The present paper is analyzing the form effect, from a mathematical and physical point of view. A... more The present paper is analyzing the form effect, from a mathematical and physical point of view. A hypothesis is made, that the form effect is determined by the stationary waves specific to the form. A physical and mathematical model is proposed for the form effect, in the case of simple geometrical forms. The problem is solved for a triangular two-dimensional cavity/guide. It follows that the maximum point of the total intensity is close to the mass centre of the cavity/guide.
In this paper we study the interaction of a moving particle with the background radiation with a ... more In this paper we study the interaction of a moving particle with the background radiation with a temperature of 3 K in the expanding universe.
This paper examines the implications of the existence of complex systems (particularly, the men) ... more This paper examines the implications of the existence of complex systems (particularly, the men) in the evolution of matter in the universe.
In the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravitation developed in stochastic physics, it is demonstrated ... more In the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravitation developed in stochastic physics, it is demonstrated that the gravitational refractive index depends on the wave pulsation. Because this dependence, results an effect of chromatic aberration of the gravitational lenses. In the article we estimate this effect.
In this paper we present a way of computing energy density and Poynting vector for Classical Zero... more In this paper we present a way of computing energy density and Poynting vector for Classical Zero-Point Field (CZPF) in the presence of a dipole, using the expression of the momentum-energy tensor of electromagnetic field. We also present a physical interpretation of mixed components ( , ). We prove the dependence of r(exp-4) of the total energy density of background in the case of interaction with a dipole. A simplified method of obtaining Poynting vector for CZPF radiation scattered by a dipole is presented. We also prove the independence of reproduction of CZPF spectral density; this reproduction does not dependent on the kind of dipole, on the dipoles concentration and on the type of universe. This is because of the scattering of CZPF background radiation on dipoles.
This paper demonstrates that there is a relativistic limit to the number of protons in the atomic... more This paper demonstrates that there is a relativistic limit to the number of protons in the atomic nucleus (atomic number - Z). For hidrogenoid atom, using Bohr – Sommerfeld relativistic model, to obtain an expression of the speed of the electrons dependent on the number Z. Since the speed of particles with rest mass (in particular, electrons) is less than the speed of electromagnetic wave in a vacuum c, the atomic number should be less than the inverse of the fine-structure constant (Z <137).
The general properties of physical systems are the interaction and the stability. The stability o... more The general properties of physical systems are the interaction and the stability. The stability of physical systems is dynamic. According to Mach's principle, inertial mass and gravitational mass are proportional to the energy changed outside the system and the potential energy is the energy exchanged between the components of the physical system.
Based on the Principle of Causality and the analysis of different classes of phenomena (the pheno... more Based on the Principle of Causality and the analysis of different classes of phenomena (the phenomena of the same type form a class of phenomena), to establish a system of rules for systematization of theoretical models of physical phenomena. For example, the fundamental law for each class of phenomena is the law of the process as a link between the measure of the effect, the measure of the cause (measure of the specific interaction of class of phenomena) and the measure of specific inertia. This law has the same form: the measure of the effect is directly proportional to measure of cause and inversely proportional to the measure of specific inertia for each class of phenomena. This approach leads to a better understanding of physics.
Correlations Between the Electronic Spectra and Structure of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons (II) On t... more Correlations Between the Electronic Spectra and Structure of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons (II) On the basis of the particular features of UV (200-300nm) electronic spectra such as: absorption bands, absorption coefficients, effects duet o the substituents and chromophore groups as well as with the aid of value specific for quantum mechanics, i.e. “oscillator strength”, the raw material distillate subjected to thermal cracking - has been characterized both quantitatively an qualitatively.
