan for food security among smallholder farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. Data were collected with structured and validated questionnaire from 180 smallholder crops farmers in Imo State. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages), budgetary analysis and linear programming model. Results show that the mean age of the farmers was 41 years, mean household size was 9 persons, mean farm size was 1.25 hectares mean farming experience was 19years and mean level of education was 8.3 years. The enterprises that contributed greatly to the smallholder farmers’ net return were food crops and cash crops with net returns per annum of N122666 and N116850 respectively. The profit lines as determined with the linear programming model were 6.8 and 4.9 for food crops and cash crops respectively, and this is the optimal feasible solution. [Ohajianya, D. O et al. Optimum Farm Plan for Food Security among Smallholder Farm...
This study determined the net returns from garden egg production in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria.... more This study determined the net returns from garden egg production in Imo State, Southeast Nigeria. Data were collected with structured questionnaire from 96 smallholder garden egg farmers. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency distribution and percentages), cost- returns analysis and multiple regression techniques. Results showed that the mean age, level of education, household size, farming experience and farm size were 51years, 12years, 6 persons, 23years, and 0.511 hectares respectively. The results also showed that labour cost took the highest proportion with 61.17% of the total expenses incurred in garden egg production, while marketing charges took the lowest proportion with 1.25%. The mean net return per hectare from garden egg production was N105, 140.07.The results also showed that cost of agro-chemicals and size of farm land were the major determinants of net returns from garden egg production by showing a statistically significant effect at 5% le...
The obvious high demand for plantain banana without a corresponding supply epitomized by the pers... more The obvious high demand for plantain banana without a corresponding supply epitomized by the persistent high prices prompted this study. The study was conducted in Abia State, Southeast Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was employed in the selection of 100 respondents used for the study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistical tools and Return on Investment analytical approaches to identify the problems and prospects in P/B production respectively. The results showed that the major problems militating against P/B production in the study area were the frequent and long period of drought, myriads of marketing challenges, lack of storage facilities, incidence of pests and disease infestation, and the menace of wind storm. It also showed that P/B production is a farm business of very high prospect with a return on investment of ₦1.12k. It was therefore concluded that P/B production is a viable farm business enterprise to engage-in irrespective of the myriads of ass...
This study compared and analyzed indigenous and modern agricultural technologies used in cassava ... more This study compared and analyzed indigenous and modern agricultural technologies used in cassava production in Anambra State. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in sample selection. A total of 160 farmers were purposively selected from the four Agricultural zones that made up the state based on the use of modern and indigenous technologies. Data were collected using structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and total factor productivity were used in analyzing the data. The result of the analysis showed that both categories of farmers are within the working class age bracket of 40 and 60 years. The modern technology users were found to be more educated, have larger farm holding and higher average income per hectare than their counterparts. Farmers that used indigenous technologies have larger household size than those that used modern technologies. The total factor productivity (TFP) ratios computed for modern and indigenous technology users are 1.493 and 0.758 respective...
Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology, 2016
This study investigated the factors affecting credit accessibility in Owerri agricultural zone of... more This study investigated the factors affecting credit accessibility in Owerri agricultural zone of Imo state. Multi-stage sampling technique was used for sample selection. Data were collected with the use of structured and validated questionnaire from 7 purposively selected institutionalized credit sources and 60 randomly selected credit beneficiaries, comprising 20 farmers from each of the 3 purposively selected LGAs in the study area. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Multinomial Logistic Regression (MLR). The result showed that (78%) of the farmers were in their active working age (40years) and majority (92%) of them were married; with a mean family size of 8 persons. This study has identified interest rate, lack of collateral and guarantor as major factors that negatively affected credit accessibility in the study area. The study recommended that the farmers should take advantage of the various credit facilitates offered by institutionalized sources in order to expand their production. The institutionalized credit sources should also put in place a comprehensive credit risk management process to identify, measure, monitor/control credit risk and where appropriate, hold capital against these risks in order to reduce risk of delinquencies and defaults.
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