In Newtonian gravity it is a moot question whether energy should be localized in the field or ins... more In Newtonian gravity it is a moot question whether energy should be localized in the field or inside matter. An argument from relativity suggests a compromise in which the contribution from the field in vacuum is positive definite. We show that the same compromise is implied by Noether’s theorem applied to a variational principle for perfect fluids, if we assume Dirichlet boundary conditions on the potential. We then analyse a thought experiment due to Bondi and McCrea that gives a clean example of inductive energy transfer by gravity. Some history of the problem is included.
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in ... more A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in dimension d, there is good evidence that there always exists an aligned SIC in dimension d(d − 2), having predictable symmetries and smaller equiangular tight frames embedded in them. We provide a recipe for how to calculate sets of vectors in dimension d(d − 2) that share these properties. They consist of maximally entangled vectors in certain subspaces defined by the numbers entering the d dimensional SIC. However, the construction contains free parameters and we have not proven that they can always be chosen so that one of these sets of vectors is a SIC. We give some worked examples that, we hope, may suggest to the reader how our construction can be improved. For simplicity we restrict ourselves to the case of odd dimensions.
The Hawking energy has a monotonicity property under the inverse mean curvature flow on totally u... more The Hawking energy has a monotonicity property under the inverse mean curvature flow on totally umbilic hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature in Einstein spaces. It grows if the hypersurface is spacelike, and decreases if it is timelike. Timelike examples include Minkowski and de Sitter hyperboloids, and photon surfaces in Schwarzschild.
It has been suggested that field theories for arbitrary spin can be defined, using the light fron... more It has been suggested that field theories for arbitrary spin can be defined, using the light front formulation of dynamics. The higher order terms in the actions are discussed in this paper. We show that the gravity action can be written without ``time''-derivatives in the interaction terms in a way which appears generalisable to higher spin. Some problems for higher spins are identified and briefly discussed.
The kinematic of SL (2, ℝ) Yang-Mills theory on a circle is considered, for reasons that are spel... more The kinematic of SL (2, ℝ) Yang-Mills theory on a circle is considered, for reasons that are spelt out. The gauge transformations exhibit hyperbolic fixed points, and this results in a physical configuration space with a non-Hausdorff “network” topology. The ambiguity encountered in canonical quantization is then much more pronounced than in the compact case and cannot be resolved through the kind of appeal made to group theory in that case.
All complex Hadamard matrices in dimensions two to five are known. We use this fact to derive all... more All complex Hadamard matrices in dimensions two to five are known. We use this fact to derive all inequivalent sets of mutually unbiased (MU) bases in low dimensions. We find a three-parameter family of triples of MU bases in dimension four and two inequivalent classes of MU triples in dimension five. We confirm that the complete sets of (d+1) MU bases are unique (up to equivalence) in dimensions below six, using only elementary arguments for d less than five.
The Energy Citations Database (ECD) provides access to historical and current research (1948 to t... more The Energy Citations Database (ECD) provides access to historical and current research (1948 to the present) from the Department of Energy (DOE) and predecessor agencies.
In Newtonian gravity it is a moot question whether energy should be localized in the field or ins... more In Newtonian gravity it is a moot question whether energy should be localized in the field or inside matter. An argument from relativity suggests a compromise in which the contribution from the field in vacuum is positive definite. We show that the same compromise is implied by Noether’s theorem applied to a variational principle for perfect fluids, if we assume Dirichlet boundary conditions on the potential. We then analyse a thought experiment due to Bondi and McCrea that gives a clean example of inductive energy transfer by gravity. Some history of the problem is included.
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical
A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in ... more A SIC is a maximal equiangular tight frame in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. Given a SIC in dimension d, there is good evidence that there always exists an aligned SIC in dimension d(d − 2), having predictable symmetries and smaller equiangular tight frames embedded in them. We provide a recipe for how to calculate sets of vectors in dimension d(d − 2) that share these properties. They consist of maximally entangled vectors in certain subspaces defined by the numbers entering the d dimensional SIC. However, the construction contains free parameters and we have not proven that they can always be chosen so that one of these sets of vectors is a SIC. We give some worked examples that, we hope, may suggest to the reader how our construction can be improved. For simplicity we restrict ourselves to the case of odd dimensions.
The Hawking energy has a monotonicity property under the inverse mean curvature flow on totally u... more The Hawking energy has a monotonicity property under the inverse mean curvature flow on totally umbilic hypersurfaces with constant scalar curvature in Einstein spaces. It grows if the hypersurface is spacelike, and decreases if it is timelike. Timelike examples include Minkowski and de Sitter hyperboloids, and photon surfaces in Schwarzschild.
It has been suggested that field theories for arbitrary spin can be defined, using the light fron... more It has been suggested that field theories for arbitrary spin can be defined, using the light front formulation of dynamics. The higher order terms in the actions are discussed in this paper. We show that the gravity action can be written without ``time''-derivatives in the interaction terms in a way which appears generalisable to higher spin. Some problems for higher spins are identified and briefly discussed.
The kinematic of SL (2, ℝ) Yang-Mills theory on a circle is considered, for reasons that are spel... more The kinematic of SL (2, ℝ) Yang-Mills theory on a circle is considered, for reasons that are spelt out. The gauge transformations exhibit hyperbolic fixed points, and this results in a physical configuration space with a non-Hausdorff “network” topology. The ambiguity encountered in canonical quantization is then much more pronounced than in the compact case and cannot be resolved through the kind of appeal made to group theory in that case.
All complex Hadamard matrices in dimensions two to five are known. We use this fact to derive all... more All complex Hadamard matrices in dimensions two to five are known. We use this fact to derive all inequivalent sets of mutually unbiased (MU) bases in low dimensions. We find a three-parameter family of triples of MU bases in dimension four and two inequivalent classes of MU triples in dimension five. We confirm that the complete sets of (d+1) MU bases are unique (up to equivalence) in dimensions below six, using only elementary arguments for d less than five.
The Energy Citations Database (ECD) provides access to historical and current research (1948 to t... more The Energy Citations Database (ECD) provides access to historical and current research (1948 to the present) from the Department of Energy (DOE) and predecessor agencies.
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