According to Mach's Principle (MP), the mechanical inertia (measured by inertial mass) is a r... more According to Mach's Principle (MP), the mechanical inertia (measured by inertial mass) is a result of gravitational interaction of the physical system with the other systems in the Universe. Generalization of principle (Generalized Mach's Principle - GMP) requires that all properties (and corresponding physical quantities) are the result of interaction of a physical system (exchange of energy and physical information in various forms: electromagnetic, nuclear, etc.) with systems of the same type (resonant). GMP applies to the complex systems. The child (human beings in potentiality) becomes human beings through interaction with other human beings (parents, teachers, etc.).
The speed of wave propagation in a medium depends on the energy of interaction of the physical me... more The speed of wave propagation in a medium depends on the energy of interaction of the physical medium components (atoms, molecules, particles, etc.) and mass of the components. Based on this dependency is obtained the expression of propagation velocity of gravitational waves. This speed is finite (speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum) if the universe is finite (relativistic models) or the gravitational interaction attenuates exponentially. In this condition, the expression of the speed of gravitational waves is compatible with relativistic relationship between the mass and the radius of the universe.
This article presents a valuation method of light deviation in the gravitational field due to a s... more This article presents a valuation method of light deviation in the gravitational field due to a spherical body (M, R) using the gravitational index of refraction. If a point is situated at the distance r from the body centre then the refraction index of the vacuum is n=1+2GM/c^2r. Near the spherical body, r=R, the vacuum is assumed to be a prism of A angle (A=pi / 2, isosceles triangle inscribed in a semicircle with radius R) and index n(R). It is also presented the calculus of the minimum deviation in this prism (dev=2(n-1)=4GM/c2r). The same result is obtained if the gravitational lens effect is used. This method enables every pupil of the secondary school to study some matters of relativity.
The paper “Physics” is a general physics course. This course is structured as to constitute a sou... more The paper “Physics” is a general physics course. This course is structured as to constitute a source of information and a model for understanding the physics for students of technical and university faculties. The course contains 6 chapters: To understanding physics, Elements of mechanics, The physical fields, Elements of the theory of relativity, Thermodynamics and statistical physics, Electromagnetism. As a domain of scientific knowledge, the physics based the model of natural science. The physics is a set of models of inanimate matter in motion. Through the mathematical description, the models are both qualitative and especially quantitative. In the axiomatic form, taken from mathematics, the physics optimizes these models. We emphasize that any scientific approach at all levels, both in physics and in other sciences, is performed through the models of reality. For this reason, not reality is paradoxical in its manifestations, but our models are imperfect. Despite their imperfect...
In Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED) it is demonstrated that electrostatic interaction is the resu... more In Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED) it is demonstrated that electrostatic interaction is the result of the scattering of the CZPF background by the charged particles. In these models, the electron is modelling as a two-dimensional oscillator, which interacts with the electric component of the CZPF background. The electron with spin is not only an electric monopole but also a magnetic dipole. The interaction of the spin electron with the CZPF background is not only electrical but also magnetically. We calculate the scattering cross-section of magnetic dipole in the situation when a magnetic field, variable in time , action over the rigid magnetic dipole given by the symmetry of the model, the cross-section of a magnetic dipole must be equal to the cross-section of an electric monopole . The equality between and cross-sections is motivated, too, by the fact that, in the model of the two-dimensional oscillator, the electric charge has the motion speed .PACS: 03.50.-Z; 14.60Cd; 02.50.-r
The last two centuries of the development of human civilization have been marked by a strong deve... more The last two centuries of the development of human civilization have been marked by a strong development of technology as a system that produces the means of action on nature (tools) and the means of quantitative knowledge of the states of matter and phenomena (instruments/measuring devices). As suggested by the very definition of technology, this cannot develop (improve or change) if not combining, into new forms, the known phenomena or application of new phenomena. This implies technical creativity that involves a good understanding of phenomena and not just schemes and statements related to them. The paper "Fundamental Physical Phenomena" presents a number of 73 phenomena, effects, physical states and fundamental physical experiments and theoretical and practical applications which marked scientific knowledge and technological developments. We mentioned all four notions because the first two do not have distinguishable definitions and the following two notions are often...
The present paper is analyzing the form effect, from a mathematical and physical point of view. A... more The present paper is analyzing the form effect, from a mathematical and physical point of view. A hypothesis is made, that the form effect is determined by the stationary waves specific to the form. A physical and mathematical model is proposed for the form effect, in the case of simple geometrical forms. The problem is solved for a triangular two-dimensional cavity/guide. It follows that the maximum point of the total intensity is close to the mass centre of the cavity/guide.
In this paper we study the interaction of a moving particle with the background radiation with a ... more In this paper we study the interaction of a moving particle with the background radiation with a temperature of 3 K in the expanding universe.
This paper examines the implications of the existence of complex systems (particularly, the men) ... more This paper examines the implications of the existence of complex systems (particularly, the men) in the evolution of matter in the universe.
In the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravitation developed in stochastic physics, it is demonstrated ... more In the Electromagnetic Theory of Gravitation developed in stochastic physics, it is demonstrated that the gravitational refractive index depends on the wave pulsation. Because this dependence, results an effect of chromatic aberration of the gravitational lenses. In the article we estimate this effect.
In this paper we present a way of computing energy density and Poynting vector for Classical Zero... more In this paper we present a way of computing energy density and Poynting vector for Classical Zero-Point Field (CZPF) in the presence of a dipole, using the expression of the momentum-energy tensor of electromagnetic field. We also present a physical interpretation of mixed components ( , ). We prove the dependence of r(exp-4) of the total energy density of background in the case of interaction with a dipole. A simplified method of obtaining Poynting vector for CZPF radiation scattered by a dipole is presented. We also prove the independence of reproduction of CZPF spectral density; this reproduction does not dependent on the kind of dipole, on the dipoles concentration and on the type of universe. This is because of the scattering of CZPF background radiation on dipoles.
This paper demonstrates that there is a relativistic limit to the number of protons in the atomic... more This paper demonstrates that there is a relativistic limit to the number of protons in the atomic nucleus (atomic number - Z). For hidrogenoid atom, using Bohr – Sommerfeld relativistic model, to obtain an expression of the speed of the electrons dependent on the number Z. Since the speed of particles with rest mass (in particular, electrons) is less than the speed of electromagnetic wave in a vacuum c, the atomic number should be less than the inverse of the fine-structure constant (Z <137).
The general properties of physical systems are the interaction and the stability. The stability o... more The general properties of physical systems are the interaction and the stability. The stability of physical systems is dynamic. According to Mach's principle, inertial mass and gravitational mass are proportional to the energy changed outside the system and the potential energy is the energy exchanged between the components of the physical system.
Based on the Principle of Causality and the analysis of different classes of phenomena (the pheno... more Based on the Principle of Causality and the analysis of different classes of phenomena (the phenomena of the same type form a class of phenomena), to establish a system of rules for systematization of theoretical models of physical phenomena. For example, the fundamental law for each class of phenomena is the law of the process as a link between the measure of the effect, the measure of the cause (measure of the specific interaction of class of phenomena) and the measure of specific inertia. This law has the same form: the measure of the effect is directly proportional to measure of cause and inversely proportional to the measure of specific inertia for each class of phenomena. This approach leads to a better understanding of physics.
Correlations Between the Electronic Spectra and Structure of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons (II) On t... more Correlations Between the Electronic Spectra and Structure of Some Aromatic Hydrocarbons (II) On the basis of the particular features of UV (200-300nm) electronic spectra such as: absorption bands, absorption coefficients, effects duet o the substituents and chromophore groups as well as with the aid of value specific for quantum mechanics, i.e. “oscillator strength”, the raw material distillate subjected to thermal cracking - has been characterized both quantitatively an qualitatively.
According to Mach's Principle (MP), the mechanical inertia (measured by inertial mass) is a r... more According to Mach's Principle (MP), the mechanical inertia (measured by inertial mass) is a result of gravitational interaction of the physical system with the other systems in the Universe. Generalization of principle (Generalized Mach's Principle - GMP) requires that all properties (and corresponding physical quantities) are the result of interaction of a physical system (exchange of energy and physical information in various forms: electromagnetic, nuclear, etc.) with systems of the same type (resonant). GMP applies to the complex systems. The child (human beings in potentiality) becomes human beings through interaction with other human beings (parents, teachers, etc.).
The speed of wave propagation in a medium depends on the energy of interaction of the physical me... more The speed of wave propagation in a medium depends on the energy of interaction of the physical medium components (atoms, molecules, particles, etc.) and mass of the components. Based on this dependency is obtained the expression of propagation velocity of gravitational waves. This speed is finite (speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum) if the universe is finite (relativistic models) or the gravitational interaction attenuates exponentially. In this condition, the expression of the speed of gravitational waves is compatible with relativistic relationship between the mass and the radius of the universe.
This article presents a valuation method of light deviation in the gravitational field due to a s... more This article presents a valuation method of light deviation in the gravitational field due to a spherical body (M, R) using the gravitational index of refraction. If a point is situated at the distance r from the body centre then the refraction index of the vacuum is n=1+2GM/c^2r. Near the spherical body, r=R, the vacuum is assumed to be a prism of A angle (A=pi / 2, isosceles triangle inscribed in a semicircle with radius R) and index n(R). It is also presented the calculus of the minimum deviation in this prism (dev=2(n-1)=4GM/c2r). The same result is obtained if the gravitational lens effect is used. This method enables every pupil of the secondary school to study some matters of relativity.
The paper “Physics” is a general physics course. This course is structured as to constitute a sou... more The paper “Physics” is a general physics course. This course is structured as to constitute a source of information and a model for understanding the physics for students of technical and university faculties. The course contains 6 chapters: To understanding physics, Elements of mechanics, The physical fields, Elements of the theory of relativity, Thermodynamics and statistical physics, Electromagnetism. As a domain of scientific knowledge, the physics based the model of natural science. The physics is a set of models of inanimate matter in motion. Through the mathematical description, the models are both qualitative and especially quantitative. In the axiomatic form, taken from mathematics, the physics optimizes these models. We emphasize that any scientific approach at all levels, both in physics and in other sciences, is performed through the models of reality. For this reason, not reality is paradoxical in its manifestations, but our models are imperfect. Despite their imperfect...
In Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED) it is demonstrated that electrostatic interaction is the resu... more In Stochastic Electrodynamics (SED) it is demonstrated that electrostatic interaction is the result of the scattering of the CZPF background by the charged particles. In these models, the electron is modelling as a two-dimensional oscillator, which interacts with the electric component of the CZPF background. The electron with spin is not only an electric monopole but also a magnetic dipole. The interaction of the spin electron with the CZPF background is not only electrical but also magnetically. We calculate the scattering cross-section of magnetic dipole in the situation when a magnetic field, variable in time , action over the rigid magnetic dipole given by the symmetry of the model, the cross-section of a magnetic dipole must be equal to the cross-section of an electric monopole . The equality between and cross-sections is motivated, too, by the fact that, in the model of the two-dimensional oscillator, the electric charge has the motion speed .PACS: 03.50.-Z; 14.60Cd; 02.50.-r
The last two centuries of the development of human civilization have been marked by a strong deve... more The last two centuries of the development of human civilization have been marked by a strong development of technology as a system that produces the means of action on nature (tools) and the means of quantitative knowledge of the states of matter and phenomena (instruments/measuring devices). As suggested by the very definition of technology, this cannot develop (improve or change) if not combining, into new forms, the known phenomena or application of new phenomena. This implies technical creativity that involves a good understanding of phenomena and not just schemes and statements related to them. The paper "Fundamental Physical Phenomena" presents a number of 73 phenomena, effects, physical states and fundamental physical experiments and theoretical and practical applications which marked scientific knowledge and technological developments. We mentioned all four notions because the first two do not have distinguishable definitions and the following two notions are often...
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